This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and describes the key sugarcane breeding institutes and organizations in India. It outlines the history and methods of sugarcane breeding, including the pioneering work of C.A. Barber who utilized the wild species Saccharum spontaneum. Important sugarcane varieties developed in India over time are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing challenges in sugarcane breeding like its complex genome and future research areas.
1. The presentation provides an overview of chickpeas, including their importance as a pulse crop in India, production levels, varieties, cultivation practices, and pest and disease management.
2. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of chickpeas, contributing over 70% of global area and production. The major chickpea producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.
3. Chickpeas are grown in the winter season and have various cultivation requirements including temperature, rainfall, soil type, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed, pest and disease control.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
1. The document provides information on the morphology, anatomy, and breeding of chickpea. It describes the plant's growth habit, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds.
2. The breeding section outlines the process of emasculation and pollination for crossing chickpea varieties, including bud selection, removal of anthers, and pollen placement.
3. Pod development begins 5-6 days after fertilization, with mature pods harvested around 60 days later.
This document provides information about seed purity analysis and germination testing procedures. It discusses the steps involved in purity analysis, including removing debris, separating lightweight materials, and examining seeds for damage. It also describes how to calculate purity percentages. For germination testing, it outlines the materials needed, sample size, placement methods on filter paper or between paper towels, and incubation conditions. Evaluation involves classifying seedlings as normal or abnormal based on root and shoot development.
Cowpea is a warm-season legume originating from Africa. It is an important food crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Cowpea has a diploid chromosome number of 22 and is self-pollinated. Major varieties grown in India include KBC-2, IT-38956-1, and KM-5. Breeding objectives focus on increasing yield, resistance to diseases and insects, and developing dual-purpose varieties.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
Pearlmillet heterosis and hybrid seed productionDipti jaglan
Pearl millet is a warm season crop that is primarily cross-pollinated. It has fast root growth and is used for hay, pasture, silage, and food. Hybrid seed production in pearl millet uses cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) systems with A-lines that are male sterile and B-lines or R-lines that restore fertility. A-lines and B-lines are maintained together while R-lines are multiplied separately. The hybrid seed is produced by crossing the A-line with the R-line. Seed classes include breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed which are produced and maintained according to procedures to ensure genetic purity. Potential hybrid parents are identified
1. The presentation provides an overview of chickpeas, including their importance as a pulse crop in India, production levels, varieties, cultivation practices, and pest and disease management.
2. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of chickpeas, contributing over 70% of global area and production. The major chickpea producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.
3. Chickpeas are grown in the winter season and have various cultivation requirements including temperature, rainfall, soil type, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed, pest and disease control.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
1. The document provides information on the morphology, anatomy, and breeding of chickpea. It describes the plant's growth habit, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds.
2. The breeding section outlines the process of emasculation and pollination for crossing chickpea varieties, including bud selection, removal of anthers, and pollen placement.
3. Pod development begins 5-6 days after fertilization, with mature pods harvested around 60 days later.
This document provides information about seed purity analysis and germination testing procedures. It discusses the steps involved in purity analysis, including removing debris, separating lightweight materials, and examining seeds for damage. It also describes how to calculate purity percentages. For germination testing, it outlines the materials needed, sample size, placement methods on filter paper or between paper towels, and incubation conditions. Evaluation involves classifying seedlings as normal or abnormal based on root and shoot development.
Cowpea is a warm-season legume originating from Africa. It is an important food crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Cowpea has a diploid chromosome number of 22 and is self-pollinated. Major varieties grown in India include KBC-2, IT-38956-1, and KM-5. Breeding objectives focus on increasing yield, resistance to diseases and insects, and developing dual-purpose varieties.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
Pearlmillet heterosis and hybrid seed productionDipti jaglan
Pearl millet is a warm season crop that is primarily cross-pollinated. It has fast root growth and is used for hay, pasture, silage, and food. Hybrid seed production in pearl millet uses cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) systems with A-lines that are male sterile and B-lines or R-lines that restore fertility. A-lines and B-lines are maintained together while R-lines are multiplied separately. The hybrid seed is produced by crossing the A-line with the R-line. Seed classes include breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed which are produced and maintained according to procedures to ensure genetic purity. Potential hybrid parents are identified
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
This document provides information and guidelines for sorghum seed production. It discusses selecting land with good drainage for production. Isolation distances should be maintained to avoid contamination from other varieties. Seeds should be treated and stored properly. The optimal seasons for production are June-July and October-November. Quality seeds above 2000kg/ha can be harvested if proper procedures are followed at each growth stage from land preparation to post-harvest processing. Seed certification ensures the genetic, physical and health quality standards are met.
