Bioinorganic chemistry
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Copper is an essential trace mineral found in the brain, liver, and blood. It plays important roles in numerous processes including melanin production, energy metabolism, iron transport, connective tissue formation, neurotransmitter production, and antioxidant protection. Good dietary sources include seeds, nuts, legumes, and mushrooms. Copper deficiencies can impair bone health, circulation, immune function, thyroid function, and other systems. Copper is a cofactor for several enzymes and helps regulate gene expression.
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METAL IONS IN BIOLOGY
This document discusses the roles of metal ions in biology. Many metals act as active sites in enzymes, with iron, zinc and copper being especially important. Metals are classified as essential if required for life or nonessential. The s-block metals like sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium help maintain electrical charges and osmotic pressure. The d-block metals serve as cofactors in many enzymes due to their ability to accept and donate electrons. Metal ions fulfill critical functions in processes like oxygen transport, bone formation, muscle contractions and more.
Hemocyanin and Hemerythrin
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Chromium group.
Chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are transition metals that share several properties. They have high melting points and are relatively inert. Chromium forms protective oxide coatings and is used to make stainless steel. Molybdenum and tungsten can form a variety of oxidation states and complexes, including clusters. Notable compounds include chromates, molybdates, tungstates, and heteropolyacids containing combinations of these elements. The metals have various industrial uses related to their hardness and corrosion resistance.
Dinitrogen complexes
Dinitrogen complexes are coordination compounds containing the N2 molecule as a ligand. There are several possible modes of bonding between dinitrogen and metals, including terminal ("end-on") bonding, lateral ("side-on") bonding, and bridge bonding via one or both nitrogen atoms. Only terminal, terminal bridge, and structures with two metal atoms on each nitrogen atom have been conclusively demonstrated. The first dinitrogen complex was discovered in 1965 and contained a stable [(NH3)5RuN2] structure.
biological oxygen carriers hemoglobin ,hemocyanin ,hemerythrene .hill equatio...
biological oxygen carriers-hemoglobin structure .heme group.myoglobin .,hemocyanin ,hemerythrene .hill equation and graph .bohr effect
Poster WSSP Ferredoxin
1) A protein coded for by a DNA clone from the duckweed Landoltia Punctata matched significantly to ferredoxin, an iron-sulfur protein involved in electron transport during photosynthesis.
2) Ferredoxin transports electrons from photosystem I to ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR), which reduces NADP+ to NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars.
3) The homology of ferredoxin's amino acid sequence between different plant species indicates its important role in stabilizing the iron-sulfur cluster and facilitating electron transport during photosynthesis.
Organometallic Chemistry .ppt
This document provides information about organometallic compounds, specifically discussing metal alkyls and their uses in organic synthesis. It describes how metal alkyls contain a metal-carbon bond and common metals include Li, Na, K, Mg, and transition metals. Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds are discussed as useful metal alkyls. Their reactions with compounds like formaldehyde, CO2, esters, epoxides, aldehydes, ketones, acetyl chloride, and cyanides are summarized. Specific examples of methylmagnesium bromide reactions are also provided.
Cytochrome- Electron transfer agent - bioinorganic chemistry
In this ppt, i explained about electron transfer agent bioinorganic chemistry. cytochromes are conjugated protein and it's group of heme protein which are responsible for electron transfer for various biological process.
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METAL IONS IN BIOLOGY
This document discusses the roles of metal ions in biology. Many metals act as active sites in enzymes, with iron, zinc and copper being especially important. Metals are classified as essential if required for life or nonessential. The s-block metals like sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium help maintain electrical charges and osmotic pressure. The d-block metals serve as cofactors in many enzymes due to their ability to accept and donate electrons. Metal ions fulfill critical functions in processes like oxygen transport, bone formation, muscle contractions and more.
Hemocyanin and Hemerythrin
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Chromium group.
Chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are transition metals that share several properties. They have high melting points and are relatively inert. Chromium forms protective oxide coatings and is used to make stainless steel. Molybdenum and tungsten can form a variety of oxidation states and complexes, including clusters. Notable compounds include chromates, molybdates, tungstates, and heteropolyacids containing combinations of these elements. The metals have various industrial uses related to their hardness and corrosion resistance.
