This document discusses cooling water problems such as corrosion, scale, fouling, and microbiological contamination. It explains the causes and factors that influence these problems, as well as methods to control and prevent each problem. Key topics covered include the corrosion process, scale formation mechanisms, types of fouling, factors influencing microbial growth, and chemical treatment options for control and prevention.
This document discusses cooling water analysis and treatment. It covers topics like pH adjustment using sulfuric acid to control scaling, the effects of high pH like increased microbial growth, how much acid is required, chlorine dosing to lower pH and kill bacteria, chlorine demand, factors affecting corrosion like chlorides and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, and corrosion inhibition using phosphates. Maintaining the proper delta phosphate is important to control corrosion.
1. The document discusses the post-operational chemical cleaning of boiler tubes at an NTPC power plant in India. Scale buildup reduces efficiency and can damage boiler tubes.
2. Analysis found scale densities above recommended limits, requiring a two-stage chemical cleaning process. This involves mechanical cleaning, then using alkaline solutions, inhibited acid, and rinses to remove scale compounds like copper oxide and iron oxide.
3. The cleaning proposal circulates solutions through the boiler and monitors samples to ensure scale is fully removed without damaging metal surfaces. Upon completion, the boiler will be more efficient and protected from future scale problems.
HRSG water chemistry & corrosion controlAbdul Hannan
This document discusses water chemistry and corrosion control in HRSGs. It describes the components of HRSGs, including economizers, steam drums, evaporators, and superheaters. It outlines treatment methods for different sections of the HRSG to control corrosion and deposition, including phosphate and volatile amine treatments. It also discusses common corrosion mechanisms like pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion cracking that can occur in HRSGs and outlines best practices to minimize corrosion.
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRY( WATER TREATMENT FOR BOILERS)Dilip Kumar
This document discusses the treatment of water for high pressure boilers and steam-water quality parameters. It describes the various processes involved - intake of raw water from rivers, aeration, addition of chemicals for coagulation and disinfection, clarification, filtration, and demineralization. It then discusses water treatment for boilers, including dosing of chemicals to prevent corrosion. Various sampling points and parameters for treated water and steam are listed. Finally, it briefly covers generator chemistry, including cooling of stator and rotor, hydrogen purity requirements, and primary water system treatment.
The document discusses cooling water systems and issues related to corrosion, scaling, and biofouling. It describes three types of cooling water systems - once through, closed re-circulating, and open re-circulating. Major cooling water problems include corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Scaling can be caused by high concentrations of calcium carbonate, magnesium, and other substances above the control limits. Chemical treatments use zinc phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitors along with dispersants to control scaling and suspended solids.
Basic Thermal Power Plant Chemistry, for Operational Staff.Syed Aqeel Ahmed
The document provides an overview of water chemistry training for power plant operators. It discusses the importance of controlling water quality to prevent scale, corrosion, and biological growth in power plant systems. It covers external water treatment processes like clarification, filtration, and desalination. It also summarizes internal water treatment including oxygen scavenging, pH control, and use of chemicals like hydrazine. Key water quality parameters that are monitored like conductivity, pH, chlorides, and sodium are explained. The document provides troubleshooting guidance and emphasizes the importance of detecting condenser leakage to prevent contamination of boiler water.
Water analysis from_intake_well_to_boiler_drum-npriyank.modi
The document discusses water treatment from the intake well to the boiler drum in a power plant. It covers:
1) Water treatment processes from intake to clarifier like alum dosing and chlorine dosing to remove solids.
2) Water treatment from clarifier to DM plant and softener plant using filters and ion exchange.
3) Dosing like hydrazine and phosphates in the boiler feedwater loop to control oxygen and pH.
4) The need for measuring parameters like silica, pH, conductivity and oxygen levels at various stages to monitor water quality and prevent corrosion in the system.
This document discusses cooling water analysis and treatment. It covers topics like pH adjustment using sulfuric acid to control scaling, the effects of high pH like increased microbial growth, how much acid is required, chlorine dosing to lower pH and kill bacteria, chlorine demand, factors affecting corrosion like chlorides and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, and corrosion inhibition using phosphates. Maintaining the proper delta phosphate is important to control corrosion.
1. The document discusses the post-operational chemical cleaning of boiler tubes at an NTPC power plant in India. Scale buildup reduces efficiency and can damage boiler tubes.
2. Analysis found scale densities above recommended limits, requiring a two-stage chemical cleaning process. This involves mechanical cleaning, then using alkaline solutions, inhibited acid, and rinses to remove scale compounds like copper oxide and iron oxide.
3. The cleaning proposal circulates solutions through the boiler and monitors samples to ensure scale is fully removed without damaging metal surfaces. Upon completion, the boiler will be more efficient and protected from future scale problems.
HRSG water chemistry & corrosion controlAbdul Hannan
This document discusses water chemistry and corrosion control in HRSGs. It describes the components of HRSGs, including economizers, steam drums, evaporators, and superheaters. It outlines treatment methods for different sections of the HRSG to control corrosion and deposition, including phosphate and volatile amine treatments. It also discusses common corrosion mechanisms like pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion cracking that can occur in HRSGs and outlines best practices to minimize corrosion.
POWER PLANT CHEMISTRY( WATER TREATMENT FOR BOILERS)Dilip Kumar
This document discusses the treatment of water for high pressure boilers and steam-water quality parameters. It describes the various processes involved - intake of raw water from rivers, aeration, addition of chemicals for coagulation and disinfection, clarification, filtration, and demineralization. It then discusses water treatment for boilers, including dosing of chemicals to prevent corrosion. Various sampling points and parameters for treated water and steam are listed. Finally, it briefly covers generator chemistry, including cooling of stator and rotor, hydrogen purity requirements, and primary water system treatment.
The document discusses cooling water systems and issues related to corrosion, scaling, and biofouling. It describes three types of cooling water systems - once through, closed re-circulating, and open re-circulating. Major cooling water problems include corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Scaling can be caused by high concentrations of calcium carbonate, magnesium, and other substances above the control limits. Chemical treatments use zinc phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitors along with dispersants to control scaling and suspended solids.
