This document discusses piezoelectric energy harvesting. Chapter 1 introduces piezoelectricity and the piezoelectric effect, as well as the need for energy harvesting. Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Chapter 2 provides a literature survey, discussing available piezoelectric materials like PVDF polymer, as well as components used in energy harvesting systems, such as piezoelectric cells, sensors, actuators, DC converters, and amplifiers. Chapter 3 will describe a piezoelectric energy harvesting system and its engineering design process. The document examines applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting.
Piezoelectric electric based energy harvestingSubash John
Piezoelectric materials can generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. This phenomenon known as the piezoelectric effect enables piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical vibrational energy into electrical energy through a process known as energy harvesting. Common sources of vibration that can be used for piezoelectric energy harvesting include footsteps on sidewalks, movements from gym equipment, and vibrations from vehicles. The electric energy produced can be stored in batteries or capacitors and used to power small electronic devices. Piezoelectric materials have applications in various technologies including ultrasound imaging, sensors, musical instruments, and automotive engine management systems.
This document discusses piezoelectric energy harvesting. Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. Common piezoelectric materials include quartz, Rochelle salt, and various ceramics. The document outlines how piezoelectricity works and some applications, such as sensors, lighters, and phones. Advantages are that piezoelectric energy harvesting is green, pollution-free, and has low maintenance costs. Disadvantages include low power outputs and effects from high stress and temperature changes. The conclusion discusses using piezoelectric strips in shoes to harvest energy from walking and power portable electronic devices.
This document discusses piezoelectricity and its applications. It introduces piezoelectricity, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These materials include quartz and can harvest energy from pressure points. The document then discusses using piezoelectric materials in power generating shoes and sensors to capture energy from foot strikes. It outlines the advantages of piezoelectricity over batteries and provides examples of piezoelectric applications in devices and future potential to capture more energy from traffic and footsteps.
This document discusses the design and components of a footstep power generation system. The key components are a piezoelectric sensor that converts the kinetic energy of footsteps into an electrical signal, batteries to store the generated electricity, and an inverter to convert the stored DC power into usable AC power. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used due to their low cost and availability. When a person steps on the piezoelectric sensor, it produces a voltage that is stored in the batteries. The stored DC power can then be inverted and used to power small electronic devices.
The document discusses piezoelectric energy harvesting. It begins by introducing piezoelectricity and its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It then describes the key components of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system: a piezoelectric ceramic to generate voltage, a rectifier to convert AC to DC, a boost converter to increase voltage, and a lithium battery charger to store energy. The document provides details on each component and discusses applications like powering street lights or recharging electric car batteries using piezoelectric materials. It concludes that piezoelectric energy harvesting is an efficient way to harness ambient vibrational energy and provides a compact, low-cost solution for powering portable electronics.
Power generation in footsteps by Piezoelectric materialsMelwin Dmello
Power generation in footsteps by piezo electric transducers - A project work by students of Alva's institute of engineering and technology, Moodbidre, Mangalore....
Slides created by Melwin Dmello... (ph; 8147814891)
This document presents a seminar on footstep power generation systems. It introduces piezoelectric materials that can generate electric charges when pressure is applied. The system works by using piezoelectric transducers under a footstep arrangement to convert mechanical energy from footsteps into electrical energy. This variable voltage is stabilized and stored in a battery, then inverted to AC power. Footstep power generation has advantages like being renewable, eco-friendly, and requiring no external power or much maintenance. However, it also has high initial costs and implementation challenges. Potential applications include emergency power, agriculture, homes, and street lighting.
Piezo electric based harvesting is a kind of renewable energy which senses the mechanical vibration into electrical output. In this slide we have study the feasibility of a piezoelectric energy harvester capable to power up low power electronic and electrical circuit.
Piezoelectric electric based energy harvestingSubash John
Piezoelectric materials can generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. This phenomenon known as the piezoelectric effect enables piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical vibrational energy into electrical energy through a process known as energy harvesting. Common sources of vibration that can be used for piezoelectric energy harvesting include footsteps on sidewalks, movements from gym equipment, and vibrations from vehicles. The electric energy produced can be stored in batteries or capacitors and used to power small electronic devices. Piezoelectric materials have applications in various technologies including ultrasound imaging, sensors, musical instruments, and automotive engine management systems.
This document discusses piezoelectric energy harvesting. Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. Common piezoelectric materials include quartz, Rochelle salt, and various ceramics. The document outlines how piezoelectricity works and some applications, such as sensors, lighters, and phones. Advantages are that piezoelectric energy harvesting is green, pollution-free, and has low maintenance costs. Disadvantages include low power outputs and effects from high stress and temperature changes. The conclusion discusses using piezoelectric strips in shoes to harvest energy from walking and power portable electronic devices.
This document discusses piezoelectricity and its applications. It introduces piezoelectricity, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These materials include quartz and can harvest energy from pressure points. The document then discusses using piezoelectric materials in power generating shoes and sensors to capture energy from foot strikes. It outlines the advantages of piezoelectricity over batteries and provides examples of piezoelectric applications in devices and future potential to capture more energy from traffic and footsteps.
This document discusses the design and components of a footstep power generation system. The key components are a piezoelectric sensor that converts the kinetic energy of footsteps into an electrical signal, batteries to store the generated electricity, and an inverter to convert the stored DC power into usable AC power. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used due to their low cost and availability. When a person steps on the piezoelectric sensor, it produces a voltage that is stored in the batteries. The stored DC power can then be inverted and used to power small electronic devices.
The document discusses piezoelectric energy harvesting. It begins by introducing piezoelectricity and its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It then describes the key components of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system: a piezoelectric ceramic to generate voltage, a rectifier to convert AC to DC, a boost converter to increase voltage, and a lithium battery charger to store energy. The document provides details on each component and discusses applications like powering street lights or recharging electric car batteries using piezoelectric materials. It concludes that piezoelectric energy harvesting is an efficient way to harness ambient vibrational energy and provides a compact, low-cost solution for powering portable electronics.
