This document discusses urinary tract anti-infective agents. It classifies these agents based on their chemical structure into quinolone derivatives, nitrofuran derivatives, methenamine and its salts, and urinary analgesics. It provides details on various quinolone derivatives like norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. It describes the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of quinolone derivatives and nitrofurantoin. It lists the uses of various urinary tract anti-infective agents in treating infections like UTIs, pneumonia, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
subscribe the channel :Work&Life Hobbies
watch video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3rI1lf2TZ8&t=403s
This slide describes the Important Synthesis of Antiviral Drugs
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
subscribe the channel :Work&Life Hobbies
watch video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3rI1lf2TZ8&t=403s
This slide describes the Important Synthesis of Antiviral Drugs
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
The lectures in points :-
1- quinolones general information.
2-Fluoroquinolones action , side actions & interactions .
3-Fluroquinolones group members in detail .
4-Fluroquinolones in the clinical use .
5-Practical tips .
6-Rapid review .
7- Test yourself .
Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP) XENLETA is indicated for the treatment of adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) caused by the following susceptible microorganisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus
Therapeutic indications
Tavanic is indicated in adults for the treatment of the following infections (see sections 4.4 and 5.1):
• Acute bacterial sinusitis
• Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
• Community-acquired pneumonia
• Complicated skin and soft tissue infections
For the above-mentioned infections Tavanic should be used only when it is considered inappropriate to use antibacterial agents that are commonly recommended for the initial treatment of these infections.
• Pyelonephritis and complicated urinary tract infections (see section 4.4)
• Chronic bacterial prostatitis
• Uncomplicated cystitis (see section 4.4)
• Inhalation Anthrax: post exposure prophylaxis and curative treatment (see section 4.4)
Tavanic may also be used to complete a course of therapy in patients who have shown improvement during initial treatment with intravenous levofloxacin.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
This is a presentation on Quinolones antibiotics. it contains what is quinolones, it's history, chemistry, SAR, Mechanism of Action, bacterial cell & drug targets, classification, Summary of antimicrobial spectrum of quinolones, mechanism of resistance to quinolones, pharmacokinetics, indication, side-effects, adverse effect & available Pharmaceutical preparation of Quinolones in Bangladeshi market.
Antiprotozoal drugs are a class of medication used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-cell organisms that belong to the type of parasites. Protozoal infections occur throughout the world and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in some regions such as Africa and South-East Asia.
Case Studies (Clinical Pharmacy Assignment)
Case Studies
Case Study 1. Drug Related Problem
Case Study 2. Alcohol Toxicity
Case Study 3. Patient Counseling
Case Study 4. Peptic Ulcer
Case Study 5. Drug and the Newborn
Case Study 6. Night time Anxiety
Case Study 7. Clostridium Difficile
Case Study 8. Epilepsy and Pregnancy
Case Study 9. Parkinsonism
Case Study 10. Treatment May Be Worse Than Condition
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. URINARY TRACT ANTI-INFECTIVE
AGENTS
Definition: Antibacterial agents that fail to achieve adequate concentrations in
the plasma or tissues for the treatment of systemic infections following oral or
parentral administration are concentrated in the urine,where they can be
effective for eradicating urinary tract infections.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
3. CLASSIFICATION
Based on chemical structure:
1.Quinolone derivatives – Nalidixic acid,Norfloxacin,Ciprofloxacin
2.Nitrofuran derivatives – Nitrofurantoin
3.Methenamine and its salts – Hexamine(Hexa methylene Tetramine)
4.Urinary analgesics – Phenyl azo pyridine
Swathi Pharma Jnan
4. QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
• These are isosteric heterocyclic groupings which includes –
a.Quinolones –Norfloxacin
Ciprofloxacin,Sparfloxacin,Lomefloxacin,O-floxacin
b.Naphthyridines(1,8-Napthyridines) – Nalidixic acid,Enoxacin
c.Cinnolines(1,2-Napthyridines) – Cinnoxacin
Quinolone derivatives contain isosteric substitution of carbon by nitrogen.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
5. SAR OF QUINOLONES
• 1,4-dihydro 4-oxo pyridine 3-carboxylic acid is essential for anti-bacterial
activity.