Dinitrogen complexes
Dinitrogen complexes are coordination compounds containing the N2 molecule as a ligand. There are several possible modes of bonding between dinitrogen and metals, including terminal ("end-on") bonding, lateral ("side-on") bonding, and bridge bonding via one or both nitrogen atoms. Only terminal, terminal bridge, and structures with two metal atoms on each nitrogen atom have been conclusively demonstrated. The first dinitrogen complex was discovered in 1965 and contained a stable [(NH3)5RuN2] structure.
biological oxygen carriers hemoglobin ,hemocyanin ,hemerythrene .hill equatio...
biological oxygen carriers-hemoglobin structure .heme group.myoglobin .,hemocyanin ,hemerythrene .hill equation and graph .bohr effect
Poster WSSP Ferredoxin
1) A protein coded for by a DNA clone from the duckweed Landoltia Punctata matched significantly to ferredoxin, an iron-sulfur protein involved in electron transport during photosynthesis.
2) Ferredoxin transports electrons from photosystem I to ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR), which reduces NADP+ to NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars.
3) The homology of ferredoxin's amino acid sequence between different plant species indicates its important role in stabilizing the iron-sulfur cluster and facilitating electron transport during photosynthesis.
Organometallic Chemistry .ppt
This document provides information about organometallic compounds, specifically discussing metal alkyls and their uses in organic synthesis. It describes how metal alkyls contain a metal-carbon bond and common metals include Li, Na, K, Mg, and transition metals. Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds are discussed as useful metal alkyls. Their reactions with compounds like formaldehyde, CO2, esters, epoxides, aldehydes, ketones, acetyl chloride, and cyanides are summarized. Specific examples of methylmagnesium bromide reactions are also provided.
Cytochrome- Electron transfer agent - bioinorganic chemistry
In this ppt, i explained about electron transfer agent bioinorganic chemistry. cytochromes are conjugated protein and it's group of heme protein which are responsible for electron transfer for various biological process.
Zimmerman traxler model
The Zimmerman-Traxler model is invoked to rationalize the unexpected stereochemical outcomes of certain aldol reactions, such as the Reformatsky and Ivanov reactions. It models the stereochemistry of the products, based on the steric hindrance in the possible six-membered transition states in the aldol condensation reactions.
Created by Alexis Johnson (Undergraduate)
Edited by Margaret Hilton
Honors Organic Chemistry
CHEM 2321 (Sigman), 2013, University of Utah
Tanabe sugano diagram
This document presents information on the Tanabe-Sugano diagram, which is used in coordination chemistry to predict absorptions in the UV-visible and IR spectra of coordination compounds. It was developed by Yukito Tanabe and Satoru Sugano in 1954 to explain the absorption spectra of octahedral complex ions. The diagram plots orbital energy as a function of the Racah parameter B versus the ligand field splitting parameter Δo/B. It can be used to determine the ordering of electronic states and predict possible electronic transitions based on parameters like Δo, Racah parameters B and C, symmetry rules, and term symbols of electronic configurations. The diagram has advantages over earlier Orgel diagrams in that it can be applied to
Porphyrin computational ppt
Computational study of a new zinc derivative compound called [Zn(TTP)(DADMP)2]}n. DFT calculations using B3LYP-D3/6-311+G(d,p) were performed to optimize the structures and calculate properties. Experimental characterization using UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of the 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane axial ligand, showing the zinc is pentacoordinated. NBO analysis showed the axial ligand affects the charge transfer from zinc to the porphyrin core. Docking studies explored binding confirmations of the compound with potential target sites.
Organometallic Reactions and Catalysis
Organometallic compounds undergo a rich variety of reactions (oxidative addition, reductive elimination, cyclometalization, migratory insertion, carbonylation, hydrometallation hydrate elimination, etc ) that can sometimes be combined into useful homogeneous catalytic cycles. In this presentation, I have discussed organometallic reactions of particular importance for synthetic and catalytic processes like the oxo process (hydroformylation), heck coupling reaction, Wilkinson’s Catalyst
(Hydrogenation) etc.
Electronic spectra.ppt
This document discusses electronic spectroscopy techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It provides details on:
1) How UV-vis and CD spectroscopy work by measuring absorption of photons causing electronic transitions between molecular orbitals.
2) The Beer-Lambert law which relates absorbance to concentration and path length.
3) Factors that determine absorption spectra including chromophores, solvent effects, the Frank-Condon principle, and electronic selection rules.
4) Applications of these techniques in structure determination and quantitative analysis of compounds.
Metal carbonyl complex
The document discusses the accidental discovery of sandwich complexes and their structures. It summarizes that in 1951, two groups discovered cyclopentadienyl complexes of metals which had unexpected properties that did not match what was expected. This led to proposals of sandwich structures by Wilkinson/Woodward and Fischer. Their work to synthesize various metallocenes resulted in a shared Nobel Prize in 1973. Sandwich complexes have since been found to have applications including in making carbon nanotubes.