Power generation in footsteps by Piezoelectric materialsMelwin Dmello
Power generation in footsteps by piezo electric transducers - A project work by students of Alva's institute of engineering and technology, Moodbidre, Mangalore....
Slides created by Melwin Dmello... (ph; 8147814891)
This document presents a seminar on footstep power generation systems. It introduces piezoelectric materials that can generate electric charges when pressure is applied. The system works by using piezoelectric transducers under a footstep arrangement to convert mechanical energy from footsteps into electrical energy. This variable voltage is stabilized and stored in a battery, then inverted to AC power. Footstep power generation has advantages like being renewable, eco-friendly, and requiring no external power or much maintenance. However, it also has high initial costs and implementation challenges. Potential applications include emergency power, agriculture, homes, and street lighting.
Piezo electric based harvesting is a kind of renewable energy which senses the mechanical vibration into electrical output. In this slide we have study the feasibility of a piezoelectric energy harvester capable to power up low power electronic and electrical circuit.
TERM PAPER On WALKING CHARGER USING PIEZO-ELECTRIC MATERIALArpit Kurel
- The document describes a "walking charger" device that uses piezoelectric materials in shoes to generate electricity from walking movements and charges mobile phones.
- Piezoelectric crystals in the sole and heel harvest energy from steps and vibrations, producing voltage pulses that are amplified and regulated to charge devices via USB.
- In addition to charging phones, the stored power could enable emergency lighting solutions. By encouraging walking, it functions as both a power source and health aid promoting physical activity.
A sensor that utilizes the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in acceleration, strain, pressure, and force by converting them into electrical charge is called as a piezoelectric sensor. Piezo is a Greek word which means ‘press’ or ‘squeeze’. Piezoelectric effect causes the occurrence of electric dipole moments in solids due to the pressure applied to certain solid materials such as piezoelectric crystals, ceramics, bone, DNA, and some proteins that generates electric charge. This generated piezoelectricity is proportional to the pressure applied to the solid piezoelectric crystal materials and last the generated electic charge shoud be stored to the capacitor.
The document describes a paper thin film battery that is self-rechargeable. It discusses the manufacturing of carbon nanotubes and the development of paper batteries. Experimental details are provided on testing the dependence of discharge capacity on temperature and the typical series connection method. Results show the battery output is independent of electrode thickness but depends strongly on relative humidity. Applications of paper batteries in cosmetics are discussed.
What is energy harvesting?
What are some of its applications?
Can we make that at home?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/XTopic+Energy+Harvesting
The document discusses piezoelectricity, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. It provides background on the discovery of piezoelectricity and the mechanisms behind it. The document then outlines several applications of piezoelectricity, including sensors, transformers, and energy harvesting from sources of vibration like footfalls. Specifically, it proposes harvesting energy from the mechanical stress of vehicle tires on piezoelectric materials to charge batteries and power electric vehicles.
1) The document describes a power generation system using piezo sensors that can harvest energy from vibrations caused by footsteps or vehicle traffic.
2) Piezoelectric materials generate electricity when subjected to mechanical stress, with the amount of power generated proportional to the applied weight or pressure.
3) The system uses piezo tiles that can be installed on footpaths or roads to capture energy from passersby or passing vehicles to power small electronics or charge batteries.
This document describes a system for generating electricity from footstep power. It consists of a piezoelectric sensor that converts force from footsteps into electrical energy, which is then regulated and stored in a battery. An inverter is used to convert the DC power from the battery to AC power that can run loads. The system has applications in powering small devices for agriculture, homes, street lighting, or as a backup power source in rural areas or during outages.
device generating elecricity by footstep using peizoelectic materialNihir Agarwal
This document summarizes a method for generating electricity from human footstep using piezoelectric materials. It discusses how piezoelectric sensors in footwear or flooring can convert the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy. The document evaluates different piezoelectric materials and connection configurations to determine the most effective design. A series-parallel connection of piezoelectric crystals is found to generate both a usable voltage and current from footstep force. This approach aims to harness wasted human energy for power generation in a cleaner and more sustainable way.
This document presents a footstep power generation system that uses piezoelectric materials to convert the mechanical energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. It discusses the components required, including piezoelectric crystals, batteries, capacitors, and an inverter. The working principle is that piezoelectric materials generate a charge when pressure is applied, allowing the system to harness energy from walking. Applications include powering lights and devices in areas with foot traffic like schools, malls, and metro stations. The system has advantages of being eco-friendly and self-generating, but high initial costs and limited applicability in only one location.
PIEZOELECTRIC GENERATION AND ITS APPLICATIONIbrar Saqib
This document discusses piezoelectricity generation using road power generators. It provides a history of piezoelectric discovery. Piezoelectric materials produce electricity when subjected to pressure, with natural materials like quartz and synthetic materials like lead zirconate titanate most commonly used. A road power generator model is proposed that uses ramps connected to mechanisms to convert vehicle kinetic energy into electricity through a flywheel and generator. Applications of piezoelectricity include floor mats, keyboards, and lighters. Advantages are pollution-free operation while disadvantages include susceptibility to cracking and high temperatures affecting performance.
Paper batteries offer a flexible, ultra-thin alternative to traditional batteries that could power future electronics. A paper battery is made by combining carbon nanotubes with conventional paper to create an energy storage device that is both a high-energy battery and super capacitor. This allows it to provide both steady, long-term power and bursts of energy. Paper batteries are non-toxic, flexible, and have the potential to power next-generation electronics, medical devices, and hybrid vehicles, enabling new designs and technologies.
Its a free source of energy we know very well man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for the sustenance and well-being since time immemorial. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. And this power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations.