Basic Thermal Power Plant Chemistry, for Operational Staff.Syed Aqeel Ahmed
The document provides an overview of water chemistry training for power plant operators. It discusses the importance of controlling water quality to prevent scale, corrosion, and biological growth in power plant systems. It covers external water treatment processes like clarification, filtration, and desalination. It also summarizes internal water treatment including oxygen scavenging, pH control, and use of chemicals like hydrazine. Key water quality parameters that are monitored like conductivity, pH, chlorides, and sodium are explained. The document provides troubleshooting guidance and emphasizes the importance of detecting condenser leakage to prevent contamination of boiler water.
Water analysis from_intake_well_to_boiler_drum-npriyank.modi
The document discusses water treatment from the intake well to the boiler drum in a power plant. It covers:
1) Water treatment processes from intake to clarifier like alum dosing and chlorine dosing to remove solids.
2) Water treatment from clarifier to DM plant and softener plant using filters and ion exchange.
3) Dosing like hydrazine and phosphates in the boiler feedwater loop to control oxygen and pH.
4) The need for measuring parameters like silica, pH, conductivity and oxygen levels at various stages to monitor water quality and prevent corrosion in the system.
After Cation Conductivity (ACC) is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a water sample after it has passed through a cation exchange resin column. It detects low levels of anion contaminants like chlorides and sulfates. ACC is commonly measured on main steam, reheat steam, condensate, feedwater, and boiler drum samples in power plants. It is important because power plant steam and water systems must maintain high purity to prevent corrosion and deposition. The cation exchange column increases the conductivity contribution from contaminant salts, amplifying the sensitivity of the conductivity analyzer.
This document provides an overview of cooling water problems and solutions. It discusses common issues like scaling, corrosion, and biological growth that result from poor water quality. The document then covers critical water parameters like conductivity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and saturation index. It explains different types of scale and methods to control scale, such as water softening, pH adjustment, controlling concentration cycles, and chemical treatment. The focus is on maintaining water quality to prevent problems and reduce maintenance costs for cooling systems.
This document discusses cooling water treatment in cooling towers. It covers cooling tower concepts and types including spray ponds, natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers. It also discusses design factors like circulation volume and temperature change. Key water treatment issues addressed include corrosion, scaling, fouling, and microbiological growth. Solutions discussed include corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, dispersants, and biocides. Existing chemical products used at the plant are also listed.
The document provides information on boiler water treatment including:
- Benefits of steam such as high heat content and ease of distribution.
- Major problems in boilers like scaling, corrosion, and carryover of impurities.
- Effects of scaling and corrosion like reduced heat transfer and increased maintenance costs.
- Pretreatment methods like deaeration and chemical treatment to control scaling, corrosion, and silica carryover.
- Use of oxygen scavengers, neutralizing amines, and filming amines to control corrosion in boilers and return lines.
This document discusses cooling water treatment at a fertilizer plant in India. It provides details on the plant's cooling towers and water chemistry parameters. Cooling water treatment is needed to prevent corrosion, scaling, and microbial fouling of the system. Common issues like corrosion, scaling, and biofouling are discussed along with the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and microbial control through chemical treatment.
This document discusses the importance of monitoring steam-water cycle chemistry parameters and water treatment in thermal power plants. It outlines the key parameters that should be continuously monitored, including cation conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, sodium and others. It also describes diagnostic parameters that are monitored periodically. Maintaining proper monitoring and treatment is necessary to prevent corrosion, scale deposition and deposition in turbines for high availability and efficiency.
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENTDilip Kumar
This document provides information on feed water treatment and corrosion control in power plants. It discusses the types of impurities found in feed water and how maintaining an alkaline pH and removing dissolved oxygen can minimize corrosion. It also outlines water quality guidelines and parameters for different types of plant systems. The objectives of chemical treatment are to reduce corrosion and prevent scale formation. Various chemical treatments used include volatile alkalis to control pH, hydrazine for oxygen removal, and phosphates for alkalinity and corrosion control.
This document discusses cooling water problems like scaling, corrosion, and biological growth. It provides an overview of common cooling water treatment methods to control these issues, including water softening, pH adjustment, controlling cycles of concentration, and using chemical treatments like polymers, phosphonates, and chelants. The key parameters for cooling water quality are discussed, such as conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, pH, alkalinity, and saturation index. Common types of scaling like calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate are also summarized.
The document discusses water treatment for industrial boilers. It notes that natural water requires treatment to suit industrial applications. For high pressure boilers, almost all impurities must be removed to minimize deposits and corrosion. Proper water treatment is also needed to control internal corrosion of boiler tubes through maintaining pH and removing contaminants like oxygen. The document outlines various types of corrosion from factors like acidity, alkalinity, oxygen, and contaminants in feedwater and discusses methods for their control and prevention.
This document provides an overview of cooling water treatment. It defines a cooling tower as a heat rejection device that uses evaporation to lower the temperature of a water stream. It describes the different types of cooling towers and their designs. It then discusses the normal terminology used in open recirculating cooling water systems, including hold up capacity, blowdown, drift loss, evaporation losses, system losses, and concentration cycle. The document goes on to explain issues like corrosion, scaling, fouling, and deposition in cooling water systems and how treatment addresses them. It provides details on phosphate corrosion technology and scale formation. It also covers microbiological fouling and the factors influencing bacterial growth. Finally, it discusses cooling water treatment methods for corrosion,
The document discusses plant chemistry and pretreatment systems for water. It covers topics like water chemistry, pretreatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. It discusses the types of contaminants found in water sources and pretreatment chemicals used. The document is intended to provide training on identifying chemical hazards, water quality control, and troubleshooting pretreatment systems.
This document discusses silica monitoring in steam/water cycles of power plants. Silica is a contaminant that can deposit on turbine blades and reduce efficiency. Close monitoring of silica concentrations helps manage efficiency and avoid costly shutdowns. Key locations for silica measurement include the demineralization plant, boiler feedwater, and boiler blowdown water. The Hach 5500sc Silica Analyzer provides an on-line solution for accurate, reliable silica monitoring to optimize plant performance and prevent turbine damage.