This document provides information on sweet potatoes, including that they are an important starchy crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It details that India's top producing states are Bihar, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh. Sweet potatoes are used for food and industrial purposes and provide nutrients. The document outlines ideal growing conditions, common varieties, and pests and diseases affecting sweet potato cultivation.
1. The document provides information on the protected cultivation of cucumbers under polyhouse conditions. It discusses the botanical details, economic importance, varieties used, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, nursery preparation, planting, training, fertilizer management, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling.
2. Key aspects covered include the use of parthenocarpic varieties for polyhouse cultivation, drip irrigation, fertilizer scheduling, training of cucumber vines, and management of major pests like fruit flies. Yields of 150-180 tonnes per hectare can be achieved with proper cultivation practices.
3. Post-harvest, cucumbers require cooling storage between 10
The seed plot technique is used to produce healthy potato seed with low virus incidence. It involves selecting virus-free plants and storing their tubers separately to plant in isolated seed plots during periods of low aphid activity. This technique produces 2600 tons of breeder seed annually in India, saving $484 million by reducing seed imports. Studies show seed plot systems yield 6-15% higher than normal cultivation practices in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Sunflower is an important oilseed crop that contributes 14% of total oilseed production. It has a high seed multiplication ratio and is drought tolerant, making it suitable for dryland farming. Sunflower oil contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E, and is used for cooking, margarine, and industrial applications. India is a major producer of sunflower, with the largest areas located in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
This document is an assignment submission from Gouri Shankar Panda to Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi and Dr. Bhimsen Naik of the College of Horticulture at OUAT in Chiplima. It concerns the plant ideotype concept.
The document is an assignment on the glossary of plant breeding terms submitted by a student. It contains definitions for over 70 terms related to plant breeding, genetics, and seed science. Some of the key terms defined include plant breeding, F1, F2, heterosis, hybrid, inbred line, male sterility, self-incompatibility, and certified seed. The glossary provides concise explanations of important concepts and terminology used in the fields of plant breeding, genetics, and seed production.
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengramManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes information about mungbean (Vigna radiata), including its cultivation, diversity, uses, nutritional value, breeding methods, and important varieties. It discusses that mungbean is widely grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in India throughout the plains up to 1820 meters in elevation in all three seasons. The highest diversity is found in the western Ghats region of India. Mungbean is a good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, different maturity durations, and resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. Important breeding methods discussed are selection, hybridization, and development of wide hybrids between mungbean
This document discusses hybrid seed production technology for okra. It begins with an introduction to okra including its classification, origin in India and Africa, and floral morphology. It then discusses temperature and climate needs, sowing times, soil requirements, and fertilizer and pest management practices for commercial okra production. The key aspects of hybrid seed production covered include the use of genetic male sterility, emasculation and pollination techniques, and field isolation distances. Harvest and post-harvest processing including threshing, seed yield standards and certification requirements are also summarized.
This document provides information on eggplant (Solanum melangena). It discusses the family, scientific name, leading countries of cultivation, origin, botanical classification, varieties, hybridization, morphology, anthesis, pollination, fertilization, and artificial hybridization techniques of eggplant. It summarizes key details on the plant's structure, flowering characteristics and processes, and breeding methods.
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDINGkldpngr
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It provides background on sugarcane as an important crop and describes the key national institutes involved in sugarcane breeding. The breeding objectives, methods like clonal selection and hybridization are outlined. Important historical developments are noted, such as the first successful inter-specific hybrid Co 205. Current promising varieties for different regions are listed and challenges like complex genome and narrow genetic base are discussed. The future prospects section describes ongoing and planned work in population improvement, abiotic stress tolerance, genome characterization and disease resistance.