The document describes the Solio Bolt, a portable solar battery charger. It addresses challenges with previous solar chargers such as large size, inability to store charge, and unsafe charging. The Solio Bolt is a miniature solar panel combined with a smart battery that can charge devices safely and efficiently. It has features like a replaceable lithium-ion battery, multiple charging modes, and high solar panel efficiency. The Solio Bolt can charge phones, tablets, cameras and other devices and aims to make solar charging more portable and convenient.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting based on vibration Ravi Kannappan
This document reviews piezoelectric energy harvesting from mechanical vibration. It discusses various piezoelectric energy harvesting device designs including cantilever, cymbal, stack, shell, and new material designs. Common piezoelectric materials like PZT are reviewed as well as new materials like aluminum nitride. Circuit designs for harvesting energy from the alternating current output of piezoelectric materials are also summarized, including full wave rectification and synchronized switching rectification. The document concludes that while vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesting has potential, challenges remain in low power circuit activation and energy storage from the small amounts of harvested energy.
Foot Step Power Generation Using piezoelectric materialBabu Ajmal
This document describes a student project that aims to generate electrical energy using piezoelectric materials in response to footstep force. The project seeks to address Pakistan's issue of power demand exceeding supply by providing an alternative pollution-free energy source. It will incorporate a piezoelectric transducer, battery, microcontroller, and LCD display. The timeline outlines literature review, software/hardware design, and report writing over several months. The objectives are utilizing wasted human energy through 'crowd energy farms' and generating power without fuel or noise/pollution. The expected outcome is a system that uses footstep voltage to run loads and shows sensor output/battery parameters on an LCD.
This document describes an elective on energy harvesting that will discuss harnessing renewable energy from the environment, including an overview of energy harvesting, applications, and a hands-on activity where students will characterize solar panels and use the energy to power loads like LEDs, motors, and buzzers. Students will also design a scenario to power a 3 room apartment using solar energy under constraints set by the owner.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
This document provides a summary of batteries and battery types. It begins with general information on power systems and classifications of batteries. It then discusses several classical battery examples including lead-acid, lithium, and lithium-ion batteries. For lead-acid batteries specifically, it describes the components, reactions, applications, testing methods, factors affecting performance, maintenance procedures, and potential defects. It also discusses lithium battery features and cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. The document emphasizes the increasing importance and applications of batteries for portable electronics and electric vehicles.
By Mr. Irish Pereira The current and expected usage of redox flow batteries across the World.
Includes usage of redox batteries in power generation sectors, including market trends.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The electrical energy is stored in a lead acid battery and can be used to power AC and DC loads. An inverter converts the DC battery voltage to AC voltage. The system provides a low-cost renewable energy solution that could power rural applications and emergency situations by harvesting wasted human biomechanical energy.
This document describes a hydraulically operated device that is 30.48cm wide and 25.4cm tall. The device uses hydraulics to operate but provides no other details about its function or purpose.
TERM PAPER On WALKING CHARGER USING PIEZO-ELECTRIC MATERIALArpit Kurel
- The document describes a "walking charger" device that uses piezoelectric materials in shoes to generate electricity from walking movements and charges mobile phones.
- Piezoelectric crystals in the sole and heel harvest energy from steps and vibrations, producing voltage pulses that are amplified and regulated to charge devices via USB.
- In addition to charging phones, the stored power could enable emergency lighting solutions. By encouraging walking, it functions as both a power source and health aid promoting physical activity.
A sensor that utilizes the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in acceleration, strain, pressure, and force by converting them into electrical charge is called as a piezoelectric sensor. Piezo is a Greek word which means ‘press’ or ‘squeeze’. Piezoelectric effect causes the occurrence of electric dipole moments in solids due to the pressure applied to certain solid materials such as piezoelectric crystals, ceramics, bone, DNA, and some proteins that generates electric charge. This generated piezoelectricity is proportional to the pressure applied to the solid piezoelectric crystal materials and last the generated electic charge shoud be stored to the capacitor.
The document describes a paper thin film battery that is self-rechargeable. It discusses the manufacturing of carbon nanotubes and the development of paper batteries. Experimental details are provided on testing the dependence of discharge capacity on temperature and the typical series connection method. Results show the battery output is independent of electrode thickness but depends strongly on relative humidity. Applications of paper batteries in cosmetics are discussed.
What is energy harvesting?
What are some of its applications?
Can we make that at home?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/XTopic+Energy+Harvesting
The document discusses piezoelectricity, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. It provides background on the discovery of piezoelectricity and the mechanisms behind it. The document then outlines several applications of piezoelectricity, including sensors, transformers, and energy harvesting from sources of vibration like footfalls. Specifically, it proposes harvesting energy from the mechanical stress of vehicle tires on piezoelectric materials to charge batteries and power electric vehicles.
1) The document describes a power generation system using piezo sensors that can harvest energy from vibrations caused by footsteps or vehicle traffic.
2) Piezoelectric materials generate electricity when subjected to mechanical stress, with the amount of power generated proportional to the applied weight or pressure.
3) The system uses piezo tiles that can be installed on footpaths or roads to capture energy from passersby or passing vehicles to power small electronics or charge batteries.
This document describes a system for generating electricity from footstep power. It consists of a piezoelectric sensor that converts force from footsteps into electrical energy, which is then regulated and stored in a battery. An inverter is used to convert the DC power from the battery to AC power that can run loads. The system has applications in powering small devices for agriculture, homes, street lighting, or as a backup power source in rural areas or during outages.
device generating elecricity by footstep using peizoelectic materialNihir Agarwal
This document summarizes a method for generating electricity from human footstep using piezoelectric materials. It discusses how piezoelectric sensors in footwear or flooring can convert the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy. The document evaluates different piezoelectric materials and connection configurations to determine the most effective design. A series-parallel connection of piezoelectric crystals is found to generate both a usable voltage and current from footstep force. This approach aims to harness wasted human energy for power generation in a cleaner and more sustainable way.
