Shiitae mushroom production A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Shiitake mushroom production A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
Lentinula edodes, commonly known as shiitake, is an edible mushroom native to East Asia that is cultivated for food and medicine. It grows naturally on decaying hardwood logs but is now widely cultivated commercially. Shiitake contains compounds such as lentinan and mannoglucan that have anti-tumor, antiviral, and immunomodulating pharmacological effects and are being researched for potential health benefits. The mushroom is identified by its brown cap that develops from round to flat, white gills on the hymenium, and fibrous stem.
How Mushroom is edible?How it is available as food ? How can we eat it? How we can cook and consume it?Why should we eat mushroom? What are the benefits of eating mushroom? What are the dishes which we can prepare from mushroom?How the processes of making mushroom dishes are made?
R. serraj. Screening and trait based selection for drought resistance in rice FOODCROPS
1. Screening and selection for drought resistance in rice requires understanding the target environment and type of drought stress.
2. The goal should be stable yield under drought. Screening methods need to create uniform and repeatable drought conditions to differentiate genotypes.
3. Field and irrigation management are critical to obtain reliable data from drought screening. No single screening procedure is appropriate for all situations.
1) Mushrooms are harvested at specific times depending on variety to ensure quality and shelf life. They are then pre-cooled and packaged.
2) Short term storage involves refrigeration at 1-4°C in polyethylene bags for 3-5 days. Drying methods like sun drying, hot air drying, and mechanical dehydration are used for long term storage.
3) Other preservation methods include gamma radiation, freeze drying, canning after blanching and sterilization, and packaging in bags or containers for transport and sale.
Biotechnological approches in disease managementrahul manjunath
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches for plant disease management, including tissue culture, recombinant DNA technology, and transgenic approaches. Tissue culture techniques like meristem culture can produce disease-free planting materials. Recombinant DNA technology allows generation of resistant plants by expressing genes conferring resistance to bacterial, fungal or viral diseases. Transgenic approaches discussed include pathogen-derived resistance utilizing viral coat protein or movement genes, as well as expressing plant disease resistance genes, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and genes involved in systemic acquired resistance.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
Lentinula edodes, commonly known as shiitake, is an edible mushroom native to East Asia that is cultivated for food and medicine. It grows naturally on decaying hardwood logs but is now widely cultivated commercially. Shiitake contains compounds such as lentinan and mannoglucan that have anti-tumor, antiviral, and immunomodulating pharmacological effects and are being researched for potential health benefits. The mushroom is identified by its brown cap that develops from round to flat, white gills on the hymenium, and fibrous stem.
How Mushroom is edible?How it is available as food ? How can we eat it? How we can cook and consume it?Why should we eat mushroom? What are the benefits of eating mushroom? What are the dishes which we can prepare from mushroom?How the processes of making mushroom dishes are made?
R. serraj. Screening and trait based selection for drought resistance in rice FOODCROPS
1. Screening and selection for drought resistance in rice requires understanding the target environment and type of drought stress.
2. The goal should be stable yield under drought. Screening methods need to create uniform and repeatable drought conditions to differentiate genotypes.
3. Field and irrigation management are critical to obtain reliable data from drought screening. No single screening procedure is appropriate for all situations.
1) Mushrooms are harvested at specific times depending on variety to ensure quality and shelf life. They are then pre-cooled and packaged.
2) Short term storage involves refrigeration at 1-4°C in polyethylene bags for 3-5 days. Drying methods like sun drying, hot air drying, and mechanical dehydration are used for long term storage.
3) Other preservation methods include gamma radiation, freeze drying, canning after blanching and sterilization, and packaging in bags or containers for transport and sale.
Biotechnological approches in disease managementrahul manjunath
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches for plant disease management, including tissue culture, recombinant DNA technology, and transgenic approaches. Tissue culture techniques like meristem culture can produce disease-free planting materials. Recombinant DNA technology allows generation of resistant plants by expressing genes conferring resistance to bacterial, fungal or viral diseases. Transgenic approaches discussed include pathogen-derived resistance utilizing viral coat protein or movement genes, as well as expressing plant disease resistance genes, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and genes involved in systemic acquired resistance.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
FOR DOWNLOAD CONTACT - eduvish24@gmail.com
REARING EQUIPMENT IN SERICULTURE:
The rearing of silkworm refers to the growing of silkworms in an ideal environment to produce cocoon for silk.