1. The document describes the trench method planting technique for sugarcane that can increase productivity. It involves making trenches, placing fertilizer and two rows of sugarcane sets in each trench.
2. Field demonstrations using this technique along with site-specific nutrient management in Uttar Pradesh led to improved germination from 38% to 64% and increased average yields from 675 quintals/hectare to 1000 quintals/hectare, doubling district productivity.
3. Variety CO 0238 is highlighted as a promising early variety for the Northwestern zone of India that has achieved the highest ever sugar recovery recorded in subtropical India.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
This document provides information and guidelines for sorghum seed production. It discusses selecting land with good drainage for production. Isolation distances should be maintained to avoid contamination from other varieties. Seeds should be treated and stored properly. The optimal seasons for production are June-July and October-November. Quality seeds above 2000kg/ha can be harvested if proper procedures are followed at each growth stage from land preparation to post-harvest processing. Seed certification ensures the genetic, physical and health quality standards are met.
This document provides information on sweet potatoes, including that they are an important starchy crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It details that India's top producing states are Bihar, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh. Sweet potatoes are used for food and industrial purposes and provide nutrients. The document outlines ideal growing conditions, common varieties, and pests and diseases affecting sweet potato cultivation.
1. The document provides information on the protected cultivation of cucumbers under polyhouse conditions. It discusses the botanical details, economic importance, varieties used, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, nursery preparation, planting, training, fertilizer management, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling.
2. Key aspects covered include the use of parthenocarpic varieties for polyhouse cultivation, drip irrigation, fertilizer scheduling, training of cucumber vines, and management of major pests like fruit flies. Yields of 150-180 tonnes per hectare can be achieved with proper cultivation practices.
3. Post-harvest, cucumbers require cooling storage between 10
The seed plot technique is used to produce healthy potato seed with low virus incidence. It involves selecting virus-free plants and storing their tubers separately to plant in isolated seed plots during periods of low aphid activity. This technique produces 2600 tons of breeder seed annually in India, saving $484 million by reducing seed imports. Studies show seed plot systems yield 6-15% higher than normal cultivation practices in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Sunflower is an important oilseed crop that contributes 14% of total oilseed production. It has a high seed multiplication ratio and is drought tolerant, making it suitable for dryland farming. Sunflower oil contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E, and is used for cooking, margarine, and industrial applications. India is a major producer of sunflower, with the largest areas located in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
This document is an assignment submission from Gouri Shankar Panda to Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi and Dr. Bhimsen Naik of the College of Horticulture at OUAT in Chiplima. It concerns the plant ideotype concept.
The document is an assignment on the glossary of plant breeding terms submitted by a student. It contains definitions for over 70 terms related to plant breeding, genetics, and seed science. Some of the key terms defined include plant breeding, F1, F2, heterosis, hybrid, inbred line, male sterility, self-incompatibility, and certified seed. The glossary provides concise explanations of important concepts and terminology used in the fields of plant breeding, genetics, and seed production.
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengramManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes information about mungbean (Vigna radiata), including its cultivation, diversity, uses, nutritional value, breeding methods, and important varieties. It discusses that mungbean is widely grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in India throughout the plains up to 1820 meters in elevation in all three seasons. The highest diversity is found in the western Ghats region of India. Mungbean is a good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, different maturity durations, and resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. Important breeding methods discussed are selection, hybridization, and development of wide hybrids between mungbean
This document discusses hybrid seed production technology for okra. It begins with an introduction to okra including its classification, origin in India and Africa, and floral morphology. It then discusses temperature and climate needs, sowing times, soil requirements, and fertilizer and pest management practices for commercial okra production. The key aspects of hybrid seed production covered include the use of genetic male sterility, emasculation and pollination techniques, and field isolation distances. Harvest and post-harvest processing including threshing, seed yield standards and certification requirements are also summarized.