Bachelor Thesis
This document summarizes Akina Carey's bachelor thesis on titanium-containing tungstoarsenates submitted to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kortz on May 24, 2013. The thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of potassium and tetrabutylammonium salts of [Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)]8- and the hexameric compound {Ti10As6W59}. Recrystallization of the crude salt K14[As2W19O67(H2O)] yielded single crystals of K10Na4[As2W19O67(H2O)]∙24H2O which were characterized by XRD and NMR.
Organometallics
This document provides an overview of metal complexes and organometallics. It discusses the structure, bonding, and applications of inorganic complexes and coordination compounds. Key topics covered include ligands, isomerism, crystal field theory, and the spectrochemical series. Organometallics such as metal carbonyls, ferrocene, and Grignard reagents are also introduced. Important applications of coordination compounds are highlighted in areas like extraction of metals, analytical chemistry, biology, medicine, and industry.
Marcus theory
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Cyt c oxidsase LECTURE
Cytochrome C Oxidase is the terminal enzyme in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and uses the energy from this reaction to pump protons across the membrane, contributing to the proton gradient used to generate ATP. It is composed of 13 subunits, with the 3 largest encoded by mitochondrial DNA and forming the catalytic core. The remaining subunits are nuclear encoded and involved in assembly and regulation. Proton pumping is achieved through two pathways, the D pathway involving a chain of water molecules and the K pathway involving specific residues. Regulation occurs through the ATP/ADP ratio and oxygen levels via transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms such as HIF-1. Mutations
Hemocyanin & Hemethrine
Hemocyanin and hemerythrin are two types of oxygen-carrying proteins found in invertebrates that contain copper or iron instead of heme. Hemerythrin contains two iron ions that reversibly bind one oxygen molecule through oxidative addition. Hemocyanin contains two copper ions that bind one oxygen molecule by reducing it to peroxide and changing the copper oxidation state from +1 to +2. Both proteins transport oxygen in invertebrate blood through reversible oxygen binding to their metal centers.
3. Molecular Orbital Theory-2011.ppt
The document discusses molecular orbital theory and its application to transition metal complexes. It describes how atomic orbitals of matching symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals, with equal numbers of bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the molecular orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbitals. Ligand interactions such as π-accepting and π-donating affect the splitting of orbitals and influence the metal's oxidation state.
Dinitrogen complexes
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
Fischer and schrock carbenes
A carbene is any neutral carbon species which contains a non-bonding valance pair of electrons.
Contributed by Alison Brown & Nathan Buehler, Undergraduates, University of Utah
Alpha axial haloketone rule and octant rule
This presentation discusses the use of alpha axial halo ketone rule and Octant rule for determination of absolute configuration
Co ordination chemistry
This document discusses coordination chemistry concepts including different types of salts such as simple salts, double salts, and complex salts. It defines coordination compounds and complex ions, and describes Werner's coordination theory which proposed that metals have primary and secondary valences. Ligands are defined as electron-rich species that bond to metals. Different classifications of ligands and coordination numbers are provided. The coordination sphere and effective atomic number concept are also summarized.
chelotropic reactions
The document discusses cheletropic reactions, which involve the concerted formation or breaking of two sigma bonds at a single atom. It provides examples of reactions involving sulfur dioxide and carbene additions to alkenes to form cyclopropanes. It also discusses theoretical analyses, kinetics, thermodynamics, solvent effects, and orbital symmetry considerations for these types of pericyclic reactions.
Metal carbonyls
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. They were first synthesized in 1868 by passing carbon monoxide over platinum. Metal carbonyls typically obey the 18 electron rule and are often diamagnetic. They have applications as catalysts in organic synthesis and in producing pure metals like nickel. Precautions must be taken when using metal carbonyls due to their toxicity.
Metal ions in biological systems
This document discusses the field of biological inorganic chemistry (bioinorganic chemistry). It begins by outlining the evolution of the field's nomenclature over time. The document then defines bioinorganic chemistry as understanding the roles of metallic and non-metallic elements in biological systems. Several essential biological inorganic elements are discussed, including their roles in structure, signaling, catalysis and more. The interactions between metal ions and proteins are also summarized, noting how metal ions can help catalyze reactions and perform functions when associated with polypeptides.
Orgel diagrams; D and F/P Orgel Diagrams
Orgel diagrams depict the splitting of energy levels in transition metal complexes. They show the splitting of d electron configurations into terms based on whether the complex has an octahedral or tetrahedral ligand field. There are two main types of Orgel diagrams: D diagrams for d1, d4, d6, d9 complexes and F/P diagrams for d2, d3, d7, d8 complexes. The diagrams qualitatively show the possible electronic transitions between terms based on the complex's geometry and electron configuration. Orgel diagrams are useful for understanding the optical, magnetic, and spectral properties of transition metal complexes.
