Shape memory alloys are metal alloys that can be deformed at one temperature but return to their original shape when heated or cooled. The most common alloys are nickel-titanium (Nitinol), copper-zinc-aluminum, and copper-aluminum-nickel. Nitinol was discovered in the 1960s and is now used widely in applications such as medical devices, aircraft, and household appliances. Shape memory alloys work through a solid state phase change between martensite and austenite phases - deforming occurs in the martensite phase while heating triggers shape recovery in the austenite phase. They provide advantages like biocompatibility and diverse applications but also
Shape Memory Alloy is one type of Smart Material.It can Remember its Original Shape.It has 2 way memory,i.e:- it can Remember 2 Shape,one in Low temperature and other in high temperature.
A shape memory alloy(SMA) is an alloy that remembers its “original shape” and that when deformed returns to its original “pre-deformed” shape when heated
Shape Memory Alloy is one type of Smart Material.It can Remember its Original Shape.It has 2 way memory,i.e:- it can Remember 2 Shape,one in Low temperature and other in high temperature.
A shape memory alloy(SMA) is an alloy that remembers its “original shape” and that when deformed returns to its original “pre-deformed” shape when heated
Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.
Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.
a brief descriptive of shape memory alloy, a brief introduction of shape memory alloy and its functions and its types and applications and its future uses
Unit-5 notes in the topic of smart materials.pdfSATHEESHK33
Methods of production of Metallic Glasses
Metallic glasses are manufactured by the following methods. They are,
1. Twin roller technique
2. Melt extraction technique
3. Melt spinning technique
Melt spinning technique
Principle
Quenching is a technique used to form metallic glasses. Quenching
means Rapid Cooling.
Due to rapid cooling, atoms are arranged irregularly and from metallic
glasses.
Melt spinning Technique
A melt spinner consists of a copper roller over which a
refractory tube with fine nozzle is placed.
The metal alloy is melted by induction heating under inert gas
atmosphere (helium or argon). The properly super heated
molten alloy is ejected through the fine nozzle at the bottom of
the refractory tube.
The molten alloy falls on the copper roller which is rotated at
high speed. Thus, the alloy is suddenly cooled to form metallic
glass. In this method a continuous ribbon of metallic glass can
be obtained. By increasing the disc speed and making ejection
pressure constant, increases the width of the ribbon and
decreases the thickness of the ribbon.
Glass transition temperature
It is an important parameter for the preparation of metallic glasses. It is defined as
a temperature at which the liquid like atomic structure is obtained into a solid.
The value of glass transition temperature for metallic alloys is about 200C to 300C
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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metals that "remember" their original shapes. SMAs are useful for such things
as actuators which are materials that "change shape, stiffness, position, natural frequency, and other mechanical
characteristics in response to temperature or electromagnetic fields" The potential uses for SMAs especially as
actuators have broadened the spectrum of many scientific fields. The study of the history and development of
SMAs can provide an insight into a material involved in cutting-edge technology. The diverse applications for
these metals have made them increasingly important and visible to the world. This paper presents the working of
shape memory alloys , the phenomenon of super-elasticity and applications of these alloys.
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Nickel titanium alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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Shape memory alloys
1. Shape Memory alloys
& Its applications
SAJITH BABU GEORGE
1MTMD 1567204
CHRIST UNIVERSITY
2. Memory of Memory Metals
1932 - A. Ölander discovers the pseudoelastic
properties of Au-Cd alloy.
1949 - Memory effect of Au-Cd reported by Kurdjumov
& Kandros.
1967 – At Naval Ordance Laboratory, Beuhler discovers
shape memory effect in nickel titanium alloy, Nitinol,
which proved to be a major breakthrough in the field of
shape memory alloys.
1970-1980 – First reports of nickel-titanium implants
being used in medical applications.
Mid-1990s – Memory metals start to become widespread
in medicine and soon move to other applications.
3. What is shape memory alloys?
A shape-memory alloys (SMA, smart metal,
memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire,
smart alloy) are metal alloys that can be
deformed at one temperature but when
heated or cooled, return to their “original”
shape
The alloy appears to have a memory
The most effective and widely used alloys are
NiTi, CuZnAl, and CuAlNi
SMA also exhibits superelastic (pseudoelastic)
behavior
4. Basic working principle..
SMAs have two stable phases :
the high-temperature phase, called Austenite and
the low-temperature phase, called Martensite.