For a successful rearing of silkworms the following requirements should be fulfilled : Adequate supply of mulberry leaves.
• Large number of labours.
• Rearing house.
• Rearing house must be a concrete building with ceiling of wood.
• The house should be lighted.
• Rearing appliances are needed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effect of soil management practices on soil enzyme activities. It begins with an introduction to soil enzymes, including their functions, classifications, sources and importance. It then discusses soil enzymes as biological indicators of soil quality. Various methods for measuring enzyme activity are also outlined. The presentation examines the effects of different soil management practices like crop rotation, shifting cultivation, tillage practices and soil amendments on specific soil enzyme activities based on findings from previous studies. Crop rotation was found to influence urease and arylsulphatase activity, while shifting cultivation increased dehydrogenase and urease activity in older jhum fallows due to higher organic matter and nutrients.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
The document summarizes various pests that affect millet crops, including shoot flies, stem borers, pink borers, white borers, white grubs, root aphids, caterpillars, ear head caterpillars, web worms, gall midges, ear head bugs, ear head beetles, weevils, leaf beetles, flea beetles, leaf rollers, slug caterpillars, chafer beetles, grasshoppers, aphids, and whiteflies. It describes the symptoms, appearance of larvae and adults, and in some cases the specific crops affected for each pest.
Biological control involves using natural enemies like predators, parasites, pathogens to control pests. Some key points in the history of biological control include the Chinese using ants in the 3rd century AD to control citrus pests and the vedalia beetle being used in the 1880s to control cottony cushion scale in California. Common agents used in biological control include predators, parasitoids, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Techniques include introduction, conservation, and augmentation of natural enemies. Biological control provides environmentally friendly pest management but can be slow, unpredictable, and require expert supervision.
This document discusses the six basic principles of plant disease management: avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, resistant varieties, and therapy. It provides details on each principle and methods to achieve it, such as choosing disease-free geographical areas and seed/planting material, quarantines, rouging of infected plants, crop rotation, chemical treatments, and using resistant varieties.
Viruses are being explored as potential biopesticides to control insect pests. The major viruses investigated are baculoviruses, which primarily infect lepidopteran insects. Baculoviruses are classified as nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) or granuloviruses (GVs) depending on how their virions are occluded. NPVs occlude virions in large polyhedral bodies, while GVs occlude individual virions. These viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected insects and cause symptoms like discoloration, lethargy, and death. Large-scale production can be done in vivo by applying the virus to host insects or in vitro by infecting insect
Peronosclerospora sorghi, commonly known as downy mildew of sorghum, is a soil-borne fungus that infects sorghum and maize crops. It causes significant yield losses by inducing chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, resulting in plant death or lack of grain formation. The fungus has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages. Oospores in the soil or on seeds cause primary infection in seedlings. Secondary infection occurs via wind-dispersed conidia. Favorable humid and cool conditions promote disease spread. Integrated management including crop rotation, resistant varieties, fungicides, and biological control can help control downy mildew of sorghum.
This document discusses brinjal bacterial wilt caused by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. It affects brinjal and other crops like potato, tomato, banana, and causes losses of up to 8.1% in brinjal yield in India. Symptoms include wilting of young leaves and shoots, water soaked stem areas, and bacterial ooze from infected stem tissues. The pathogen is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that lives in soil and plant debris and spreads through contaminated tools and water. Management strategies include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, solarization, soil fumigation, and chemical control with copper fungicides and streptomycin seed treatments.
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING IN INDIAkldpngr
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and describes the key sugarcane breeding institutes and organizations in India. It outlines the history and methods of sugarcane breeding, including the pioneering work of C.A. Barber who utilized the wild species Saccharum spontaneum. Important sugarcane varieties developed in India over time are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing challenges in sugarcane breeding like its complex genome and future research areas.