Role of essential and trace metal is biological
This document discusses the roles of essential and trace metals in biological processes. It classifies metals as essential, trace, or toxic based on their levels in the body. Essential metals like sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc and chlorine are required for important biological functions. Trace metals like cobalt, molybdenum and manganese are also involved in enzyme activity and other processes. Toxic metals can cause diseases if levels exceed normal amounts. The document provides details on sources, requirements, functions and deficiency symptoms of various essential and trace metals in the human body.
Role of metal ions
Metal ions play important roles in male reproduction. Certain metal ions like calcium, zinc, and chromium are essential for processes like sperm formation and hormone metabolism. However, toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury can accumulate in male reproductive organs and cause oxidative damage, reducing sperm quality. The effects of both essential and toxic metals are influenced by their bioavailability and interactions with other nutrients in the body.
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Zimmerman traxler model
The Zimmerman-Traxler model is invoked to rationalize the unexpected stereochemical outcomes of certain aldol reactions, such as the Reformatsky and Ivanov reactions. It models the stereochemistry of the products, based on the steric hindrance in the possible six-membered transition states in the aldol condensation reactions.
Created by Alexis Johnson (Undergraduate)
Edited by Margaret Hilton
Honors Organic Chemistry
CHEM 2321 (Sigman), 2013, University of Utah
Tanabe sugano diagram
This document presents information on the Tanabe-Sugano diagram, which is used in coordination chemistry to predict absorptions in the UV-visible and IR spectra of coordination compounds. It was developed by Yukito Tanabe and Satoru Sugano in 1954 to explain the absorption spectra of octahedral complex ions. The diagram plots orbital energy as a function of the Racah parameter B versus the ligand field splitting parameter Δo/B. It can be used to determine the ordering of electronic states and predict possible electronic transitions based on parameters like Δo, Racah parameters B and C, symmetry rules, and term symbols of electronic configurations. The diagram has advantages over earlier Orgel diagrams in that it can be applied to
Porphyrin computational ppt
Computational study of a new zinc derivative compound called [Zn(TTP)(DADMP)2]}n. DFT calculations using B3LYP-D3/6-311+G(d,p) were performed to optimize the structures and calculate properties. Experimental characterization using UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of the 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane axial ligand, showing the zinc is pentacoordinated. NBO analysis showed the axial ligand affects the charge transfer from zinc to the porphyrin core. Docking studies explored binding confirmations of the compound with potential target sites.
Organometallic Reactions and Catalysis
Organometallic compounds undergo a rich variety of reactions (oxidative addition, reductive elimination, cyclometalization, migratory insertion, carbonylation, hydrometallation hydrate elimination, etc ) that can sometimes be combined into useful homogeneous catalytic cycles. In this presentation, I have discussed organometallic reactions of particular importance for synthetic and catalytic processes like the oxo process (hydroformylation), heck coupling reaction, Wilkinson’s Catalyst
(Hydrogenation) etc.
Electronic spectra.ppt
This document discusses electronic spectroscopy techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It provides details on:
1) How UV-vis and CD spectroscopy work by measuring absorption of photons causing electronic transitions between molecular orbitals.
2) The Beer-Lambert law which relates absorbance to concentration and path length.
3) Factors that determine absorption spectra including chromophores, solvent effects, the Frank-Condon principle, and electronic selection rules.
4) Applications of these techniques in structure determination and quantitative analysis of compounds.
Metal carbonyl complex
The document discusses the accidental discovery of sandwich complexes and their structures. It summarizes that in 1951, two groups discovered cyclopentadienyl complexes of metals which had unexpected properties that did not match what was expected. This led to proposals of sandwich structures by Wilkinson/Woodward and Fischer. Their work to synthesize various metallocenes resulted in a shared Nobel Prize in 1973. Sandwich complexes have since been found to have applications including in making carbon nanotubes.
Bachelor Thesis
This document summarizes Akina Carey's bachelor thesis on titanium-containing tungstoarsenates submitted to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kortz on May 24, 2013. The thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of potassium and tetrabutylammonium salts of [Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)]8- and the hexameric compound {Ti10As6W59}. Recrystallization of the crude salt K14[As2W19O67(H2O)] yielded single crystals of K10Na4[As2W19O67(H2O)]∙24H2O which were characterized by XRD and NMR.
Organometallics
This document provides an overview of metal complexes and organometallics. It discusses the structure, bonding, and applications of inorganic complexes and coordination compounds. Key topics covered include ligands, isomerism, crystal field theory, and the spectrochemical series. Organometallics such as metal carbonyls, ferrocene, and Grignard reagents are also introduced. Important applications of coordination compounds are highlighted in areas like extraction of metals, analytical chemistry, biology, medicine, and industry.