This document discusses the role of chemistry in power plants. It covers various aspects of feedwater treatment including removal of insoluble and soluble impurities. It discusses parameters for boiler water quality at different plant capacities. Methods for physical and chemical deaeration of feedwater like use of hydrazine are explained. Boiler water chemistry including use of volatile alkalis like ammonia for pH control is covered. Methods for detecting and addressing condenser leaks are summarized. Quality guidelines for steam and requirements for monitoring systems are provided.
Thermal power plants require ultra pure water known as boiler feedwater that is pretreated to remove impurities which can cause scaling, corrosion, and other problems. Common pretreatment methods include filtration, coagulation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and deaeration to remove suspended solids, dissolved gases, and minerals. Emerging technologies like membrane contactors and reverse osmosis are also being used to further purify boiler feedwater from wastewater and other sources. Proper pretreatment is crucial to minimize damage to high pressure boilers in thermal power plants.
This document discusses corrosion in cooling water systems. It outlines the corrosion process and the elements required for corrosion to occur. The rate and type of corrosion are determined by factors at the cathode and anode. Various types of corrosion in cooling water systems are described, including general etch, concentration cell corrosion, cracking, and mechanical damage. Finally, general methods for corrosion inhibition are presented, such as using corrosion resistant materials, coatings, cathodic protection, water chemistry adjustments, and corrosion inhibitors.
The document compares All Volatile Treatment (AVT) and Oxygenated Treatment (OT) for feedwater treatment in power plants. AVT uses ammonia hydroxide to form a protective magnetite layer, while OT uses controlled oxygen levels to form a more passive hematite layer. OT provides increased corrosion protection in lower temperature regions by blocking pores in the oxide layer and oxidizing iron ions. Implementing OT requires a review of the plant, any necessary modifications, chemical cleaning if needed, training, and revising documentation to transition control strategies.
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
This document provides an overview of water treatment for corrosion, including pretreatment of water, corrosion mechanisms, factors affecting the rate of corrosion, protection against corrosion, water treatment at corrosion sites, water chemistry, and calculations. It discusses pretreatment methods like clarification and sedimentation. It also examines corrosion mechanisms, objectives of water treatment to minimize corrosion and other issues, and factors influencing the corrosion rate like pH, dissolved gases, temperature, velocity, and microbial growth. Additionally, it covers alkalinity, how chemical corrosion inhibitors work, recommended treatment chemicals, blowdown and makeup water calculations, biocides, cooling tower calculations, clarifier data, process water data, and makeup and reverse osmosis water data.
This document discusses cooling water chemistry and chemical treatment. It outlines the sources and typical chemistry of cooling water makeup. Key factors that must be controlled include calcium carbonate, chlorides, pH, and suspended solids. Major cooling water problems are corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Chemicals added to control these include zinc phosphate for corrosion inhibition, scale inhibitors, oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, and dispersants. Maintaining proper cooling water chemistry limits is important for the effective functioning and protection of cooling systems.
The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
After Cation Conductivity (ACC) is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a water sample after it has passed through a cation exchange resin column. It detects low levels of anion contaminants like chlorides and sulfates. ACC is commonly measured on main steam, reheat steam, condensate, feedwater, and boiler drum samples in power plants. It is important because power plant steam and water systems must maintain high purity to prevent corrosion and deposition. The cation exchange column increases the conductivity contribution from contaminant salts, amplifying the sensitivity of the conductivity analyzer.
This document provides an overview of cooling water problems and solutions. It discusses common issues like scaling, corrosion, and biological growth that result from poor water quality. The document then covers critical water parameters like conductivity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and saturation index. It explains different types of scale and methods to control scale, such as water softening, pH adjustment, controlling concentration cycles, and chemical treatment. The focus is on maintaining water quality to prevent problems and reduce maintenance costs for cooling systems.
This document discusses cooling water treatment in cooling towers. It covers cooling tower concepts and types including spray ponds, natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers. It also discusses design factors like circulation volume and temperature change. Key water treatment issues addressed include corrosion, scaling, fouling, and microbiological growth. Solutions discussed include corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, dispersants, and biocides. Existing chemical products used at the plant are also listed.
The document provides information on boiler water treatment including:
- Benefits of steam such as high heat content and ease of distribution.
- Major problems in boilers like scaling, corrosion, and carryover of impurities.
- Effects of scaling and corrosion like reduced heat transfer and increased maintenance costs.
- Pretreatment methods like deaeration and chemical treatment to control scaling, corrosion, and silica carryover.
- Use of oxygen scavengers, neutralizing amines, and filming amines to control corrosion in boilers and return lines.
This document discusses cooling water treatment at a fertilizer plant in India. It provides details on the plant's cooling towers and water chemistry parameters. Cooling water treatment is needed to prevent corrosion, scaling, and microbial fouling of the system. Common issues like corrosion, scaling, and biofouling are discussed along with the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and microbial control through chemical treatment.
This document discusses the importance of monitoring steam-water cycle chemistry parameters and water treatment in thermal power plants. It outlines the key parameters that should be continuously monitored, including cation conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, sodium and others. It also describes diagnostic parameters that are monitored periodically. Maintaining proper monitoring and treatment is necessary to prevent corrosion, scale deposition and deposition in turbines for high availability and efficiency.
Power Plant Chemistry FEED WATER TREATMENTDilip Kumar
This document provides information on feed water treatment and corrosion control in power plants. It discusses the types of impurities found in feed water and how maintaining an alkaline pH and removing dissolved oxygen can minimize corrosion. It also outlines water quality guidelines and parameters for different types of plant systems. The objectives of chemical treatment are to reduce corrosion and prevent scale formation. Various chemical treatments used include volatile alkalis to control pH, hydrazine for oxygen removal, and phosphates for alkalinity and corrosion control.
This document discusses cooling water problems like scaling, corrosion, and biological growth. It provides an overview of common cooling water treatment methods to control these issues, including water softening, pH adjustment, controlling cycles of concentration, and using chemical treatments like polymers, phosphonates, and chelants. The key parameters for cooling water quality are discussed, such as conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, pH, alkalinity, and saturation index. Common types of scaling like calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate are also summarized.