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects pea plants, especially in dry seasons. The disease first appears as a white powdery growth on old leaves that later spreads to other plant parts like tendrils and pods. Symptoms include white powdery spots that increase transpiration and decrease photosynthesis, resulting in smaller, shrunken grains and yield loss. The causal organism is the fungus Erysiphe polygoni, which can survive in seeds and soil. Disease management strategies include selecting mildew-resistant varieties, removing plant debris, early sowing, seed treatment, and fungicide sprays.
Biofertilizers are living microorganisms that enrich soil nutrients. They are made from biological wastes and do not contain chemicals, making them environmentally friendly. Common microbes used in biofertilizers include bacteria like Rhizobium that form nodules on legume roots to fix nitrogen, fungi like mycorrhizae that absorb phosphorus and provide it to plants, and cyanobacteria like Anabaena involved in the Azolla fern symbiosis that adds fixed nitrogen and organic matter to rice field soil. Biofertilizers restore depleted soil nutrients and improve soil fertility at a lower cost than chemical fertilizers.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
The document discusses various formulations of microbial pest control agents. It describes dry and liquid formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), including wettable powders (WP) and liquid formulations. It provides examples of commercial Bt products and their formulations and dosages. The document also discusses formulations of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) and entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes. It describes procedures for concentrating and drying Bt, and formulations of NPVs, entomopathogenic fungi like Metarhizium and Verticillium, and entomopathogenic nematodes like Heterorhabditis in talc, sponge, hydrogel and other carriers.
(1) Principles of plant disease management include avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, disease resistance, and therapy.
(2) Avoidance involves selecting fields, sowing times, resistant varieties, and cultural practices to avoid contact between plants and pathogens.
(3) Exclusion prevents inoculum from entering uninfected areas through seed treatment, inspection, eliminating insect vectors, and quarantine.
This document provides information about Raynaud's syndrome, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that Raynaud's is a circulatory disorder causing discoloration of extremities due to inappropriate vasoconstriction in response to cold or stress. It affects 3-5% of the population and is more common in women. Raynaud's can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary due to underlying conditions. Episodes typically involve color changes from white to blue to red as vessels constrict and dilate. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and tests can check for underlying diseases. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and managing symptoms.
FOR DOWNLOAD CONTACT - eduvish24@gmail.com
REARING EQUIPMENT IN SERICULTURE:
The rearing of silkworm refers to the growing of silkworms in an ideal environment to produce cocoon for silk.
For a successful rearing of silkworms the following requirements should be fulfilled : Adequate supply of mulberry leaves.
• Large number of labours.
• Rearing house.
• Rearing house must be a concrete building with ceiling of wood.
• The house should be lighted.
• Rearing appliances are needed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effect of soil management practices on soil enzyme activities. It begins with an introduction to soil enzymes, including their functions, classifications, sources and importance. It then discusses soil enzymes as biological indicators of soil quality. Various methods for measuring enzyme activity are also outlined. The presentation examines the effects of different soil management practices like crop rotation, shifting cultivation, tillage practices and soil amendments on specific soil enzyme activities based on findings from previous studies. Crop rotation was found to influence urease and arylsulphatase activity, while shifting cultivation increased dehydrogenase and urease activity in older jhum fallows due to higher organic matter and nutrients.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
The document summarizes various pests that affect millet crops, including shoot flies, stem borers, pink borers, white borers, white grubs, root aphids, caterpillars, ear head caterpillars, web worms, gall midges, ear head bugs, ear head beetles, weevils, leaf beetles, flea beetles, leaf rollers, slug caterpillars, chafer beetles, grasshoppers, aphids, and whiteflies. It describes the symptoms, appearance of larvae and adults, and in some cases the specific crops affected for each pest.