This document presents a footstep power generation system that uses piezoelectric materials to convert the mechanical energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. It discusses the components required, including piezoelectric crystals, batteries, capacitors, and an inverter. The working principle is that piezoelectric materials generate a charge when pressure is applied, allowing the system to harness energy from walking. Applications include powering lights and devices in areas with foot traffic like schools, malls, and metro stations. The system has advantages of being eco-friendly and self-generating, but high initial costs and limited applicability in only one location.
PIEZOELECTRIC GENERATION AND ITS APPLICATIONIbrar Saqib
This document discusses piezoelectricity generation using road power generators. It provides a history of piezoelectric discovery. Piezoelectric materials produce electricity when subjected to pressure, with natural materials like quartz and synthetic materials like lead zirconate titanate most commonly used. A road power generator model is proposed that uses ramps connected to mechanisms to convert vehicle kinetic energy into electricity through a flywheel and generator. Applications of piezoelectricity include floor mats, keyboards, and lighters. Advantages are pollution-free operation while disadvantages include susceptibility to cracking and high temperatures affecting performance.
Paper batteries offer a flexible, ultra-thin alternative to traditional batteries that could power future electronics. A paper battery is made by combining carbon nanotubes with conventional paper to create an energy storage device that is both a high-energy battery and super capacitor. This allows it to provide both steady, long-term power and bursts of energy. Paper batteries are non-toxic, flexible, and have the potential to power next-generation electronics, medical devices, and hybrid vehicles, enabling new designs and technologies.
Its a free source of energy we know very well man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for the sustenance and well-being since time immemorial. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. And this power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations.
The document describes the Solio Bolt, a portable solar battery charger. It addresses challenges with previous solar chargers such as large size, inability to store charge, and unsafe charging. The Solio Bolt is a miniature solar panel combined with a smart battery that can charge devices safely and efficiently. It has features like a replaceable lithium-ion battery, multiple charging modes, and high solar panel efficiency. The Solio Bolt can charge phones, tablets, cameras and other devices and aims to make solar charging more portable and convenient.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting based on vibration Ravi Kannappan
This document reviews piezoelectric energy harvesting from mechanical vibration. It discusses various piezoelectric energy harvesting device designs including cantilever, cymbal, stack, shell, and new material designs. Common piezoelectric materials like PZT are reviewed as well as new materials like aluminum nitride. Circuit designs for harvesting energy from the alternating current output of piezoelectric materials are also summarized, including full wave rectification and synchronized switching rectification. The document concludes that while vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesting has potential, challenges remain in low power circuit activation and energy storage from the small amounts of harvested energy.
Foot Step Power Generation Using piezoelectric materialBabu Ajmal
This document describes a student project that aims to generate electrical energy using piezoelectric materials in response to footstep force. The project seeks to address Pakistan's issue of power demand exceeding supply by providing an alternative pollution-free energy source. It will incorporate a piezoelectric transducer, battery, microcontroller, and LCD display. The timeline outlines literature review, software/hardware design, and report writing over several months. The objectives are utilizing wasted human energy through 'crowd energy farms' and generating power without fuel or noise/pollution. The expected outcome is a system that uses footstep voltage to run loads and shows sensor output/battery parameters on an LCD.
This document describes an elective on energy harvesting that will discuss harnessing renewable energy from the environment, including an overview of energy harvesting, applications, and a hands-on activity where students will characterize solar panels and use the energy to power loads like LEDs, motors, and buzzers. Students will also design a scenario to power a 3 room apartment using solar energy under constraints set by the owner.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
This document provides a summary of batteries and battery types. It begins with general information on power systems and classifications of batteries. It then discusses several classical battery examples including lead-acid, lithium, and lithium-ion batteries. For lead-acid batteries specifically, it describes the components, reactions, applications, testing methods, factors affecting performance, maintenance procedures, and potential defects. It also discusses lithium battery features and cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. The document emphasizes the increasing importance and applications of batteries for portable electronics and electric vehicles.
By Mr. Irish Pereira The current and expected usage of redox flow batteries across the World.
Includes usage of redox batteries in power generation sectors, including market trends.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The electrical energy is stored in a lead acid battery and can be used to power AC and DC loads. An inverter converts the DC battery voltage to AC voltage. The system provides a low-cost renewable energy solution that could power rural applications and emergency situations by harvesting wasted human biomechanical energy.
This document describes a hydraulically operated device that is 30.48cm wide and 25.4cm tall. The device uses hydraulics to operate but provides no other details about its function or purpose.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the kinetic energy from human footsteps into usable electricity. The system uses an array of piezoelectric sensors that generate voltage when pressure is applied. The voltage is stored in a lead-acid battery and can be used to power small DC loads. A microcontroller and LCD display are used to indicate the voltage level being stored in the battery. The system was designed and implemented to harvest wasted energy from human locomotion and demonstrate piezoelectric energy harvesting.
This document describes a device that generates electricity through human foot steps. It contains the following key points:
- The device uses a dynamo and rack and pinion gear system to convert the rotational motion from foot steps into linear motion, which drives a magnet inside a coil to generate electricity.
- As a person steps on an iron plate, it drives a crankshaft and gear arrangement that moves a magnet back and forth in a coil, producing direct current electricity that can be stored in a battery.
- The stored electricity generated from foot traffic on busy stairways or speed bumps could provide a useful source of power for various applications.
This document summarizes a finite element study of piezoelectric thin films on substrates. It outlines the background on piezoelectricity, modeling preliminaries including governing equations and material properties. It then lists the main tasks which include analyzing the effects of periodicity, lattice mismatch, and different film-substrate properties on the piezoelectric response and internal stress. Publications resulting from this work are also listed.
This document provides technical specifications for a footstep power generation system that converts mechanical energy from footfalls into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The system uses piezoelectric transducers to convert kinetic energy from footsteps into alternating current, which is then rectified and regulated to charge a 12V lead-acid battery. An inverter connected to the battery converts the direct current into 230V alternating current to power loads. The system is intended for use in rural areas to provide power from foot traffic in locations like streets, stations, and temples.