The document discusses water treatment for industrial boilers. It notes that natural water requires treatment to suit industrial applications. For high pressure boilers, almost all impurities must be removed to minimize deposits and corrosion. Proper water treatment is also needed to control internal corrosion of boiler tubes through maintaining pH and removing contaminants like oxygen. The document outlines various types of corrosion from factors like acidity, alkalinity, oxygen, and contaminants in feedwater and discusses methods for their control and prevention.
This document provides an overview of cooling water treatment. It defines a cooling tower as a heat rejection device that uses evaporation to lower the temperature of a water stream. It describes the different types of cooling towers and their designs. It then discusses the normal terminology used in open recirculating cooling water systems, including hold up capacity, blowdown, drift loss, evaporation losses, system losses, and concentration cycle. The document goes on to explain issues like corrosion, scaling, fouling, and deposition in cooling water systems and how treatment addresses them. It provides details on phosphate corrosion technology and scale formation. It also covers microbiological fouling and the factors influencing bacterial growth. Finally, it discusses cooling water treatment methods for corrosion,
The document discusses plant chemistry and pretreatment systems for water. It covers topics like water chemistry, pretreatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. It discusses the types of contaminants found in water sources and pretreatment chemicals used. The document is intended to provide training on identifying chemical hazards, water quality control, and troubleshooting pretreatment systems.
This document discusses silica monitoring in steam/water cycles of power plants. Silica is a contaminant that can deposit on turbine blades and reduce efficiency. Close monitoring of silica concentrations helps manage efficiency and avoid costly shutdowns. Key locations for silica measurement include the demineralization plant, boiler feedwater, and boiler blowdown water. The Hach 5500sc Silica Analyzer provides an on-line solution for accurate, reliable silica monitoring to optimize plant performance and prevent turbine damage.
This document discusses the role of chemistry in power plants. It covers various aspects of feedwater treatment including removal of insoluble and soluble impurities. It discusses parameters for boiler water quality at different plant capacities. Methods for physical and chemical deaeration of feedwater like use of hydrazine are explained. Boiler water chemistry including use of volatile alkalis like ammonia for pH control is covered. Methods for detecting and addressing condenser leaks are summarized. Quality guidelines for steam and requirements for monitoring systems are provided.
Thermal power plants require ultra pure water known as boiler feedwater that is pretreated to remove impurities which can cause scaling, corrosion, and other problems. Common pretreatment methods include filtration, coagulation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and deaeration to remove suspended solids, dissolved gases, and minerals. Emerging technologies like membrane contactors and reverse osmosis are also being used to further purify boiler feedwater from wastewater and other sources. Proper pretreatment is crucial to minimize damage to high pressure boilers in thermal power plants.
This document discusses corrosion in cooling water systems. It outlines the corrosion process and the elements required for corrosion to occur. The rate and type of corrosion are determined by factors at the cathode and anode. Various types of corrosion in cooling water systems are described, including general etch, concentration cell corrosion, cracking, and mechanical damage. Finally, general methods for corrosion inhibition are presented, such as using corrosion resistant materials, coatings, cathodic protection, water chemistry adjustments, and corrosion inhibitors.
The document compares All Volatile Treatment (AVT) and Oxygenated Treatment (OT) for feedwater treatment in power plants. AVT uses ammonia hydroxide to form a protective magnetite layer, while OT uses controlled oxygen levels to form a more passive hematite layer. OT provides increased corrosion protection in lower temperature regions by blocking pores in the oxide layer and oxidizing iron ions. Implementing OT requires a review of the plant, any necessary modifications, chemical cleaning if needed, training, and revising documentation to transition control strategies.
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
This document provides an overview of water treatment for corrosion, including pretreatment of water, corrosion mechanisms, factors affecting the rate of corrosion, protection against corrosion, water treatment at corrosion sites, water chemistry, and calculations. It discusses pretreatment methods like clarification and sedimentation. It also examines corrosion mechanisms, objectives of water treatment to minimize corrosion and other issues, and factors influencing the corrosion rate like pH, dissolved gases, temperature, velocity, and microbial growth. Additionally, it covers alkalinity, how chemical corrosion inhibitors work, recommended treatment chemicals, blowdown and makeup water calculations, biocides, cooling tower calculations, clarifier data, process water data, and makeup and reverse osmosis water data.
This document discusses cooling water chemistry and chemical treatment. It outlines the sources and typical chemistry of cooling water makeup. Key factors that must be controlled include calcium carbonate, chlorides, pH, and suspended solids. Major cooling water problems are corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Chemicals added to control these include zinc phosphate for corrosion inhibition, scale inhibitors, oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, and dispersants. Maintaining proper cooling water chemistry limits is important for the effective functioning and protection of cooling systems.
The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
This document summarizes a study on using Brij-30 as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1N sulfuric acid solutions. Electrochemical polarization techniques were used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency at different inhibitor concentrations and temperatures. Results showed Brij-30 acts as a mixed inhibitor, with inhibition efficiency generally increasing with higher concentrations and lower temperatures. Adsorption of Brij-30 on the steel surface was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were also used to supplement the electrochemical analysis.
Inhibition efficiency (IE) of organic compounds is connected with their adsorption properties. The effect of the adsorbed inhibitor is to protect the metal from the corrosive medium
The document summarizes a study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulfuric acid solution using cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) as an inhibitor. Electrochemical polarization techniques were used to study the effect of CPB concentration and temperature on corrosion inhibition. Results showed that CPB was an effective inhibitor, reducing corrosion current density and shifting corrosion potentials in a positive direction. Corrosion inhibition efficiency generally increased with higher CPB concentration but decreased with increasing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were also used to study the inhibitor's adsorption behavior on the steel surface.
This document summarizes a study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulfuric acid solution using polyethylene glycol methyl ether (PEGME) as an inhibitor. Electrochemical polarization techniques were used to study the effect of PEGME concentration and temperature on corrosion inhibition. PEGME was found to be a mixed-type inhibitor that adsorbed to the steel surface according to the Langmuir isotherm. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing PEGME concentration and decreasing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy supported the electrochemical findings that PEGME forms a protective layer on the steel surface.
