The document discusses drugs used to treat sexually transmitted infections. It begins by defining key terms like venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease, and sexually transmitted infection. It then covers the etiological classification of STIs, listing the causative organisms for various conditions. The majority of the document discusses treatment for specific STIs, including drugs, doses, and regimens used to treat infections like syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and HIV/AIDS. It also covers the syndromic approach for STI treatment, which classifies infections according to clinical manifestations and recommends therapy using clinical algorithms.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Pain definition, Pain pathways, pain modulation, the endorphin system, Types of Pain, current trend of Drugs used for pain management. New Drugs for pain
The best use of systemic corticosteroids in the intensive care units, reviewMuhammad Asim Rana
Corticosteroids are one of the most common medications that are used in the intensive care units (ICUs);
corticosteroids are used for a variety of indications, including septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS), bacterial meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, lupus nephritis, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) exacerbations and many others.
Corticosteroids are associated with many severe side effects that affect morbidity and mortality of the patients like
increased risk of infections, glucose intolerance, hypokalemia, sodium retention, edema, hypertension, myopathy
etc. In order to make the best use of these medications and to minimize the unwanted side effects we should follow
some particular protocol. Please keep in our mind that there is controversy about dosing and tapering of steroids, so
effort has been made to include the best available evidence.
This review discusses mainly the most common indications of corticosteroids in ICU, dosing of corticosteroids in
those indications and how to taper corticosteroids according to the best evidence that recommends their use.
Literature search was done using Medline, BMJ, Uptodate, Chochrane database, Google scholar and the best
evidence based guidelines in which steroids are recommended to treat ICU related disorders. Sex hormones are not
discussed in this review since its use is rare in the intensive care units.
With newer biologics enriching the armentarium of Dermatologists almost everyday,it is often difficult to recollect all the information at a time.This powerpoint helps to summarise the pathogenesis of psoriasis as well asdifferent aspects of use of biologics in a nutshell.
Constance A. Benson, MD, director of the UC San Diego AntiViral Research Center, presents "New Drugs and Novel Approaches to Treatment Shortening for Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant TB" for AIDS Clinical Rounds at UC San Diego
Metronidazole is a member of the Nitroimidazole class of antibiotic, antimicrobial, and antiprotozoal medicines. The nitroimidazole drug metronidazole is used to treat bacterial infections, rosacea inflammation, amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and to prevent postoperative infections.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Sexually transmitted infections
1. DRUGS USED IN SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED INFECTION
Dr. Pravin Prasad
M.B.B.S., MD Clinical Pharmacology
Lecturer, Lumbini MedicalCollege
12 July 2018 (28 Ashadh 2075)Thursday
2. BYTHE END OFTHE CLASS, MBBS
SEM IV STUDENTSWILL BE ABLETO:
Understand the term sexually transmitted
infection (STI)
List the conditions included in STI
List the drugs used for the treatment of STI
Appreciate the syndromic approach for the
treatment of STI
Explain the advantages of syndromic approach
3. CHANGINGTERMS: CHANGING
CONCEPT
Venereal Disease (1658)
Venereal (1400s): related to sex
Considered Syphilis and
Gonorrhoea only
Chancroid, Lymphogranuloma
venerum, granuloma inguinale
also included
7. STI: ETIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Disease Causative Organism
Non gonococcal
genital infection
Chlamydia trachomatis
Mycoplasma genitalium
Ureoplasma urealyticum
Gardenella vaginalis
Candida albicans
Herpes genitalis Herpes simplex virus
AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus
8. TREATMENT: EARLY SYPHILIS
Drug of Choice:
Benzathine penicillin 2.4 mega units, im, 2
divided doses, one in each buttock
Penicillin sensitive patients:
Doxycycline 100 mg BD for 14 days
Pregnancy:
Erythromycin stearate 2g daily, qid 14
days
9. LATE SYPHILIS (BENIGN,
CARDIOVASCULAR):TREATMENT
Drug of Choice:
Benzathine penicillin (as above) once a
week for 3 consecutive weeks
Penicillin Sensitive:
Doxycycline 100 mg BD for 28 days
Pregnancy:
Erythromycin stearate (as above) for 28
days
17. DRUGS FOR ANTIRETROVIRAL
THERAPY (ART)
Class of Drug Example
Recommended
Dose
ReverseTranscriptase Inhibitors
Nucleoside group
(NRTIs)
Zidovudine 200mgTDS
Didanosine 125 mg BD
Stavudine 30 mg BD
Lamivudine 150 mg BD
18. DRUGS FOR ANTIRETROVIRAL
THERAPY (ART)
Class of Drug Example
Recommended
Dose
ReverseTranscriptase Inhibitors
Non-nucleoside Reverse
Transcriptase Inhibitors
group (NNRTIs)
Nevirapine 200 mg BD
Efavirenz 600 mg OD
Delavirdine 400 mgTDS
19. DRUGS FOR ART
Class of Drug Example
Recommended
Dose
Protease Inhibitors
Saquinavir 1200 mgTDS
Indinavir 800 mgTDS
Ritonavir 600 mg BD
Nelfinavir 750 mgTDS
Lopinavir 400 mg BD
20. HIV/AIDSTREATMENT: NNRTI
BASED REGIMEN
Preferred Regimen:
Efavirenz + Lamivudine + Zidovudine or
Stavudine
Alternative Regimen:
Efavirenz + Lamivudine + Didanosine
Nevirapine + Lamivudine + Zidovudine or
Stavudine or Didanosine
21. HIV/AIDSTREATMENT: PI BASED
REGIMEN
Preferred Regimen:
Lopinavir + Ritonavir + Lamivudine +
Zidovudine or Stavudine
Alternative Regimen:
Indinavir + Lamivudine +
Zidovudine/Stavudine
Indinavir + Ritonavir + Lamivudine +
Zidovudine/Stavudine
23. STI: CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING
TO MANIFESTATIONS
Manifestation Disease
Rash Syphilis
HIV infection
Lymphogranuloma
venereum
Scabies
Itching Scabies
HIV infection
Pediculosis pubis
Nodules Anogenital
warts
Molluscum
contagiosum
24. STI: SYNDROMIC APPROACH
Algorithms for implementation at
peripheral levels:
Syndrome for genital ulcer disease
Syndrome for urethral discharge
Syndrome for vaginal discharge
Syndrome for inguinal bubo
25. STI: ALGORITHM FOR GENITAL
ULCERTREATMENT
Patient complains of genital ulcer
Vesicles found or/and
history of recurrences
Treat for Herpes
Genitalis
Ulcers (no vesicles,
painful/painless)
Treat for syphilis
and chancroid
Examine
27. CONCLUSION
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) is a
broader term, includes asymptomatic
cases as well
Can present with diverse symptoms (ulcer,
discharge, swelling)
Syndromic approach has several
advantages for the treatment of STI
Basis of Syndromic Management:
Case management depends on:
Identification of relatively constant combination of symptoms and signs for a particular syndrome
Knowledge of the causative organisms
Awareness of the antimicrobial susceptibility
Formulation of therapeutic regimens which cover the major pathogens responsible for causing a particular syndrome in a particular geographic area
Using socio-demographic and behavioural data in an attempt to identify patients with a higher risk of developing a particular infection
Service needs to be available at peripheral regions where laboratory services are either not available or reporting is delayed