Marcus theory
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Cyt c oxidsase LECTURE
Cytochrome C Oxidase is the terminal enzyme in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and uses the energy from this reaction to pump protons across the membrane, contributing to the proton gradient used to generate ATP. It is composed of 13 subunits, with the 3 largest encoded by mitochondrial DNA and forming the catalytic core. The remaining subunits are nuclear encoded and involved in assembly and regulation. Proton pumping is achieved through two pathways, the D pathway involving a chain of water molecules and the K pathway involving specific residues. Regulation occurs through the ATP/ADP ratio and oxygen levels via transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms such as HIF-1. Mutations
Hemocyanin & Hemethrine
Hemocyanin and hemerythrin are two types of oxygen-carrying proteins found in invertebrates that contain copper or iron instead of heme. Hemerythrin contains two iron ions that reversibly bind one oxygen molecule through oxidative addition. Hemocyanin contains two copper ions that bind one oxygen molecule by reducing it to peroxide and changing the copper oxidation state from +1 to +2. Both proteins transport oxygen in invertebrate blood through reversible oxygen binding to their metal centers.
3. Molecular Orbital Theory-2011.ppt
The document discusses molecular orbital theory and its application to transition metal complexes. It describes how atomic orbitals of matching symmetry combine to form molecular orbitals, with equal numbers of bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the molecular orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbitals. Ligand interactions such as π-accepting and π-donating affect the splitting of orbitals and influence the metal's oxidation state.
Dinitrogen complexes
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
Fischer and schrock carbenes
A carbene is any neutral carbon species which contains a non-bonding valance pair of electrons.
Contributed by Alison Brown & Nathan Buehler, Undergraduates, University of Utah
Alpha axial haloketone rule and octant rule
This presentation discusses the use of alpha axial halo ketone rule and Octant rule for determination of absolute configuration
Co ordination chemistry
This document discusses coordination chemistry concepts including different types of salts such as simple salts, double salts, and complex salts. It defines coordination compounds and complex ions, and describes Werner's coordination theory which proposed that metals have primary and secondary valences. Ligands are defined as electron-rich species that bond to metals. Different classifications of ligands and coordination numbers are provided. The coordination sphere and effective atomic number concept are also summarized.
chelotropic reactions
The document discusses cheletropic reactions, which involve the concerted formation or breaking of two sigma bonds at a single atom. It provides examples of reactions involving sulfur dioxide and carbene additions to alkenes to form cyclopropanes. It also discusses theoretical analyses, kinetics, thermodynamics, solvent effects, and orbital symmetry considerations for these types of pericyclic reactions.
Metal carbonyls
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. They were first synthesized in 1868 by passing carbon monoxide over platinum. Metal carbonyls typically obey the 18 electron rule and are often diamagnetic. They have applications as catalysts in organic synthesis and in producing pure metals like nickel. Precautions must be taken when using metal carbonyls due to their toxicity.
Metal ions in biological systems
This document discusses the field of biological inorganic chemistry (bioinorganic chemistry). It begins by outlining the evolution of the field's nomenclature over time. The document then defines bioinorganic chemistry as understanding the roles of metallic and non-metallic elements in biological systems. Several essential biological inorganic elements are discussed, including their roles in structure, signaling, catalysis and more. The interactions between metal ions and proteins are also summarized, noting how metal ions can help catalyze reactions and perform functions when associated with polypeptides.
Orgel diagrams; D and F/P Orgel Diagrams
Orgel diagrams depict the splitting of energy levels in transition metal complexes. They show the splitting of d electron configurations into terms based on whether the complex has an octahedral or tetrahedral ligand field. There are two main types of Orgel diagrams: D diagrams for d1, d4, d6, d9 complexes and F/P diagrams for d2, d3, d7, d8 complexes. The diagrams qualitatively show the possible electronic transitions between terms based on the complex's geometry and electron configuration. Orgel diagrams are useful for understanding the optical, magnetic, and spectral properties of transition metal complexes.
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Role of essential and trace metal is biological
This document discusses the roles of essential and trace metals in biological processes. It classifies metals as essential, trace, or toxic based on their levels in the body. Essential metals like sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc and chlorine are required for important biological functions. Trace metals like cobalt, molybdenum and manganese are also involved in enzyme activity and other processes. Toxic metals can cause diseases if levels exceed normal amounts. The document provides details on sources, requirements, functions and deficiency symptoms of various essential and trace metals in the human body.
Role of metal ions
Metal ions play important roles in male reproduction. Certain metal ions like calcium, zinc, and chromium are essential for processes like sperm formation and hormone metabolism. However, toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury can accumulate in male reproductive organs and cause oxidative damage, reducing sperm quality. The effects of both essential and toxic metals are influenced by their bioavailability and interactions with other nutrients in the body.