General Water Treatment For Cooling Water
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLING SYSTEM
4.1 ‘Once through' Cooling Systems
4.2 Open Evaporative Recirculating Systems
4.3 Closed Recirculating Systems
4.4 Comparison of Cooling Systems
5 MAKE-UP WATER QUALITY
6 FOULING PROCESSES
6.1 Deposition
6.2 Scaling
6.3 Corrosion
6.4 Biological Growth
7 CONTROL OF THE COOLING SYSTEM
7.1 ‘Once through' Cooling Systems
7.2 Closed Recirculating Systems
7.3 Open Evaporative Cooling Systems
TABLES
1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FOULING PROCESSES AND INSTALLED COSTS
2 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
FIGURES
1 PREDICTION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALING
2 CALCIUM SULFATE SOLUBILITY
3 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCALING INDEX
This document provides information about power plant cooling water systems. It discusses the types of cooling water systems, including once-through and recirculating systems. It describes the components of cooling water systems, such as cooling towers and how they function using evaporation to cool water. It also discusses problems that can occur in cooling water systems, such as scale formation and corrosion, and methods to control these issues. The document is written by Umar Farooq, a chemist, and provides technical details on cooling water chemistry.
Cooling towers use evaporation and heat transfer to cool water. Hot water is distributed over fill materials inside the tower to maximize exposure to rising air. This allows heat to transfer from the water to the air, cooling the water down before it is recirculated. There are two main types of cooling towers: natural draft and mechanical draft. Performance depends on factors like entering air wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, and water losses from evaporation, drift, and blowdown.
cooling system in computer -air / water coolingIbrahem Batta
This document discusses different cooling techniques for electronic devices, including air cooling, liquid cooling, and their components. It provides details on heat sinks, thermal interface materials, fans, blowers, and their differences. Liquid cooling uses water to transmit heat more efficiently than air cooling due to water's higher heat capacity and conductivity. While more effective, liquid cooling systems are more expensive, larger, require technical skills, and carry safety risks if leaked.
The document discusses soil consistency and the various states of soil based on water content. It describes the four stages as:
1) Liquid state - when soil is thoroughly mixed with large quantity of water and offers no resistance to flow.
2) Plastic state - when water content is reduced and soil offers small shear strength and can be molded.
3) Semi-solid state - when water content is further reduced from the plastic state.
4) Solid state - the lowest water content where the soil volume no longer decreases. Tests are described to determine the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit which define the boundaries between these states.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
The document describes the process for determining the Atterberg limits of a soil sample, which are important measures of a soil's plasticity properties. The liquid limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from a plastic to liquid state, while the plastic limit is the minimum water content for a soil to exhibit plastic behavior. The test involves determining the water contents at which a soil sample exhibits these behaviors using standardized laboratory procedures and equipment like a liquid limit device. The results are used to classify soils and understand their engineering properties.
This document discusses water treatment for cooling towers using H2O Biotech's copper and silver ionization system as an alternative to traditional chemical disinfection. It provides information on cooling tower functioning, Legionella risks from untreated towers, challenges with biofilms, and the benefits of the ionization system, which includes reduced maintenance and operating costs versus chemicals. The system works by generating copper and silver ions that kill bacteria, algae, and other microbes throughout the water system. Installation, operation, and sizing guidelines are also reviewed.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
Compaction involves densifying soils by reducing air voids without reducing water content. This is done through applying external compactive effort. The key objectives are to decrease future settlements, increase shear strength, and decrease permeability. Proctor testing determines the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort level. Properties of compacted fine-grained soils depend on factors like compactive effort level, water content relative to optimum, and soil type. Dry of optimum soils tend to be more rigid and permeable but also more compressible and prone to swelling. Wet of optimum soils are generally oriented, less permeable, and more compressible at low pressures but less so at high pressures.
This document provides information on field compaction techniques and procedures. It discusses the commonly used ground improvement technique of soil compaction through external effort to reduce air volume. It describes field compaction methods using rollers, tampers, vibratory probes and blasting. Case studies are presented on using vibro-stone columns to improve bearing capacity of ash pond for construction of a power plant. Procedures for relating field and laboratory compaction test results are also summarized.
This experiment studied the effects of cooling load and inlet water temperature on a cooling tower's performance. In experiment 1, cooling load was varied at 0.5 kW, 1 kW, and 1.5 kW while water flow rate and air flow were held constant. Higher cooling loads resulted in larger cooling ranges between inlet and outlet water temperatures. Experiment 2 varied water flow rate from 0.8 LPM to 1.6 LPM at a 1 kW cooling load. Higher water flow rates produced smaller cooling ranges and lower heat loads transferred. The results show that increasing cooling load or decreasing water flow rate improves a cooling tower's heat removal capabilities.
1. The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of mixed corrosion inhibitors in a cooling water system. Carbon steel specimens were immersed in mixtures of sodium phosphate and sodium glocunate at different concentrations and temperatures.
2. The corrosion inhibitors efficiency was calculated to be 98.1% using inhibited versus uninhibited water. The corrosion rate decreased with higher inhibitor concentration and temperature, with the lowest rate of 0.014gmd at 80 ppm and 100°C for 5 days.
3. Corrosion occurs electrochemically when an electric current flows from one part of a metal to another through water. Various factors like dissolved solids, pH, alkalinity, and hardness affect corrosion
This document discusses tarnish and corrosion of dental restorations. It defines tarnish as surface discoloration or slight alteration, while corrosion is the actual deterioration of metal through reaction with the environment. The oral environment is conducive to corrosion due to its warmth, moisture, and wide pH fluctuations from foods and acids. The two main types of corrosion are chemical/dry corrosion and electrochemical/wet corrosion, the latter requiring an electrolyte like saliva. Galvanic corrosion can occur between dissimilar metals in contact. Stress, surface heterogeneity, and concentration cells also contribute to corrosion of dental materials.
This document discusses various factors that affect corrosion rates of metals. It describes 3 main categories of corrosion factors: metal properties, environmental properties, and the interaction between metals and their environment. Some key points include how the electrochemical potential of alloys can be increased by adding more noble elements; how impurities, grain boundaries, and the nature of oxide layers influence corrosion; and how factors like temperature, pH, flow velocity, conductivity, and microorganisms impact corrosion rates.