Biological control involves using natural enemies like predators, parasites, pathogens to control pests. Some key points in the history of biological control include the Chinese using ants in the 3rd century AD to control citrus pests and the vedalia beetle being used in the 1880s to control cottony cushion scale in California. Common agents used in biological control include predators, parasitoids, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Techniques include introduction, conservation, and augmentation of natural enemies. Biological control provides environmentally friendly pest management but can be slow, unpredictable, and require expert supervision.
This document discusses the six basic principles of plant disease management: avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, resistant varieties, and therapy. It provides details on each principle and methods to achieve it, such as choosing disease-free geographical areas and seed/planting material, quarantines, rouging of infected plants, crop rotation, chemical treatments, and using resistant varieties.
Viruses are being explored as potential biopesticides to control insect pests. The major viruses investigated are baculoviruses, which primarily infect lepidopteran insects. Baculoviruses are classified as nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) or granuloviruses (GVs) depending on how their virions are occluded. NPVs occlude virions in large polyhedral bodies, while GVs occlude individual virions. These viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected insects and cause symptoms like discoloration, lethargy, and death. Large-scale production can be done in vivo by applying the virus to host insects or in vitro by infecting insect
Peronosclerospora sorghi, commonly known as downy mildew of sorghum, is a soil-borne fungus that infects sorghum and maize crops. It causes significant yield losses by inducing chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, resulting in plant death or lack of grain formation. The fungus has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages. Oospores in the soil or on seeds cause primary infection in seedlings. Secondary infection occurs via wind-dispersed conidia. Favorable humid and cool conditions promote disease spread. Integrated management including crop rotation, resistant varieties, fungicides, and biological control can help control downy mildew of sorghum.
This document discusses brinjal bacterial wilt caused by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. It affects brinjal and other crops like potato, tomato, banana, and causes losses of up to 8.1% in brinjal yield in India. Symptoms include wilting of young leaves and shoots, water soaked stem areas, and bacterial ooze from infected stem tissues. The pathogen is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that lives in soil and plant debris and spreads through contaminated tools and water. Management strategies include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, solarization, soil fumigation, and chemical control with copper fungicides and streptomycin seed treatments.
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING IN INDIAkldpngr
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and describes the key sugarcane breeding institutes and organizations in India. It outlines the history and methods of sugarcane breeding, including the pioneering work of C.A. Barber who utilized the wild species Saccharum spontaneum. Important sugarcane varieties developed in India over time are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing challenges in sugarcane breeding like its complex genome and future research areas.
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects pea plants, especially in dry seasons. The disease first appears as a white powdery growth on old leaves that later spreads to other plant parts like tendrils and pods. Symptoms include white powdery spots that increase transpiration and decrease photosynthesis, resulting in smaller, shrunken grains and yield loss. The causal organism is the fungus Erysiphe polygoni, which can survive in seeds and soil. Disease management strategies include selecting mildew-resistant varieties, removing plant debris, early sowing, seed treatment, and fungicide sprays.
Biofertilizers are living microorganisms that enrich soil nutrients. They are made from biological wastes and do not contain chemicals, making them environmentally friendly. Common microbes used in biofertilizers include bacteria like Rhizobium that form nodules on legume roots to fix nitrogen, fungi like mycorrhizae that absorb phosphorus and provide it to plants, and cyanobacteria like Anabaena involved in the Azolla fern symbiosis that adds fixed nitrogen and organic matter to rice field soil. Biofertilizers restore depleted soil nutrients and improve soil fertility at a lower cost than chemical fertilizers.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
The document discusses various formulations of microbial pest control agents. It describes dry and liquid formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), including wettable powders (WP) and liquid formulations. It provides examples of commercial Bt products and their formulations and dosages. The document also discusses formulations of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) and entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes. It describes procedures for concentrating and drying Bt, and formulations of NPVs, entomopathogenic fungi like Metarhizium and Verticillium, and entomopathogenic nematodes like Heterorhabditis in talc, sponge, hydrogel and other carriers.
(1) Principles of plant disease management include avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, disease resistance, and therapy.
(2) Avoidance involves selecting fields, sowing times, resistant varieties, and cultural practices to avoid contact between plants and pathogens.