The document proposes a "Future House" that is fully electrified using a photovoltaic (solar) power system. It includes a floor plan of the house and discusses designing and installing the PV system. The PV system would provide all of the house's electricity through solar panels on the roof. It describes the typical components of a grid-interactive PV system without battery backup, including solar panels, mounting equipment, inverters, and meters. The document also discusses factors that affect the output of a PV system like sunlight availability and shading.
Energy harvesting using solar panels & piezo discs3Abhishek Shukla
This is presentation of my final year diploma project. Energy harvesting using Solar panels and Piezo plates. It introduces and uses the new innovative technology of Piezo Energy.
This document discusses generating electricity from walking using piezoelectricity. It begins with an introduction to piezoelectricity and how mechanical stress on certain materials generates a voltage. It then describes proposals to install piezoelectric devices in floors in places with heavy foot traffic, like train stations, to convert the kinetic energy of walking into electricity. The document provides background on the history and discovery of piezoelectricity and outlines some applications that use the effect, such as ignition systems and watches. It concludes that harvesting energy from footfalls using piezoelectric flooring could provide a renewable source of power.
This document describes an electricity generating dance floor that uses a rack and pinion mechanism. The floor converts the movement of dancers into electricity by using pressure sensors and springs connected to an alternator through a rack and pinion assembly. As dancers jump, the rack moves downwards turning the pinion connected to the alternator to generate power. The floor can power lights and sound systems while providing feedback on the crowd's energy level and engagement.
This document discusses harnessing kinetic energy from human footfalls through energy harvesting floor technologies. It describes how flooring systems that incorporate piezoelectric transducers or other mechanisms can convert the pressure of footsteps into electrical energy. Experiments show these floors can successfully generate power for small electronics. The document also analyzes the market potential and intellectual property landscape for footfall energy harvesting, noting piezoelectric systems are commonly used and the market may reach $4.4 billion by 2020. While promising, the technology currently only supports low-power applications and requires further advances in energy storage and conversion efficiency.
The document discusses different types of actuators. Actuators are devices that convert energy into motion. Common types include hydraulic actuators, which use fluid power to produce linear or rotational movement, pneumatic actuators, which use compressed air, and electric actuators like solenoids, motors, and piezoelectric actuators. Actuators are selected based on factors such as the required force, speed, precision, and environment. Actuators play an important role in converting control signals into physical motion in machines and devices.
Energy harvesting (EH), i.e. the process of extracting energy from the environment or from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy, is a prominent research topic, with many promising applications nowadays in the civil engineering field. Its areas of application currently focus to the powering small autonomous wireless sensors (thus eliminating the need for wires), in structural health monitoring and building automation applications. Regarding the latter, the prospect to implement autonomous sensors inside a building that monitor relevant parameters (temperature, humidity, chemical agent concentration etc.), and transmit intermittently data to a central unit is a recent and rapidly grown business, helped by the standardization of wireless (Wi-Fi) data transmission.
This study focuses on the numerical analysis and testing of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, with possible applications for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. The development of the device is supported by ESA (the European Space Agency) under a program for the space technology transfer.
The EH device, harvests the airflow inside Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, using a piezoelectric component and an appropriate customizable aerodynamic appendix or fin that takes advantage of specific air flow effects (principally Vortex Shedding), and can be implemented for optimizing the energy consumption inside buildings.
In the present research, focus is given on different relevant modelling aspects, explored both using numerical methods (by means of FEM and CFD models) and in wind tunnel testing. In particular, different configurations for the piezoelectric bender (including rectangular, cylindrical and T-shaped) are modelled, tested and compared. The calibration of the numerical models, useful for the optimisation of the final design, and the electrical modelling and losses calculation for the EH circuit, are provided, and the effective energy harvesting potential of the working prototype device in laboratory conditions is assessed. Additional aspects relevant to the successful implementation of the research project are shown, including the final design of the device and the possible market impact.
This document describes a mechanism for generating electricity from the kinetic energy of vehicles passing over speed bumps. It introduces different mechanisms considered, including a spring coil mechanism and rack pinion mechanism. When a vehicle passes over the speed bump, the downward force is converted into rotational motion through these mechanisms. This rotation is used to power an electric dynamo, which generates electricity that can be stored in a battery. The document discusses the working principle and provides diagrams of components like the rack and pinion gears and dynamo. Advantages include utilizing wasted energy and providing pollution-free power generation.
Piezoelectricity energy harvesting systemakshansh1999
Piezoelectricity is the appearance of a voltage across a crystal when it is subjected to mechanical stress. Piezoelectric crystals have charges that are balanced until the crystal is squeezed, forcing the charges out of balance and creating positive and negative charges on opposite faces, producing a voltage. Piezoelectric materials in shoes can harvest energy from the wearer's footsteps to power devices, providing a pollution-free, low-maintenance source of green energy.
This document discusses digital triple spark ignition systems for internal combustion engines. It begins by explaining the limitations of traditional single spark ignition engines and how dual spark systems improved combustion. It then introduces digital triple spark ignition, which uses three spark plugs for more complete and faster combustion. This leads to better fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Key advantages are outlined such as 27% faster combustion than dual spark plug engines and optimized performance under various engine conditions controlled by an electronic control unit. Diagrams are provided to illustrate dual and triple spark ignition systems.