This document provides information about feed water treatment methods used in power plants. It discusses the necessity of feed water treatment due to impurities in raw water and the effects of those impurities like scale formation, corrosion, priming and foaming. It then summarizes various treatment methods including zeolite treatment, demineralization, and reverse osmosis. It provides details on how each process works to purify water and remove dissolved solids and minerals. The document is a student presentation covering key aspects of feed water treatment technologies.
Biological corrosion is the deterioration of metal caused by living organisms like bacteria, algae, and barnacles. These organisms can influence corrosion through their chemical processes and deposits. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can impact corrosion by changing conditions like increasing acidity. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are particularly problematic as they produce sulfides that accelerate corrosion. Fungi and macroorganisms like barnacles also influence corrosion through organic acid production and deposits. Proper identification of microbes and prevention techniques like coatings, cathodic protection, and environment modification can help mitigate biological corrosion.
There are a variety of types of systems inculding: Vehicle wash, Chilled water systems, Heating, low, medium or high temperature, Closed loops in general and more.
Benefit from improved water quality management. Maintaining good water quality ensures clean heat exchangers, corrosion free piping and equipment's life and maximize a plant's productivity.
Corrosion is the reaction of a metal with its environment that can cause functional failure. It occurs through electrochemical processes and is influenced by factors like pH, temperature, velocity, and surface films. There are different types of corrosion including general corrosion that uniformly affects a surface, and localized corrosion that occurs at specific sites like pits, cracks, or grain boundaries. Localized corrosion can be influenced by stresses or chemical reactions and causes like galvanic corrosion or stress corrosion cracking. Understanding corrosion mechanisms and influencing factors is important for preventing problems in equipment like reactors, fermenters, and storage containers.
Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator. You can check this link for more professional presentation design, template and slides;
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Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
Corrosion is the spontaneous reaction between a material like steel and its environment that degrades the material over time. For ships, corrosion poses a major problem as it can compromise the structural integrity of the vessel. There are two main methods to prevent corrosion - cathodic protection, which makes the structure negative to corrosion, and coatings, which act as a barrier between the steel and environment. Effective coatings must adhere well to the steel, be impermeable to water and oxygen, and have a thickness and pigmentation that limits penetration over the life of the coating.
This document provides an overview of biocorrosion or microbially influenced corrosion (MIC). It discusses how microbial activity within biofilms formed on metal surfaces can accelerate or inhibit corrosion through various mechanisms. Key points include:
- MIC is caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms in biofilms, which can supply insoluble products that accept electrons from metals, accelerating corrosion.
- Many types of bacteria are implicated in MIC, including sulphate-reducing bacteria, metal-reducing bacteria, metal-depositing bacteria, and acid-producing bacteria.
- Biofilms are heterogeneous structures that can modify the local environment at the metal-biofilm interface in ways that influence corrosion kinetics.
- Dist
E6 e7e8 environmental chemistry waste water treatment soil-wastearmindaortiz
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document is a chemistry project report by Utkarsh Varshney of class 12 on the topic of rusting of iron. It includes an introduction to rusting and its mechanisms, experiments conducted on rusting of iron under different conditions, and methods to prevent rusting. The project was completed under the guidance of the teacher Mr. Vikram Bhambhu to fulfill CBSE practical requirements.
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The formation of corrosion cells is a complex process influenced by several key factors, including oxidation-reduction potentials, localized effects on metal surfaces, and water quality. Oxidation-reduction potentials measure a metal's tendency to corrode, with higher potentials indicating greater likelihood of corrosion. Localized effects create areas on metal surfaces with higher potentials and increased corrosion risk. Water quality also influences corrosion cell formation, with more corrosive water like that containing acids or salts posing higher risks.
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Pumps are used to move liquids through piping systems and raise their pressure by applying energy transformations. There are three main reasons for raising liquid pressure: overcoming static elevation changes, friction losses, and meeting process pressure requirements. Pumps are classified as either kinetic (centrifugal) or positive displacement depending on how energy is added to the liquid. Proper pump selection depends on factors like flow rate and viscosity. Cavitation can occur if the net positive suction head (NPSH) available falls below what is required by the pump.
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
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Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
2. Why do cooling water
problems exist?
If left untreated, cooling
water systems provide an
environment where the four
main cooling problems will
exist.
2
3. Corrosion- Water tends to convert metals
(such as mild steel) to their oxide states.
Scale- Water impurities, such as calcium
and magnesium hardness can precipitate
and deposit depending on their
concentrations, water temperature, pH,
alkalinity, and other water characteristics.
Microbiological Contamination -Cooling
water systems offer a favorable
environment for micro-organisms to grow
and cause problems.
Fouling-Suspended solids from either
external or internal sources can cause
deposits
3
4. If left uncontrolled, these
problems, either alone or
together, can cause:
Increased maintenance cost
Reduced heat transfer efficiency
and therefore greater energy losses
Possible production cutbacks or
shutdowns
4
5. It is an electrochemical process by which a
metal returns to its natural state. For
example, mild steel is a commonly used
metal in cooling water systems and is very
susceptible to corrosion. It will return to its
iron oxide state.
5
6. For corrosion to occur, a corrosion cell,
consisting of an anode, a cathode, and an
electrolyte, must exist. Metal ions dissolve
into the electrolyte (water) at the anode.
Electrically charged particles (electrons) are
left behind.
These electrons flow through the metal to
other points (cathodes) where electron-
consuming reactions occur. The result of
this activity is the loss of metal and often
the formation of a deposit.
6
8. General attack exists when the corrosion is
uniformly distributed over the metal surface. The
iron oxide produced contributes to fouling
problems.
Localized (or pitting) attack exists when only
small areas of the metal corrode. Pitting is the
most serious form of corrosion. Because the
action is concentrated in a small area.
Galvanic attack can occur when two different
metals are in contact. The more active metal
corrodes rapidly. Common examples in water
systems are steel and brass, aluminum and steel,
zinc and steel, and zinc and brass.
8
9. The most important factors are:
Oxygen and other dissolved gases
Dissolved or suspended solids
Alkalinity or acidity (pH)
Velocity
Temperature
Microbial activity
9
10. Dissolved solids can affect the corrosion
reaction by increasing the electrical
conductivity of the water. The higher the
dissolved solids concentration, the greater
the conductivity and the more likelihood
of corrosion.