The martensite can be in one of two forms:
twinned
detwinned
A phase transformation which occurs between these
two phases upon heating/cooling is the basis for the
unique properties of the SMAs
5.
6. The shape change involves a solid state
phase change involving a molecular
rearrangement between Martensite and
Austenite
7. Upon cooling in the absence of applied load the
material transforms from austenite into twinned
martensite. (no observable macroscopic shape
change occurs)
Upon heating the material in the martensitic
phase, a reverse phase transformation takes
place and as a result the material transforms to
austenite.
If mechanical load is applied to the material in
the state of twinned martensite (at low
temperature) it is possible to detwin the
martensite.
8. Upon releasing of the load, the material
remains deformed. A subsequent heating of the
material to a temperature above the austenite
finish temperature (Af) will result in reverse
phase transformation (martensite to austenite)
and will lead to complete shape recovery.
(Af: temperature at which transformation of
martensite to austenite is complete )
SMA remembers the shape when it have
austenitic structure.
So if we need SMA to remember and
regain/recover certain shape, the shape should
be formed when structure is austenite
Reheating the material will result in complete
shape recovery
9.
10. PSEUDOELASTIC BEHAVIOR
Occurs when an alloy is completely
in the Austenite phase
When the load is increased to a
point, the alloy transitions from the
Austenite phase to the detwinned
Martensite phase
Once the load is removed, the alloy
returns to its original Austenite
shape
Rubber like effect
TEMPERATURE
Mf Ms As Aff s s f
Austenite
Detwinned Martensite
(stressed)
11. NITINOL (Ni-Ti)
Was discovered in Naval Ordnance
Laboratory (NOL), Maryland, USA
Ni- 50% , Ti- 50%
12. The above figure shows the Martensitic
transformation and hysteresis (= H) upon a
change of temperature. As = austenite start,
Af = austenite finish, Ms = martensite start, Mf
= martensite finish and Md = Highest
temperature to strain-induced martensite.
Gray area = area of optimal superelasticity.
(Jorma Ryhänen 2000)
The figure below shows NiTi’s ability to
change its shape along phase planes.
Other metals, as we know, slide along slip
planes when there is an induced stress.
14. Biological Applications
Bone Plates
Memory effect pulls bones together to promote
healing.
Surgical Anchor
Clot Filter
Does not interfere with MRI from non-ferromagnetic
properties.
Catheters
Stent in artries
Eyeglasses
15. Flexible Nitinol wires.
Wires have the ability to flex the robotic muscles according
to electric pulses sent through the wire.
16. Nitinol Wires
Nitinol is generally doped with other materials
like Cr, Cu, Al, or Fe.
Flexinol is a popular brand of SMA wire.
Flexinol is designed to take more repeated
stress cycles than pure NiTi mixes.
Specifically designed to manufacturer’s needs.
17. Aircraft Maneuverability
Nitinol wires can be used in
applications such as the
actuators for planes.
Many use bulky hydraulic
systems which are
expensive and need a lot
of maintenance.
USAF Aircraft Pictures
19. Picture of wing with SMA wires.
The wires in the picture are used to replace
the actuator. Electric pulses sent through
the wires allow for precise movement of the
wings, as would be needed in an aircraft.
This reduces the need for maintenance,
weighs less, and is less costly.
20. Other Applications
Small incision tweezers
Anti-scalding devices/Fire sprinklers
Household appliances
A deep fryer that lowers the basket
into the old at a certain temperature
Prevent structural damage to
bridges/buildings
Robots
21. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF SHAPE
MEMORY ALLOYS
ADVANTAGES
Bio-compatibility
Diverse field of application
Good mechanical
properties(strong,corrosion resistant)
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive
Poor fatigue properties
overstress
22. What materials are SMA’s
1)Nickel-titanium alloys
2) Copper-base alloys such as CuZnAl and CuAlNi
3) Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% C
4) Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd
5) Cu-Al-Ni 14/14.5 wt.% Al and 3/4.5 wt.% Ni
6) Cu-Sn approx. 15 at.% Sn
7) Cu-Zn 38.5/41.5 wt.% Z
8) Cu-Zn-X (X = Si,Sn,Al) a few wt.% of
9)In-Ti 18/23 at.% Ti
10) Ni-Al 36/38 at.% Al
11) Ni-Ti 49/51 at.% Ni
12) Fe-Pt approx. 25 at.% Pt
13) Mn-Cu 5/35 at.% Cu
14) Fe-Mn-Si
15) Pt alloys