This document summarizes nanogenerators, which are piezoelectric transducers at the nanoscale that harness mechanical energy and convert it to electrical energy. Dr. Zhong Lin Wang and his colleagues at Georgia Tech have made significant advances in developing nanogenerators using zinc oxide nanowires over the last decade. Nanogenerators consist of a base electrode, piezoelectric nanostructures such as ZnO nanowires, and a counter electrode. When the nanowires are bent or flexed, a voltage is generated via the piezoelectric effect. Nanogenerators have applications powering small electronics and can harvest energy from tiny motions like heartbeats or footsteps.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Small scale generation by harnessing the wind energyeSAT Journals
Abstract Generating electricity from wind has been centered around the rotation rotating windmill in which rotating shaft coupled to the generator used to generate electricity. Other sources such as solar power hydropower, thermal power, wind power are used for generating electricity in kilo watts and megawatt but there is no such kind of application which can generate electricity on sub 100watt scale. So as to generate electricity on small scale and to provide cheap source of energy for lighting the houses in remote where there is no other sources are available. And to generate a power source that can be constructed with the help of local material and if problem occurs that can be fixed by the local people. About 2% of global electricity production comes from wind-powered generators. Their capacity has doubled in the past few years. In some countries it is more popular than solar energy because it is cheaper on a cost per watt basis. However, for powering small devices there has been minimal activity to harvest energy from the wind. This is because conventional electromagnetic wind turbines require rotating fins and gearing which adds bulk, and they become less efficient when scaled down. Key Words: Harnessing, Wind Energy, Rotating Shaft
Microelectronic technologies for alternative energy sourcesMariya Aleksandrova
The document discusses microelectronic technologies for alternative energy sources such as thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and solar cells. It describes how energy harvesting works by capturing ambient energy sources and converting it to usable electric energy using transducers. Key technologies discussed include thin film thermoelectric converters made of bismuth telluride, thin film piezoelectric converters using materials like PZT and ZnO, and thin film solar cells fabricated through processes like e-beam evaporation and sputtering. Applications mentioned include powering devices for remote patient monitoring, machinery monitoring, and personal electronics.
This document discusses various methods of wireless electrical power generation including piezoelectric, induction, pyroelectric, electrodynamic induction, electrostatic induction, and electrical conduction methods. Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical strain energy into electrical charge through the direct and converse piezoelectric effects. Induction uses electromagnetic coupling through mutual induction to transfer energy between circuits without direct connection. Pyroelectric materials convert temperature changes into electric current or voltage. Electrodynamic induction uses resonant inductive coupling to improve efficiency over distance compared to non-resonant induction. Future applications discussed include powering wearable electronics and generating electricity from human motion at train stations.
A seminar report on Nuclear Micro BatteryUtkarsh Kumar
This document is a seminar report submitted by Utkarsh Kumar to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report discusses nuclear micro-batteries, which could potentially power microelectromechanical systems by harnessing energy from radioactive decay. It describes several proposed designs for nuclear micro-batteries, including a junction-type battery that uses charged particles to induce a voltage, and a self-reciprocating cantilever design that uses particle collection to power oscillating motion. The report also addresses isotope selection, safety considerations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of nuclear micro-batteries.
Power generation from shoes & utilize it to charge the mobile's, laptop's or ...Shantesh Singh
This document summarizes a student's paper on developing an energy harvesting source from piezoelectric materials in shoes. It discusses using piezoelectric transducers embedded in shoe heels to convert the mechanical energy from walking into electrical energy. The harvested energy could then be used to power small electronics or charge batteries for devices like sensors. The student's project aims to investigate piezoelectric materials and circuitry that can efficiently harvest energy from footsteps on a large scale to enable self-powered sensors and other applications.
Piezoelectricity electricity generation by vibrationtare
1. Introduction
2.How its works
3. literature review
4. Components used
5. Advantages and Disadvantages
6. Cost estimation
7. Result
8. Conclusion
9. References
10. Thank you
Approach To Power Harvesting With Piezoelectric MaterialIJERA Editor
Nowadays, most of the research in the energy field is to develop sources of energy for the future, With oil resources being over, tapped and eventually bound to end, it is time to find renewable Piezoelectric materials are being more and more studied as they turn out to be very unusual materials with very specific and interesting properties. In fact, these materials have the ability to produce electrical energy from mechanical energy, for example, they can convert mechanical behavior like vibrations into electricity. Recent work has shown that these materials could be used as power generators, the amount of energy produced is still very low, hence the necessity to optimize them. The objective of this work is to study the all of the piezoelectric material systems and calculated the possible power generated from it, and a special case to design and build a fully functional floor tile device that when stepped on will generate enough energy to light an LED, The system will be charge a temporary energy storage device, a capacitor bank, and then use this stored energy to power an LED.
IRJET- Power Generation using PZT for Auto Street Lightning SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses a system to generate power for street lighting using piezoelectric materials. When vehicles drive over piezoelectric sensors embedded in roads, the pressure generates electric charge which is stored in batteries. The stored power is then used to automatically operate street lights as needed. Piezoelectric materials like lead zirconium titanate (PZT) convert mechanical energy from vehicle motion into electrical energy. The document describes the piezoelectric effect and discusses connecting multiple PZT sensors in series and parallel to increase output voltage and current. It presents the system design, including an energy storage circuit, inverter, and automatic light control based on vehicle detection. The system aims to provide renewable power for street lighting in
Iaetsd electric power generation using piezoelectric crystalIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses using piezoelectric crystals to generate electric power. Piezoelectric materials can convert ambient vibration into electrical power. When mechanical stress is applied, piezoelectric crystals generate electrical potentials that can be harvested as a source of power. The document proposes using piezoelectric generators placed under foot traffic areas or attached to moving objects to capture kinetic energy and convert it into usable electric power through a voltage conversion and regulation process. Experimental results showed piezoelectric generators were able to charge a battery and power small electronic devices.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It discusses why nuclear batteries are needed as an alternative to chemical batteries and solar cells. It then covers the historical developments of nuclear batteries, how they generate electricity through beta particle absorption, and considerations for nuclear battery fuels. Applications discussed include use in space, medical devices, mobile electronics, and automobiles. Advantages are the long lifespan and high energy density, while disadvantages include high initial costs and regulatory issues. The conclusion is that nuclear batteries could be important power sources for small, compact future devices.