Bioinorganic chemistry f
This document contains 5 questions and answers about chemical concepts.
1. The ligand system in vitamin B12 is corrin, which is similar to the porphyrin ring and provides coordination sites for cobalt.
2. The red color of oxyhemoglobin is mainly due to interligand π-π* transitions in the heme molecule as oxygen binds and changes the orbital energies.
3. Superoxide dismutase contains copper and zinc ions, which catalyze the dismutation of superoxide radicals.
INORGANIC BIOMOLECULES ( BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
This document summarizes essential and non-essential elements in biological systems. It defines essential elements as those required for life that cause death or malfunction if absent. Examples include oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. Non-essential elements do not play a positive role if absent. The document further describes essential elements as either bulk elements, which are found at higher concentrations, or trace elements, which are needed at very low concentrations. It provides sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, cobalt, iodine, fluoride and zinc as examples of essential bulk and trace elements and describes their roles in biological processes. The document also discusses porphyrins, metalloporphyrins like heme and chlor
Essential trace elements
This document provides an overview of trace elements, including their classification as essential, probably essential, or non-essential. It discusses several important trace elements in depth, including iron, zinc, copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium. For each element, it covers their functions, dietary sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and treatment as needed. It also briefly mentions other trace elements like vanadium, tin, nickel, boron, lithium, and xenon.
Metal ion transport and storage
This document summarizes metal ion transport and storage in biological systems. It discusses the general properties of transport systems like ionophores, ion channels, and ion pumps. Specific mechanisms for transporting ions like sodium, potassium, iron, and calcium are described. Metal storage is achieved through proteins like ferritin and metallothionein. Problems associated with transporting and storing metal ions across membranes are also highlighted.
Essential & trace elements pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry b. pharmacy...
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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN HUMAN BODY
This document summarizes several essential minerals in the human body, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iodine, and zinc. Calcium is the most abundant mineral found primarily in bones and teeth. It also plays roles in several processes like muscle contraction. Potassium is the main intracellular ion involved in nerve and muscle repolarization. Magnesium is essential for many biological processes and enzyme activation. Sodium maintains osmotic pressure and acid-base balance. Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormones. Zinc is involved in many enzymatic reactions and tissue growth. Each mineral's functions, sources, and deficiency symptoms are described briefly.
Metal ion in medicine
Metal ions are used in medicine for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. Some metals like technetium, gadolinium, and iron are used in medical imaging techniques like MRI. Platinum compounds like cisplatin are commonly used to treat cancers by binding to DNA and interfering with cell division. While effective, metals can cause side effects if levels become unbalanced or toxicity occurs from treatment. Precise application of metal ions exploits their properties for medical benefit.
metals in medicine
This document discusses metals in medicine and their importance in biological systems. It covers topics such as medicinal bioinorganic chemistry, classification of metal elements, the role of metal ions in critical biological functions, and examples of metal deficiencies that can lead to disease. The document also addresses how some metals can be toxic in excess and cause conditions like Wilson's disease from copper overload or hemochromatosis from iron poisoning. Finally, it mentions how some metals like plutonium, mercury, and others are used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
trace minerals, Zn, Co
The document discusses several trace minerals including zinc, selenium, copper, and boron. It provides details on their functions, dietary sources, requirements and interactions in the body. Trace minerals serve as cofactors for enzymes and play important roles in various physiological processes like immune function, membrane stability, and antioxidant protection. Maintaining adequate intake of trace minerals through the diet is important for overall health.
Transition metalbonding
This document discusses transition metal chemistry, specifically coordination compounds containing transition metals. It covers several key topics:
1. Thermodynamic concepts like stability constants that describe the equilibrium between metal ions and ligands in coordination complexes.
2. Factors that influence complex stability such as the chelate effect where polydentate ligands form more stable complexes than monodentate ligands.
3. Electronic structure models used to describe transition metal complexes, including crystal field theory and ligand field theory.
4. Spectrochemical series that ranks ligands based on the ligand field splitting they cause. Heavier π-donor ligands do not always follow the series trends in complex stability.
Metals in medicine
Metals ions play critical roles in human health and disease. Some metals like iron, zinc, and copper are essential nutrients but can cause diseases if deficient. Iron deficiency leads to anemia, zinc deficiency causes growth retardation, and copper deficiency results in brain and heart diseases. However, some metals like mercury and lead are toxic even in small amounts and can damage organs. While metals like chromium, nickel, and cadmium are known carcinogens. Metals are found naturally in water and soil and their levels in the human body must be carefully regulated for health.