Dissolved chlorides and sulfates are
particularly corrosive. Suspended solids
can influence corrosion by erosive or
abrasive action, and they can settle on
metal surfaces to set up localized
corrosion cells.
10
11. Acidic and slightly alkaline water can dissolve
metal and the protective oxide film on metal
surfaces. More alkaline water favors the
formation of the protective oxide layer.
11
How does alkalinity or acidity affect
corrosion?
12. High-velocity water increases corrosion by
transporting oxygen to the metal and by
carrying away corrosion products at a faster
rate. High velocity can also cause erosion of
metal surfaces, protective films, and oxides.
When water velocity is low, deposition of
suspended solids can establish localized
corrosion cells, thereby increasing corrosion
rates.
12
How does water velocity affect
corrosion?
13. Microbial growths promote the
formation of corrosion cells. In
addition, the byproducts of some
organisms, such as hydrogen
sulfide from anaerobic corrosive
bacteria, are corrosive.
13
How does microbial growth
affect corrosion?
14. Below 160°F, every 25-50°F increase in
temperature causes corrosion rates to
double. Above 160°F, additional temperature
increases have relatively little effect on
corrosion rates in cooling water systems.
14
15. When designing a new system, choose
corrosion-resistant materials to minimize
the effect of an aggressive environment.
Adjust pH.
Apply protective coatings such as paints,
metal plating, tar, or plastids.
Protect cathodically, using sacrificial metals.
Add protective film-forming chemical
inhibitors that the water can distribute to all
wetted parts of the system.
15
16. Anodic corrosion inhibitors establish a
protective film on the anode. These inhibitors
are effective, but dangerous: if insufficient
anodic inhibitor is present, the entire corrosion
potential occurs at the unprotected anode
sites. This causes severe localized (or pitting)
attack.
Cathodic corrosion inhibitors form a protective
film on the cathode. These inhibitors reduce
the corrosion rate in direct proportion to the
reduction of cathodic area.
General corrosion inhibitors protect by filming
all metal surfaces whether anodic or cathodic.
16
18. Yes. The choice of treatment is basically a
matter of economics.
In a once-through system, a very large
volume of water passes through the system
only once.
In an open recirculating system, more
chemical must be present because the
water composition changes significantly
through the evaporation process.
In a closed recirculating system, water
composition remains fairly constant. There
is very little loss of either water or
treatment chemical
18
19. Consistent control of both the corrosion
inhibitor chemicals and the key water
characteristics.
No program will work without proper control.
19
20. Scale is a dense coating of predominantly
inorganic material formed from the
precipitation of water-soluble constituents.
Some common scales are:
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Magnesium salts
Silica
20
21. Temperature.
Alkalinity or acidity (pH).
Amount of scale-forming material
present.
Influence of other dissolved
materials, which may or may not
be scale-forming.
21
23. Limit the concentration of scale forming
minerals by controlling cycles of concentration
or by removing the minerals before they enter
the system.
Feed acid to keep the common scale-forming
minerals (such as calcium carbonate) dissolved.
Make mechanical changes in the system to
reduce the chances for scale formation.
Increased water flow and exchangers with larger
surface areas are examples.
Treat with chemicals designed to prevent scale.
23
24. Some salts such as calcium carbonate
become less soluble as temperature
increase.
A change in PH or alkalinity can greatly
affect scale formation, the solubility of
calcium carbonate decreases with
increasing PH.
When the amount of scale forming material
dissolved exceeds its saturation point.
The higher the level of scale forming
dissolved solids, the greater the chance of
scale forming.
24
25. 25
Calcium carbonate crystals
modified by treatment with a
polyacrylate into light, fluffy shapes
that are easily dispersed from
cooling system surface (magnified
2000X)
"Normal" calcium carbonate
Calcium (calcite) crystals
(magnified 2000X)
26. Threshold inhibition chemicals
prevent scale formation by
keeping the scale-forming
minerals in solution and not
allowing a deposit to form: Scale
conditioners modify the crystal
structure of scale, creating a
bulky, transportable sludge
instead of a hard deposit.
26
28. Fouling is the accumulation of solid material
other than scale in a way that hampers the
operation of plant equipment or contributes
to its deterioration.
28
31. How do water characteristics affect fouling?
Distilled water will not foul. However, most
waters contain the dissolved and suspended
materials that can cause a significant fouling
problem under certain conditions.
How does temperature affect fouling?
Increasing temperature increases the fouling
tendency. Because heat-transfer surfaces are
hotter, than the cooling water, they accelerate
fouling.
31
32. How does flow rate affect fouling?
At low flow rates (one foot per second or
less), fouling occurs due to natural settling of
sus-pended material. At higher flow rates
(three feet per second or more), fouling can
still occur, but usually is less severe.
How do microbial growths affect fouling?
Microorganisms can form deposits on any
surface. In addition, corrosive or iron
depositing bacteria cause or utilize corrosion
products, which subsequently deposit as
voluminous foulants. All microbial colonies
act as a collection site for silt and
dirt, causing a deposit of different foulants.
32
34. Corrosion can form insoluble corrosion
products that migrate and mix with debris,
process contamination, or microbial masses
to aggravate fouling.
34
35. Material that leaks from the process side of
heat exchange equipment can cause serious
fouling problems in several ways:
Depositing as insoluble products.
Providing nutrient for micro-organisms and
causing severe microbial growths.
Reacting with scale or corrosion inhibitors to
form insoluble foulants.
35
36. Fouling can be controlled mechanically or by
the use of chemical treatments. The best
method of control depends upon the type of
fouling.
Control of fouling in the cooling system
involves three major tactics:
36
37. Prevention: Whatever can be done to
prevent foulants from entering the cooling
system; this may require mechanical
changes or addition of chemicals to clarify
make-up water.
Reduction: Steps taken to remove or reduce
the volume of foulants that unavoidably
enter the system. This may involve side
stream filtering periodic tower basin
cleaning.
Ongoing Control: Taking regular action to
minimize deposition of the foulants in the
system. This can include adding chemical
dispersants and air rumbling or back-
flushing exchangers.
37
38. Charge-reinforcement and wetting-agent,
dispersants act to Keep foulants in suspension,
preventing them from settling on metal surfaces
or helping to remove fouling deposits that have
already formed.