IRJET- Generation of Electrical Energy from Sound EnergyIRJET Journal
This document discusses converting sound energy into electrical energy. It proposes a system using sound sensors to capture sound waves, which are then converted into electrical signals and stored in a battery. A boost converter increases the voltage which can power small loads like LED lights. The system was simulated and a hardware prototype was created using a sound sensor, amplifier, boost converter, battery, and LED lights. Converting unused sound energy could provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce noise pollution.
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase Induction Motor Using MPPT TechniqueIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper emphasizes on proposing a cost effective photovoltaic (PV) fed 3 phase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) embedded boost converter which makes the overall cost of the setup to go down considerably. The realized as a prototype consisting PV array of 500watts, MPPT aided boost converter, three phase inverter and a three phase squirrel cage induction drive of 300 watts. An efficient and low cost micro controller dspic4011 is used a platform to code and implement the prominent perturb and observe MPPT technique. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the control technique employed for the three phase inverter. To validate the experimental results simulation of the whole set up is carried out in matlab /simulink environment. Simulation and hardware results reveal that the system is versatile.
IRJET- Harnessing the Energy Generated from Staircase using Piezoelectric...IRJET Journal
This document discusses harnessing energy from staircases using piezoelectric technology. Piezoelectric materials produce electrical energy from mechanical stress. The document proposes attaching piezoelectric crystals to staircases to convert the dynamic pressure of human footsteps into electricity. The electricity generated would be collected and used to charge batteries. It describes the system in detail, including a rectifier to convert the AC output of the crystals to DC, a boost converter to increase the voltage, and an inverter to convert the DC to AC. Simulations and a potential hardware setup are presented. The system could harness wasted energy from high traffic areas like train stations to power small loads.
This document is a seminar report on energy harvesting through piezoelectricity. It provides an introduction to energy harvesting, which involves capturing ambient energy sources like vibration, converting it to electrical energy, and storing it. Piezoelectricity is introduced as a method for energy harvesting, where applying mechanical stress to certain materials generates an electric charge. The report discusses piezoelectric materials, generators, and human-powered piezoelectric generation. It also covers topics like poling, piezoelectric modes, and electrical power management related to piezoelectric energy harvesting.
Piezoelectric crystals are versatile tools that can be used as sources for sensors. They work on the principle of the piezoelectric effect and can harvest energy from random mechanical vibrations and processes in uncontrollable environments. This provides nearly infinite lifetime for sensors powered by piezoelectric crystals, making them an ideal alternative to common battery sources. When used in animal sensors or wildlife sensors, piezoelectric sources power the sensor through the animal's body movements or vibrations in the air. This can create a new revolution in the field of sensors.
Seminar presentation on nuclear batteriesPratik Patil
This seminar presentation discusses nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It covers why nuclear batteries are needed due to limitations of chemical batteries and other power sources. The presentation provides a brief history of nuclear batteries and defines key terms. It describes the energy production mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators. The presentation discusses considerations for nuclear fuel selection and applications of nuclear batteries in space, medical, mobile and underwater uses. It outlines advantages such as long lifespan and reduced waste, as well as challenges including high production costs and regulatory issues.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
the simulation of this project has done by several software such as Comsol Multiphysics to study the reaction of Piezo material ,CFD computational fluid dynamic
Electricity from vibration & its impactSagardwip das
With the growing demands of human needs the utilisation of conventional energy has increased tremendously. Consequently environmental issues like global warming etc. have risen. Keeping these facts in view this model has been prepared to present an idea on how the daily energy requirement can be fulfilled in a more practical, feasible and economical way by converting mechanical energy of vibration into electric energy
1) The document discusses micro-vibrational energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducers. It notes that piezoelectric transducers have the potential to power wireless electronics by harvesting ambient vibrational energy.
2) A cantilever beam design with piezoelectric plates bonded to the beam and a tip mass is proposed as the most effective configuration for capturing vibrational energy.
3) The document also examines energy harvesting circuits, noting the importance of matching the circuit design to the application to optimize power efficiency and output performance.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
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Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
2. CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Chapter 2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
2.2 EXAMPLES OF COMMON VIBRATION SOURCES
2.3 VOLTAGE MODE AMPLIFIER
2.4 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL
Chapter 3: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT/DESCRIPTION
3.1 COMPONENTS USED
3.1.1
Piezoelectric Cell
3.1.2
Sensors
3.1.3
Actuators
3.1.4
DC Converter
3.1.5
Amplifier Storage
3.2 ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
3.3 PIEZOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES
3.4 LED TECHNOLOGY
3.5 FUTURE SCOPE
Chapter 4: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS/OPERATION
4.1
Chapter 5: APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY HARVESTING THROUGH
2
3. PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL:
5.1 Power Walking With Energy Floors
5.2 Piezoelectric road harvests traffic energy to generate electricity
5.3 Public Areas
Chapter 6: RESULTS & CONCLUSION
Chapter 7: REFERENCES
3
4. 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
Our main aim is to produce light out of the force or stress applied on the piezoelectric sensor.
This can solve many problems regarding the dependency on the replenishing sources of
energy, by harvesting energy, since the world is in need of energy.
This produced light could be the solution for:
1. Growing need for renewable sources of energy,
2. Reduce dependency on battery power,
3. Lights can be used in automobiles, footwear, etc..
Today, the energy harvesting from light, thermal, magnetic or mechanical
energy in the ambient environment is an important research topic. With recent
progresses in wireless, sensor systems are being popularly used in various areas,
including human body care, bridge or engine early health monitoring etc. .
However, replacement of small power supplies and batteries in sensor systems would
be a tedious task. Therefore, it is quite interesting to supply a small amount of power
for sensor systems from environmental energy.
In addition, because of the shortage in energy sources, people are also seeking
environmental energy to replace part of the electric energy used in daily life.