This document provides information on eggplant (Solanum melangena). It discusses the family, scientific name, leading countries of cultivation, origin, botanical classification, varieties, hybridization, morphology, anthesis, pollination, fertilization, and artificial hybridization techniques of eggplant. It summarizes key details on the plant's structure, flowering characteristics and processes, and breeding methods.
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDINGkldpngr
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It provides background on sugarcane as an important crop and describes the key national institutes involved in sugarcane breeding. The breeding objectives, methods like clonal selection and hybridization are outlined. Important historical developments are noted, such as the first successful inter-specific hybrid Co 205. Current promising varieties for different regions are listed and challenges like complex genome and narrow genetic base are discussed. The future prospects section describes ongoing and planned work in population improvement, abiotic stress tolerance, genome characterization and disease resistance.
1. The document describes the trench method planting technique for sugarcane that can increase productivity. It involves making trenches, placing fertilizer and two rows of sugarcane sets in each trench.
2. Field demonstrations using this technique along with site-specific nutrient management in Uttar Pradesh led to improved germination from 38% to 64% and increased average yields from 675 quintals/hectare to 1000 quintals/hectare, doubling district productivity.
3. Variety CO 0238 is highlighted as a promising early variety for the Northwestern zone of India that has achieved the highest ever sugar recovery recorded in subtropical India.
1. The document discusses seed production technology for pearl millet, including its botanical details, floral structure, pollination behavior, and methods for producing hybrid and open-pollinated variety seeds.
2. Key aspects of seed production covered are selection of the production site, isolation distances, crop management procedures like land preparation, planting, spacing, and fertilizer and water management.
3. Maintaining proper isolation, roguing off-types, and controlling weeds are emphasized for producing high quality seed.
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop grown on 42 million hectares globally. It is drought tolerant and grown in semi-arid regions. Sorghum provides nutrition as well as health benefits like being gluten-free. India is the second largest producer of sorghum after the US. The document discusses sorghum production, varieties grown in Tamil Nadu like CO26, and seasons of cultivation. It also summarizes information on hybrid seed production methods, important hybrids released by the AICRP on sorghum, and the role of public and private agencies in sorghum seed production in India.
This document provides information about sugarcane, including its botanical name, family, photosynthetic pathway, climate adaptability, major producers, and uses. It describes sugarcane's growth phases and characteristics of different species. The ideal climatic and soil conditions for sugarcane cultivation are discussed. Key steps in field preparation are outlined.
Sugarcane is a major cash crop and source of sugar production in India. It is grown between 35 degrees north and south latitude. The top three sugarcane producing countries are India, Brazil, and Cuba. Sugarcane requires tropical or subtropical conditions with temperatures between 26-32 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall of 75-120 cm. Proper soil preparation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management are needed to optimize yields. Diseases like red rot and smut and insect pests like early shoot borer require control. Harvesting is done when lower leaves wither and sugar content peaks in March. Ratooning of the stubble can provide additional yields.
This document discusses seed production principles for sorghum. It begins with an introduction to sorghum, describing its origins in Africa and uses. It then covers the floral biology of sorghum, including its self-pollinating nature. The majority of the document discusses agronomic principles for sorghum seed production, including selection of the seed plot and isolation distances, land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, planting times and methods, weed control, pest and disease management, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, drying, and storage.
Sugarcane is an important crop cultivated primarily for sugar production. India is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world. The document discusses the scientific name, origin, climate and soil requirements, varieties, planting methods, manures and fertilizers used for sugarcane cultivation. Ridge and furrow planting is the most common method used, while trench planting is adopted in areas prone to lodging from strong winds. Fertilizer recommendations vary based on region but include application of FYM, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
production technology of rabi crops , wheat , barley SuneelKumarNaidu
- Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in a variety of climates and soil types.
- The three main wheat species cultivated in India are bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. Bread wheat is most widely grown.
- Key factors for successful wheat production include proper soil preparation and seed bed creation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management, and integrated pest management. Proper timing and amounts of irrigation, especially at critical growth stages like crown root initiation, are important for high yields.