Organometallic compounds
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
Importance of trace elements in Public Health
This document provides an overview of trace elements, with a focus on iodine. It defines trace elements and discusses their classification. It then covers iodine in detail, including its body content and requirements, sources and functions, deficiency and excess, and control programs. The control of iodine deficiency disorders has progressed through various phases in India, from initial studies in Kangra district demonstrating the benefits of iodized salt, to the universal salt iodization program now in place. National surveys show reductions in goiter prevalence and other signs of iodine deficiency as iodized salt consumption has increased.
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The document discusses metallobiomolecules, which are biomolecules associated with metal ions that play important roles in biological processes. Metallobiomolecules can be classified based on their molecular components and functions. Key classes include oxygen-binding proteins like hemoglobin and myoglobin, which transport and store oxygen using iron ions. Hemoglobin is a tetramer found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues, while myoglobin is a monomer that stores oxygen in muscles. The document provides details on the structure of hemoglobin, which consists of globin protein chains and heme groups containing iron.
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The document discusses fragmentation patterns observed in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of organic compounds. It describes three types of fragmentation that can occur through cleavage of sigma bonds or rearrangements. Rules are provided about the relative stability and intensity of molecular ion peaks based on factors like molecular weight, branching, and functional groups. Common fragmentation patterns are illustrated for various compound classes including alkanes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, and others.
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- Water is essential for life and has many important properties due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds. It acts as a solvent, coolant, and transport medium within organisms.
- The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules gives water high heat capacity, specific boiling and freezing points, and allows it to dissolve many substances. Hydrogen bonding also contributes to water's cohesive and adhesive properties.
- Water's properties help sustain life and allow organisms to regulate temperature and transport nutrients and wastes. However, acid rain can lower the pH of bodies of water and damage ecosystems.
Non-Invasive Methods for Biomonitoring Trace Element Exposure
Finger and toe nails don't seem very interesting at the best of times, but did you know they carry a record of your exposure to metals like lead and arsenic?
In this presentation I review how these materials can show if people are being exposed to trace metals and how they can be used to link exposure to possible early health effects.
The talk includes work from 3 PhD projects that I have been involved in and show how a project can develop from a humble beginning to cutting edge research.
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This document discusses nutritional strategies for sustainable dairy development. It explains that balanced nutrition is important for maintenance, reproduction, production and health of dairy cows. Both undernutrition and overnutrition can negatively impact fertility. Key nutritional factors that influence reproduction include energy, protein, minerals like phosphorus, copper, selenium, zinc, iodine, cobalt, and vitamins A and E. Maintaining proper mineral and vitamin levels is important for fertility and herd health. The document provides details on how deficiencies of various nutrients can delay puberty, reduce conception rates, and decrease milk production.Balancing Hormones LYPR January 2018
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How nutrients effect_our_brains
The document discusses the importance of proper nutrition for brain development. It explains that the brain requires essential vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates found in foods like fruits, vegetables, fish and nuts in order to function, grow and develop properly. A lack of these key nutrients can impair brain development and cognition. Children who experience malnutrition often face lasting behavioral and cognitive issues as their brains fail to reach their full potential. Maintaining good nutrition throughout one's lifetime also helps prevent neurodegeneration and supports optimal brain functioning.
Nutrients by Sumayya Naseem 2003
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This document discusses human nutrition as it relates to iodine, fluoride, and magnesium. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended daily amounts, and effects of deficiencies and toxicities for each mineral. Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Sources include seafood, bread, and iodized salt. A deficiency can cause goiter or cretinism. Fluoride strengthens teeth and bones. It is found in drinking water and too much can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis. Magnesium is involved in many enzyme systems and is found in vegetables, grains, and dairy. Deficiencies or toxicities of any of these minerals can impact health.
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Trace minerals are needed in small amounts but are essential for many bodily functions. They include iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, and others. Trace mineral deficiencies can impair growth, development, immunity and cognitive function, while toxicities of some like iron, fluoride, and iodine can also negatively impact health. Food content of trace minerals depends on soil mineral content where the food was grown.
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This document summarizes a presentation on three metabolic disorders: Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Phenylketonuria, and Alkaptonuria. Maple Syrup Urine Disease is caused by a defect in breaking down branched chain amino acids, leading to a buildup that causes a sweet smell to urine and metabolic crises. Phenylketonuria results from the body's inability to break down phenylalanine, causing toxic buildup and issues like intellectual disability if left untreated. Alkaptonuria is a rare disorder where the body cannot break down amino acids, causing a black pigment to accumulate in tissues over time and lead to osteoarthritis.