(3) Exclusion prevents inoculum from entering uninfected areas through seed treatment, inspection, eliminating insect vectors, and quarantine.
This document provides information about Raynaud's syndrome, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that Raynaud's is a circulatory disorder causing discoloration of extremities due to inappropriate vasoconstriction in response to cold or stress. It affects 3-5% of the population and is more common in women. Raynaud's can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary due to underlying conditions. Episodes typically involve color changes from white to blue to red as vessels constrict and dilate. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and tests can check for underlying diseases. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and managing symptoms.
This document discusses the treatment of infections, including antimicrobial therapy and adjuvant therapies. It covers selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents based on the infecting organism and patient factors. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and resistance patterns of various classes of antibacterial agents such as beta-lactams, macrolides, and lincosamides are described. Factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance and strategies to prevent resistance are also addressed.
Factores de riesgo y evaluacion pulmonar preoperatoriaeddynoy velasquez
Las 3 oraciones resumen lo siguiente:
1) Los principales factores de riesgo de complicaciones cardiacas y pulmonares incluyen características del paciente como la edad, obesidad, tabaquismo y enfermedades pulmonares crónicas, así como factores relacionados con el procedimiento quirúrgico como su duración y tipo de anestesia.
2) La evaluación pulmonar preoperatoria busca reducir las complicaciones mediante la identificación de factores de riesgo del paciente y el establecimiento de su estado funcional basal.
This new outpatient based therapeutic management strategy takes out the burden of being admitted to the hospital and being put to sleep (General anesthetic).
This document discusses various chemical, physical, hormonal, and biological carcinogens and their role in cancer development. It describes how chemicals like benzpyrenes, aflotoxin B1, and polycyclic hydrocarbons can cause DNA damage and initiate cancer through metabolic activation. Physical carcinogens like radiation are also discussed, as well as how viruses like HPV and EBV can integrate into host DNA and induce oncogene expression, leading to cancer. The stages of initiation and promotion in chemical carcinogenesis are summarized.
This document discusses acute care of elderly patients in emergency departments. It notes that elderly patients make up a large proportion of emergency department visits, often arriving by ambulance. Elderly patients are more likely to have unnecessary emergency department visits and longer lengths of stay. The document advocates for improved pre-hospital interventions to prevent emergency department visits for falls in elderly patients. It also suggests implementing comprehensive geriatric assessments and observation units in emergency departments to help determine if admissions are necessary and reduce admissions, readmissions, and return visits for elderly patients.
Este documento describe la semiología del aparato respiratorio, centrándose en la tos, la expectoración, la disnea y su clasificación y abordaje. Describe los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes a estos síntomas, sus causas, características y exámenes requeridos para su evaluación. Además, detalla cómo se manifiestan en diferentes enfermedades respiratorias como asma, EPOC, neumonía, entre otras.
20 herbs that can help fight cancer By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document lists and describes 20 herbs that may help fight cancer: Astragalus, Berberis family, Bloodroot, Butchers Broom, Cat's Claw, Chaparral, Curcumin, Dang Shen Root, Echinacea, Feverfew, Goldenseal, Milk Thistle, Pau D'Arco, Red Clover, Sheep's Sorrel, Skullcap, Sutherlandia, Thorowax, Wheatgrass, and Wormwood. For each herb, a brief description is given of its proposed anti-cancer mechanisms and any relevant research on its effects against cancer. The herbs are described as having immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrom (PCOS)Dr JP Singh
An Invented technique to treat the PCOS, Introduced by Dr JP Singh. PCOS is a leading cause of women infertility. Near about 50% women at the age group of 15-30 in Kolkata, (India) are suffering from PCOS. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a Gynecological problem that can affect woman's: Menstrual cycle, Difficulty to be pregnant, Hormonal imbalances, Skin and hair problems. It may be treated through this technique. More details logon: www.brainstup.com
Ultrasonography is useful for evaluating the normal ovary and detecting abnormalities. A normal ovary appears hypoechoic and contains multiple small follicles. During ovulation, a corpus luteum forms which appears as a solid or cystic structure. Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed based on the number of follicles present. Ultrasonography can also detect cysts, masses, ectopic pregnancies and other ovarian pathologies. It is an important tool for assessing ovarian function and guiding fertility treatments.