This document provides information on rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) including its history, uses, cultivation practices, processing, and diseases/pests. Key points include: rubber is an important tropical tree crop that is the primary source of natural rubber; its cultivation involves propagation through budding/grafting, tapping of trees for latex collection, and processing latex into concentrated latex or rubber sheets; and common diseases include abnormal leaf fall, powdery mildew, and bark rot while common pests are mealybugs, white ants, and caterpillars.
This document discusses factors affecting cereal crop production and management issues in Nepal. It identifies the main cereal crops as rice, maize, and wheat. Key factors discussed include genetic factors, environmental factors like temperature, rainfall, light, soil conditions, and biotic factors. Management practices around seed selection, sowing time, and sowing depth are also covered. Major issues include weed management, fertilizer management, water management, and nutrient management. The document provides context on challenges to cereal production in Nepal's difficult terrain and monsoon-dependent conditions.
the soyeans varieties production&challengesFatima499186
The document provides information about soybean including its uses, production areas, growth stages, and cultivation practices. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and vegetable oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, India's production statistics by state, land preparation methods, fertilizer application, hybrid seed production techniques involving emasculation and pollination, common pests and diseases, and new high-yielding varieties.
The document discusses saltwater intrusion affecting rice cultivation in Bangladesh. It notes that the amount of salt-affected land has increased from 0.75 million hectares in 1973 to 0.95 million hectares in 2009. It then describes efforts by Bangladeshi organizations like BINA and BRRI to develop salt-tolerant rice varieties that allow farmers to cultivate rice in saline soils, including varieties like Binadhan-10 that can tolerate up to 12 ds/m salinity. The document concludes by outlining best practices for seed production of salt-tolerant rice varieties, including rouging off-types, proper harvesting, drying seeds to 12% moisture, and storing seeds in air-tight bags.
Cassava is the third most important source of calories in the tropics after rice and maize. It is grown mostly by smallholder farmers and low-income communities, especially women. Cassava production has increased by 100 million tons since 2000 due to rising demand in Asia. Cassava is well-suited to growth in marginal areas with poor soil and unpredictable rainfall due to its hardiness and ability to be grown with few inputs. The crop's increasing production offers opportunities for farmers to earn higher incomes and boost food supplies where needed.
Pearlmillet, also known as bajra or cumbu, originated in Africa. There are 32 species of pearlmillet, but only two are commonly cultivated - P. glaucum for grain production and P. purpureum for fodder. Pearlmillet is well-adapted to hot, dry climates and poor soils. It is an important food source high in calories, protein, and minerals for people in dry regions where it is grown. India is a major producer of pearlmillet, with most production occurring in Rajasthan. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing methods, weed control, nutrient management, and harvesting of pearlmillet.
1) The document provides an overview of maize (corn) production, including what it is, where it's grown, different types, and cultural practices for growing it.
2) There are six main types of corn classified based on kernel characteristics, with the most common being dent corn, flint corn, and sweet corn.
3) Hybrid corn varieties produce higher yields than open-pollinated varieties and have greater resistance to diseases, insects, and drought.
Cotton is an economically and socially important crop that is cultivated in Pakistan. It grows best in temperatures around 16°C in loamy or sandy loam soils up to 1000m elevation. The cotton plant goes through various growth stages from seeding to flowering to boll formation over approximately 25 weeks. Proper fertilization, control of pests like bollworms, and prevention of diseases like cotton leaf curl virus are important for high yields. Cotton is usually harvested manually in Pakistan by carefully picking mature bolls and ensuring the cotton is fully dry before storage.
Similar to CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING IN INDIA (20)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING IN INDIA
1. G.B.PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
&TECHNOLOGY PANTNAGAR
PRESENTED BY
KULDEEP NAGAR
ID.52525
2. CURRENT STATUS AND
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF
SUGARCANE BREEDING
PRESENTED BY
KULDEEP NAGAR
ID. 52525
GBPUA&T
PANTNAGAR
3. INTRODUCTION
• important agricultural cash crop in tropical and subtropical
region of the world.
• The main product of sugarcane is sucrose, which accumulate in
the stalk internodes.