The charge reinforcement dispersants cause the
foulants to repel one another by increasing the
electrical charges they carry.
The wetting agents reduce surface tension,
inhibiting new deposit formation and possibly
removing existing deposits. This action keeps the
particles in the bulk water flow, where they are
more likely to be removed from the system.
38
41. Microbial slimes are masses of microscopic
organisms and their waste products. These
slimes are usually characterized by their
gooey feeling and can be plant or animal.
41
42. No. Some organisms do not create slime
deposits and do not promote metal
corrosion.
The presence of large numbers of these
harmless organisms, however, indicates that
conditions are ideal for the growth of harmful
organisms
42
43. The make-up water supply, wind, and insects
can all carry micro-organisms into a cooling
water system.
43
44. Nutrients: For instance, hydrocarbons or
other carbon sources can serve as food for
slime-forming organisms.
Atmosphere: Organism growth depends
upon the availability of oxygen or carbon
dioxide.
Location: Such factors as the amounts of
light and moisture significantly affect
growth rates.
Temperatures: Organisms that make up
slime tend to flourish between 40 and 44
45. Can slime cause scale formation?
Yes. Slime can cause or accelerate the rate of
scale formation. Slime can cause treatment
chemicals for scale to be ineffective. Reduces
heat transfer, causing higher energy cost.
Can slime cause fouling?
Slime masses themselves are foulants. Other
micro-organisms and suspended solids can
become part of the fouling deposit. Although
many organisms tend to die at high
temperatures, the remaining debris still fouls
metal surfaces.
45
46. Certain organisms, for example, the sulfate-
reducing type, generate corrosive hydrogen
sulfide which causes severe pitting attack. In
addition, slime can accelerate corrosion by
depositing on the metal and preventing
protective film formation.
46
47. Generally, microbial organisms form colonies
at points of low water velocity. Heat
exchangers are therefore subject to
microbiological contamination. Similarly,
cooling towers are subject to fouling as well
as surface and internal rot.
47
48. Types and quantities of microbial organisms.
Microbial trouble signs such as wood rot,
slime deposits, and corrosion.
Operating characteristics of the system, such
as temperature, flow rate, and water
composition.
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49. Types of equipment employed, such
as cooling towers, spray ponds, open
box condensers.
Sources of contamination, such as
organisms and nutrients carried into
the system. These factors can
influence the growth of troublesome
organisms and affect the microbial
control treatments.
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51. Chemicals called "oxidizing biocides" literally
"burn up" any microbe they come in direct
contact with. Common oxidizers are
chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, bromine, ozone, and organo chlorine
slow-release compounds.
Chlorine is one of the most widely
used, cost-effective biocides, and is available
in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. Its
effectiveness is increased when used with
non-oxidizing biocides and biological
dispersants.
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52. Organic compounds utilized in
killing microorganisms. They are
effective in areas or systems
where chlorine may not be
adequate.
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53. These chemicals do not kill organisms; they
loosen microbial deposits, which can the
be
flushed away. They also expose new
layers-of-microbial slime or algae to the
attack of oxidizing, biocides, Bio-
dispersants are an effective preventive
measure, because they make it difficult for
the microorganisms to attach to the metal
surfaces to form deposits.
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54. Pretreatment is the preparation of the cooling
water system to insure that the treatment
program can work effectively from startup.
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55. New systems or existing ones being returned
to service can contain significant amounts of
contaminating material. Films of oil or
grease, general coatings or spots of rust, dirt
and sand always remain in newly constructed
systems. These materials do not represent
faulty construction; they result from
conditions existing during construction.
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56. In systems taken off line, deposits can be
present as the result of scale, corrosion,
fouling, or micro-biological contamination. If
these materials are not removed through
effective pretreatment, the subsequent
chemical program will not be effective.
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57. System cleaning
Application of special pretreat-ment
chemicals
Initial high dose application of corrosion
inhibitors
Ongoing application of corrosion inhibitors
at maintenance levels
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58. Acid removes corrosion products and some
mineral contaminants, but has little effect
upon organic materials. With improper
application it may attack system metal and
cause severe metal attack. Improper flushing
will leave metal surfaces in a highly reactive
state, which makes them especially
vulnerable to corrosion attack.
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59. Automation of systems has become
increasingly important as the nature of
acceptable cooling water treatment programs
has changed.
For every treatment program there are specific
chemical concentration ranges where it
functions best and provides the intended
protection. If not properly controlled, any
chemical program can fail, leading to possible
lost production, increased mainten-ance cost,
and increased energy usage.
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60. An automatic system is an excellent addition
to any treatment program where pH control is
important. However, for proper
operation, these systems need periodic
maintenance and attention.
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61. Corrosion Coupons-To establish relative
corrosion rates of different metals in
cooling systems, small metal strips called
corrosion coupons can be used. These
preweighed coupons are placed in the
system for at least 30 days, then removed,
cleaned, and weighed again. The difference
in the coupon's weight before and after
exposure is used in calculat-ing the
corrosion rate.
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62. Corrosion Test Rack: Evaluates the
effectiveness of corrosion inhibition
programs on non-heat transfer surfaces. It
is designed to be used with either corrosion
coupons or Corrater probes.
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63. Deposit Monitor: An aid in examining the
performance of a cooling water program. A
sample tube of proper metallurgy is
surrounded by a glass jacket to form a
small heat exchanger. Cooling system water
flows between the sample tube and the
glass jacket. The metal surface of the
sample can be observed at any time during
the testing period. Heat transfer rates can
be sim-ulated using a cartridge heater and
cooling water flows regulated with a control
valve.
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The Corrater gives
instantaneous readouts of
corrosion rates when its
probe is inserted into an
operating cooling water
system.
64. Microbiological Analysis:
Provides answers on the kinds and quantities of
bacteria present in a cooling system. Results of
these analyses indicate the effectiveness of the
microbiological control program.
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66. Plant operating and supervisory personnel
must know the impor-tance of correct system
treatment and have the ability to monitor and
control critical cooling water variables on a
day-to-day basis. Proper training of all
cooling water personnel is a prime method of
achieving a successful treatment program.
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