Este documento presenta el temario de un curso de 36 horas sobre lubricación industrial. El curso cubre temas como los tipos de lubricantes, cómo son afectados por las condiciones, sistemas de lubricación comunes, beneficios de la lubricación correcta y lubricación con grasas y aceites. El objetivo es que los participantes reconozcan la importancia de la lubricación y aprendan a aplicar sus conocimientos para la operación y mantenimiento adecuados de máquinas.
Similar to Shiitae mushroom production A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
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Cordyceps sinensis , kida jadi, its introduction, morphology, life cycle, market potential, artificial cultivation, bioactive compounds abd health benefits. It is one of the valuable entomophagous fungus described in traditional chinese medicines
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Shiitae mushroom production A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
3. Shiitake Mushroom Production;
• It is also called black forest mushroom or log
mushroom (Lentinula edodes).
• Traditional method of growing shiitake in
Japan is growing it on wood logs but in USA
and China they found it easy to grow it on
synthetic logs due to environmental
conservation.
4. Synthetic Log Method:
• Synthetic bag can be made using substrate
placed into plastic bags. Substrate +
supplements + buffers
5. a) Substrate formulations
• i) Substrates-Sawdust (cured if not from broad
leafed tree varieties), cottonseed hulls, coffee
hulls, corn cobs, sunflower seed hulls
• ii) PH buffer use calcium carbonate or calcium
hydroxide.
• iii) Supplement with brown sugar
• N.B. Keep bags on cemented floor for better
results
• Substrate preparation is done same way as oyster
6. Incubation stages
• 1. Spawn run or mycelia growth stage- stage during which digestion of
food takes place
• 2. Mycelial coat formation - mycelia will thicken and become dense
forming a coat on the outer side of the sawdust or substrate
• Environmental factors triggering coat formation are:
• Carbon dioxide: - the higher the CO2, the more the coating and the better
the crop.
• 3. Bump formation on the substrate coat: This stage can be called the
blister stage, popcorn stage. Too many bumps will increase chances of
contamination so reduce the number of bumps by lowering CO2 levels on
bags by cutting slits on the polythene bags.
• 4. Browningpigmentationcoat hardening
• Oxygen stage and Diffused light-. In the presence of oxygen and light,
oxidation occurs and the white Mycelia turn reddish brown on the surface
of the mycelia while middle of the bag remains white. When one third of
bag turns brown, they are ready for fruiting.
7. Fruiting
• Is triggered by changing the environment:
• Light
• Humidity
• Temperature
• Aeration
8. Ways of triggering fruiting
• Spraying cold water
• Physical shaking
• Soaking in cold water
• Electrical stimulation
• Harvesting
• Shiitake mushroom will be ready for picking after 8
days. After 14 days you can get another flush. First
flush of shiitake mushroom comes 3-4 months of
incubation. There can be a total of 4 flushes.
• After harvesting separate harvested bags from the rest
to reverse the environment as it was in beginning
9. GANODERMA SPP
• Most common species;
• Ganoderma luciderm.
• Other species are
• Ganoderma applanatum
• Ganoderma oregonense
• It is not an edible mushroom but most important medicinal
mushroom. It has been documented in material medical and
classified as a superior herb 2000 years ago.
• As a medicinal mushroom, it is used in smalllow doses and costs
US$500/kg
• Has similar production process as oyster mushroom but incubation
takes place at 85% RH. It forms a wide primordial (pin heading)
margin which disappears when the mushroom is ready for picking.
• Primordial formation to picking takes 3- 4 weeks.
10. Utilization of Ganoderma:
• Dry the ganoderma mushroom (this will keep
for long), grind. Boil powder in water. Let it
simmer for 30-60 minutes. It is used in
manufacturing of mushroom tea/ coffee