• The importance of sugarcane has increased in recent years
because it provides industrial raw material for sugar,acetic acid,
paper, ply wood production.
• Sugarcane, Saccharum (sp. X= 6,8,10 & 12 ) is an important sugar
crop in all countries of Tropical Asia
• The genome size -10,000 mbp
• The sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry in
India.
4.
5.
6.
7. National Sugarcane Institute
1. Sugarcane Breeding Institute, ICAR Coimbatore-(Tamilnadu).
2. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow-(U.P.)
3. . National Sugar Institute, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (U.P.)
4. U.P. Council of Sugarcane Research Sahjahanpur, U.P.
5. Indian Sugar Mills Association,, New Delhi
6. National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Ltd New
Delhi.
7. .Vasantdada Sugar Institute Manjari Pune (Maharashtra)
11. HISTORY OF SUGARCANE BREEDING
• One of the most important landmarks in plant breeding
history has been the successful utilization of Saccharum
spontaneum in sugarcane improvement. In no other crop wild
species has been so effectively utilized to meet human needs.
• This wild species S. spontaneum shows high levels of
resistance against the whole gamut of biotic and abiotic
stresses.
• Dr. C. A. Barber, Sugarcane Specialist Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, struck upon the ingenious idea of using this wild
species for sugarcane improvement
12. • He crossed S. officinarum as female to S. spontaneum as male
with the idea of infusing resistance against biotic and abiotic
stresses in the cultivated sugarcane.
• The initial success with Co 205 as a popular variety in the
subtropical belt created that revolutionized sugarcane agriculture
not only in India but also in the entire sugarcane growing countries
of the world
• The present day commercial varieties are the products of crossing,
inter-crossing and back-crossing
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Breeding objective
• High cane yield
• Moderate-high sucrose content
• Early to full season maturity
• Resistance to disease - Red rot, Smut, Wilt, Mosaic, Ratoon-
stunting disease, Grassy shoot
disease
• Resistance/tolerance to insect pests Shoot borer, Cane borer,
Pyrilla, Mealy bugs, White flies, Termites, White grub
• Tolerance to Abiotic stresses - Drought, Salinity, Flooding,
High temperature
20. Clonal Selection
• Isolation of desirable clones from genetically mixed
populations.
• The mixed population may be native or unimproved, inbred
populations or hybrid populations.
• Since wild or unimproved population will usually be mixtures
of heterozygous clones it may be possible to isolate clones
superior for particular characteristics, which can be used for
breeding.
• The most fruitful populations for the clonal selection are the
hybrid populations created by breeder by careful choice of
plant varieties.
21.
22. Hybridization
• : crossing between clones
• clonal selection with in the hybrid population .
• sugarcane varieties are commonly developed.,Since the
sugarcane plant is heterozygous, segregation will occur within
the F1 generation.
• Hybridization techniques: the hybridization procedures are
• facilitated by the technique of using detached arrows. They
are-
• polycross
• Biparental mating
• Field crosses: (common in India)
• Often used in early days of sugarcane breeding are made
simply by collecting seed from open pollinated plant. In this
case only female parent can be identified.
23.
24. Field Crossing
• selection of Parents ; based on synchrony of flowering and the
desirable characters they possess.
• Parents are classified as
• more than 50% pollen fertility are used as male
• less than 30% pollen fertility are used as female
• Tested for viability using iodine staining, to decide which
genotype will be used as male, and a pollen fertility scale is
made to decide the direction of crosses.
• The female arrow is enclosed with a pollen proof cloth bag in
an aluminium lantern suspended from bamboo supports
erected in the field. The bag is raised to facilitate pollination
and tied up at the bottom after pollination.
• The mature seed is collected 25-30 days after completion of
pollination and dried to reduce the moisture content.
33. Marcotting
• Developed by the SBI,COIMBATORE which helps in controlled
crossing in protected areas.