• Pyridone should be fused with aromatic ring for showing activity.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
6. • Isosteric replacements of nitrogen for carbon atoms at position
2(cinnolines),position 5(1,5-naphthyridines),position 6(1,6-
naphthyridines),position 8(1,8-naphthyridines) are consistent with retained
antibacterial activity.
• 1,7-naphthyridines and 1,3-naphthyridines are not active.
• 1,2-Naphthyridines(Cinnolines) are showing better activity.
Eg:
Swathi Pharma Jnan
7. • 1,5-naphthyridines have isosteric substitution of carbon with nitrogen at 5th
position.
Eg:
• 1,8-Naphthyridines shows better activity compared to other napthyridines.
Eg: Nalidixic acid
Swathi Pharma Jnan
8. • Introduction of substituents at position 2 greatly abolishes the activity.
• Introduction of substituents at position 5,6,7 (especially at 8) of anneulated ring
will result in compounds with good activity.
• Normally at 7th position piperazinyl (saturated pyrazine)structure is common.
• 3-Amino pyrrolidinyl(saturated pyrrole) substituents at position 7 enhances the
activity of quinolone class against “Pseudomonas aerogenosa”.
Eg: Enoxacin
Swathi Pharma Jnan
9. • F atom substitution at position 6 also significantly enhances the antibacterial
activity.
• Alkyl substitution at position 1 is essential for activity with lower alkyl groups like
methyl,ethyl,cyclopropyl group containing compounds have progressively greater
potency.
Eg:Ciprofloxacin
Swathi Pharma Jnan
10. • If we have aryl substitution at position 1 is also consisting with the antibacterial
activity with 2,4-difluorogroups produces optimum activity.
• Ring condensation compounds are active
Eg: Cinnoxacin - 6,7-fusion & O-Floxacin -1,8 condensation
Swathi Pharma Jnan
11. • 6-Fluoro quinolones having basic moieties like 1-piperidino-3-amino,1-pyrrolidino or
similar basic moiety at the 7th position will have some CNS effects such as
irritability,tremors,sleep disorders,vertigo,anxiety,agitation and convulsions etc.,
Eg: O-Floxacin
• Quinolones possessing additional halogen atom at 8th position shows along with
CNS effects they also exihibit phototoxicity.
• One more F at 8th position causes sensitive towards photolight.
Eg: Lomefloxacin
Swathi Pharma Jnan
12. • Quinolone derivatives having an amino group or methoxy group either at 5th or 8th
position will have lowest incidence of photo light.
Eg: Sparfloxacin
Swathi Pharma Jnan
13. NORFLOXACIN
USES: In the treatment of UTI’s caused by E.Coli,Pneumonia,Enterobacter
species,Proteus species and staphylococcus aureus.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
14. SPARFLOXACIN
USES: To treat skin and soft tissue infections.
To treat lower respiratory tract infetions like bronchitis and bacterial
pneumonia,pelvic inflammatory disease caused by gonorrhoea,chlamydia
species.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
15. CIPROFLOXACIN
Swathi Pharma Jnan
USES: To treat bacterial gastroenteritis caused by gram –ve bacteria .
It is widely used for the treatment of respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia
caused by gram –ve bacteria.
To treat UTI ,venereal disease. For post exposure treatment of inhalation anthrax.
17. O-FLOXACIN
USES: To treat lower respiratory tract infections and pelvic inflammatory
disease.
To treat UTI’s caused by gram-ve bacteria and for prostatitis caused by
E.Coli.
To treat soft tissue /skin infections caused by staphylococcus,streptococci .Swathi Pharma Jnan
18. NALIDIXIC ACID
USES:In the treatment of UTI’s in which gram –ve bacteria predominates.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
23. PHENYL AZO PYRIDINE
USES: Used as local analgesic which acts on the mucosa of urinary tract.
Swathi Pharma Jnan
24. MOA OF QUINOLONES
• Quinolones produces their antibacterial activity by inhibiting the synthesis of
DNA due to the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase(topoisomerase-2),an
enzyme responsible for introducing negative supercoils into circular duplex
DNA.
• Negative supercoiling relieves torsional stress of unwinding helical DNA and
there by allows transcription and replication to occur .
Swathi Pharma Jnan
