2. 1. Introduction
_____________________________________
1.1. Definition
• Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is one of the methods of obtaining
very fine crystalline structure in different bulk metals and alloys,
which possess different crystallographic structure
1.2. Usage
• The SPD methods can be used to produce ultrafine-grained
materials (UFG) (i.e., grain size in the range 100 nm–1 μm) and
nanomaterials (NMs) (i.e., grain size in the range 1–100 nm).
• The extreme grain refinement can thus, for example, improve the
strength of the metals by a factor of up to 8.
3. 2. SPD Processes
2.1. ECAP (Equal channel angular pressing) method
2.1.1. Principle of ECAP
20. Team
Members
■ 1. Sara Ibrahim Ahmed Ghoneim
no. 64
■ 2. Mostafa Muhammad Ibrahim
no. 154
■ 3. Mina Makram Fahmi
no. 159
■ 4. Nehal Muhammad Gamal
no. 161
■ 5. Nour EL-Hoda Abdulrahman
no. 162