• In this technique rooting in canes that would flower later, is
induced at the nodal region by covering two to three nodes
with mixture of sand, silt and organic matter in a suitable
container. The canes are then detached below marcotted
portion and kept in pots and made use of in crossing. ,
• it is not very much used since field crosses give better seed
set under Coimbatore conditions., However in countries
where it is difficult to make field crosses for various reasons,
the technique is being used extensively
34. Flowering in sugarcane
• Flowering and seed set under natural conditions is a very
serious problem in sugarcane that hampers varietal
development work the world-over.
• sugarcane flowering given the specific location of a place in
the globe. If sufficient growth of the crop is made available,
sugarcane flowers throughout the year in the equatorial
region, but is rendered completely sterile precluding any crop
improvement activities in this region.
• As one moves away from the equatorial plane towards north
or south, flowering period becomes more and more
restricted, but the fertility level gets increased.
• At places situated around 11o
north and south latitude,
flowering becomes restricted to 2-3 months in a
year(coimbatore)
36. • In Northern hemisphere, flowering October middle to January
• In southern hemisphere flowering April middle to July middle.
• Fertility levels are the maximum in these regions , hence
majority of the sugarcane breeding stations are situated here.
SBI Coimbatore
• is one such place and it has certain added advantages:
• It receives rains in both the monsoon seasons
• It is situated in the leeward side of the western ghats that
provides ideal conditions of temperature, humidity and gentle
winds for flowering and seed set.
• Thus flowering and seed set under natural conditions in the
world are the best at Coimbatore
37. Historical Landmarks
• The first commercially successful inter-specific hybrid in the
world, Co 205, (S. officinarum and S. spontaneum) became
popular in Punjab during 1920s
• The varieties developed later by SBI, such as
• Co 419, Co 453, Co 740, Co 997, Co 1148, Co 62175, Co 6304.
• The variety Co 86032 notified for release in the year 2000
occupies most of the sugarcane area in tropical India at
present.
• Recently released sub-tropical varieties such as
• Co 0118 and Co 0238 ( Haryana, Punjab, Western UP,
Uttarakhand and Bihar)
38. Varieties for North East and North Central India
• Co 0232
• Co0233
Varieties for Peninsular India
• Co 0403 (Sammriddhi)
• Co 99004 (Damodar)
• Co 2001-13 (Sulabh)
• Co 2001-15
• Co 06027
39. Other promising Varieties
• Co 0314 -
• Early maturing clone for Peninsular zone.
• ( Co 7201 x Co 86011).
• Moderately resistant to red rot and resistant to smut.
• It possesses A1 quality jaggery .
• Co 0209-
• Early maturing clone for Peninsular zone
• Co 8353 x Co 86011.
• Resistant to red rot and smut also.
• It possesses A1 quality jaggery and 13.93 % fibre.
40. variety Year of
release
pedigree maturiy feature
Co pant
90223
2001 CVRC BO91 Medium(11
-12)
Tolerance
to Red Rot
Co pant
97222
2005 CVRC Co pant
84212
Medium(11
-12)
Tolrance to
Red Rot
Co pant
03220
2011 SVRC CO H 76 Early Tolerance
to Red Rot
Co pant
05224
2013 SVRC Co Pant
84212
Medium(11
-12)
RES. To
tolerance
41. Early Maturing varietes
1. CoPant 94211
2. Co pant 84211
3. Co pant03220
Medium maturing varietes
1. Co pant 97222
2. Co pant 99214
3. Co pant 05224
4. Co pant 90223
5. Copant 84212
Flood tolerent variety
CoPant09022
46. Future prospects
• Population improvement for yield and quality through Recurrent
Selection.
• Exploring the possibility of using sugarcane as a platform for
molecular farming
• Genetic engineering of sugarcane for enhanced salinity stress
tolerancence
• Isolation function & characterization of low temperature
tolerance responsive genes from high cold tolerant Saccharum
spontaneum ,Arunachal Pradesh collection
47. • Development of high sucrose genetic stocks utilizing Indian
and exotic hybrid varieties
• Genome characterisation of Saccharum using molecular
markers
• Tissue culture studies on interspecific & intergeneric hybrids
of Saccharum
• Identification of candidate genes and markers for red rot
resistance in sugarcane