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This document discusses the role of nutrition in immune function. It explains that appropriate nutrition is required for immune cells to function optimally. Certain nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats and carbohydrates play important roles in the development and maintenance of an effective immune system. Both deficiencies and excesses of specific nutrients can impair immune responses. The document then focuses on specific micronutrients and their roles in immune function, including iron, zinc, copper, vitamin B and others. It provides information on recommended intakes, dietary sources, and consequences of deficiencies and excesses for each nutrient.
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Nutraceuticals
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Nutrition micro nutrient that determined Protein
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
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Title: Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound, Smell, Taste, and Balance
Introduction:
Welcome to our captivating SlideShare presentation on the Special Senses, where we delve into the extraordinary capabilities that allow us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Join us on a sensory journey as we explore the intricate structures and functions of sight, sound, smell, taste, and balance.
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【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Bioinorganic chemistry
- 1. Bioinorganic Chemistry “Role of Copper in Biological Systems”
- 2. Presented To: Madam Nazish Arshad Presented By: Iqra Zubair
- 3. Where is Copper found in body? • The tissues of the body contain it in traces • Highest amount is found in the brain and liver. • Adult body contains about 100mg. • 95% is found in blood plasma firmly bounded in a protein complex,Ceruloplasmin • 5% loosely bound to another protein, albumen.
- 4. Healthiest Sources of Copper Food Cal Percentage Sesame Seeds 206 163.3% Cashews 221 97.7% Soybeans 298 77.7% Mushrooms 417 2.2% Sunflower Seeds 204 70% Tempeh 222 67.7% Lentils 230 55.5% Walnuts 196 53.3% Lima Beans 216 48.8%
- 5. How much copper do we need? Copper nutrition is especially important for • Pregnant women • Developing fetus • New-born babies • Recommended daily requirement is 1.2 mg for adults • 0.5–1 mg for children
- 6. Outlining Role of Copper • Formation of the pigment melanin in the skin • Helps in the transport of electrons • Maintains the strength of the myelin sheath covering the nerves • Copper helps in the synthesis of phospholipids • Necessary for the formation of hemoglobin in the blood along with iron • Constituent of enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids • Necessary for the healthy hair
- 7. Enzymes Containing Copper • Amine oxidases • Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase I) • Cytochrome c oxidase • Dopamine β-hydroxylase • Hephaestin • Lysyl oxidase • Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase (PAM) • Superoxide dismutase(Cu, Zn) • Tyrosinase
- 8. Bones and connective tissues • Fix calcium in the bones • To build and repair all connective tissue • tendons, ligaments, skin, hair, nails, arteries, veins and a few other tissues. • Imbalances can cause osteoporosis and bone brittle
- 9. Energy production in cells • Needed in the final steps of the Krebs energy cycle called the electron transport system • This is where most of our cellular energy is produced • Malfunctioning may cause fatigue, depression and other imbalances related to low energy.
- 10. Reproductive system • Required for estrogen metabolism • Required for women's fertility • To maintain pregnancy • Imbalance can cause premenstrual syndrome, ovarian cysts, infertility, miscarriages, sexual dysfunctions and more.
- 11. Nervous System • Stimulates production of the neurotransmitters like epinephrine,norepinephrine and dopamine • Required for monoamine oxidase, an enzyme related to serotonin production • Imbalances are highly associated with memory loss, especially in young people, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia etc.
- 12. Antioxidant Protection • Copper is a co-factor for an enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD), one of the major antioxidant enzymes in the body. As a measure of how important SOD is, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease is thought to be the result of an under functioning (SOD) enzyme.
- 13. Regulation of gene expression • Affect synthesis of proteins by enhancing or inhibiting the transcription of specific genes • Copper may regulate the expression of genes by increasing the level of intracellular oxidative stress
- 14. Cholesterol Balance • Animal studies have demonstrated that copper- deficient diets lead to increases in blood cholesterol levels. • The effect of copper deficiency appears to be through increased activity of an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase • The same enzyme targeted by the most commonly prescribed cholesterol medications
- 15. Role in Glandular System • The thyroid gland is sensitive to copper. • Copper imbalance include hypothyroidism and even hyperthyroidism of a particular type that is very common • Grave’s disease usually due to stress, copper imbalance and often mercury as well.
- 16. Copper Deficiency Copper deficiency can cause • Anemia • Heart and circulation problems • Bone abnormalities • Complications in the nervous and immune systems • Disorder in lungs • Imbalance in thyroid • Malfunctioning of Pancreas and kidney
- 17. References: • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9587153 • http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/3/855S.full • http://www.copperalliance.org.uk/copper-and- society/health • http://www.preservearticles.com/201105317350/what -is-the-importance-of-copper-to-human-body.html • http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrie nt&dbid=53 • http://drlwilson.com/articles/copper_toxicity_syndrom e.htm
- 18. Thank you