Therefore, another interesting application is to harvest the mechanical energy from
highway or railway for generating electric energy, which may supply a small to
medium amount of power for powering road lights or even electric motors if there are
enough vehicles/trains running.
One of the most effective methods for power harvesting systems is to use
piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical vibration or strain energy to electric
energy based on the piezoelectric effect. During the past ten years, there has been an
4
5. explosion of research in the area of harvesting energy from ambient vibrations by
using the direct piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric materials are very good prospects
for mechanical energy conversion because they have a good electromechanical
coupling effect. Piezoelectric energy harvesting devices are also much simpler than,
for example electromagnetic or electrostatic devices.
For these reasons, piezoelectric energy harvesting devices have attracted much
attention. Conventional piezoelectric harvesting devices are based on a piezoelectric
unimorph or bimorph cantilever configuration i.e., one or two piezoelectric elements
laminated with one long elastic plate, and they are operated in bending mode. In
general, piezoelectric cantilever type harvesters generate only a very small power
output, and they cannot work under pressure.
In 2004, Uchino’s group at Pennsylvania State University developed a
piezoelectric cymbal transducer which operated in flextensional mode for vibration
energy harvesting, which could work well under a small force load.
1.2 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
There are certain materials that generate electric potential or voltage when
mechanical
strain is applied to them, they tend to change their dimensions. This is called
piezo electric effect.
This effect was discovered in the year 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie.
The piezoelectric transducers work on the principle of piezoelectric effect. When
mechanical stress or forces are applied to some materials along certain planes, they produce
electric voltage.
The voltage output obtained from these materials due to piezoelectric effect is proportional to
the applied stress or force.
5
6. 1.3 NEED OF ENERGY HARVESTING
• Growing need for renewable sources of energy
• Proposes several potentially inexpensive and highly effective solutions
• Reduce dependency on battery power
• Complexity of wiring
• Increased costs of wiring
• Reduced costs of embedded intelligence
• Increasing popularity of wireless networks
• Limitations of batteries
• Reduce environmental impact
1.4 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL (Material with Piezo properties):
1.4.1 Naturally occurring crystals:
Berlinite (AlPO4), Cane sugar, Quartz, Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline Group
Minerals, and dry bone (apatite crystals)
1.4.2 Man-made ceramics:
Barium titanate (BaTiO3), Lead titanate (PbTiO3), Lead zirconate titanate
(Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 0<x<1) - More commonly known as PZT, Potassium niobate (KNbO3),
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), Sodium tungstate (NaxWO3),
Ba2NaNb5O5, Pb2KNb5O15
1.4.3 Polymer:
Polyvinyledene fluoride (PVDF)
6
7. 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 PYROELECTRIC EFFECT
When the temperature of the material is changed, an electric potential appears between the
terminals: this is called the pyroelectric effect.
2.2 PIEZOELECTRIC FILMS
Piezoelectricity can be obtained by orienting the molecular dipoles of polar polymers
such as PVDF in the same direction by subjecting films to an intense electric filed: this is the
polarization. The polarized electrets are thermodynamically stable up to about 90°C.
PVDF is particularly suitable for the manufacture of such polarized films because of
its molecular structure (polar material), its purity – which makes it possible to produce thin
and regular films – and its ability to solidify in the crystalline form for polarization.
2.3 PROPERTIES OF PVDF PIEZOELECTRIC FILMS
Flexibility (possibility of application on curved surfaces) High mechanical strength
Dimensional stability
High and stable piezoelectric coefficients over time up to
approximately 90°C Characteristic chemical inertness of PVDF Continuous polarization for
great lengths spooled onto drums Thickness between 9 microns and 1 mm.
2.4 COMPONENTS USED
Piezo electric cells.
Sensors
Actuators
One aluminium metal sheet.
LED,s
DC converter
Amplifier
Wires
Piezo Electric Cells
7
8. 2.4.1 Piezoelectric Cell
The piezoelectric cell is what allows us to convert the mechanical energy to electrical
energy thus, utilizing our wasted energy. The piezoelectric inputs the energy from the input
signal and outputs the signal to our circuit system. We will buy this component as it is too
physically advanced for us to construct and we do not have the tools to construct it.
Fig 2.1
2.4.2 Sensors
The principle of operation of a piezoelectric sensor is that a physical dimension,
transformed into a force, acts on two opposing faces of the sensing element. Depending on
the design of a sensor, different "modes" to load the piezoelectric element can be used:
longitudinal, transversal and shear Detection of pressure variations in the form of sound is
the most common sensor application, e.g. piezoelectric microphones (sound waves bend the
piezoelectric material, creating a changing voltage) and piezoelectric pickups for Acousticelectric guitars.
A piezo sensor attached to the body of an instrument is known as a microphone.
Piezoelectric sensors especially are used with high frequency sound in ultrasonic transducers
for medical imaging and also industrial nondestructive testing (NDT).
8
9. Fig 2.2
2.4.3 Actuators
As very high electric fields correspond to only tiny changes in the width of the
crystal, this width can be changed with better-than-μm precision, making piezo crystals the
most important tool for positioning objects with extreme accuracy — thus their use in
actuators. Multilayer ceramics, using layers thinner than 100 μm, allow reaching high electric
fields with voltage lower than 150 V.
These ceramics are used within two kinds of actuators: direct piezo actuators and
Amplified piezoelectric actuators. While direct actuator's stroke is generally lower than 100
μm, amplified piezo actuators can reach millimeter strokes.
2.4.4 DC Converter
Our converter, an AC/DC converter, inputs an AC source and outputs a DC source.
We need a DC source because if we decide to power an energy storage device we will need
to provide that with a DC source. Our AC/DC converter is built from a bridge rectifier type
schematic (see schematic) since an AC/DC IC was not available. This block is also
responsible for protecting our circuit from reverse currents, through the use of diodes. This
block receives its signal from the piezoelectric.
However, there is a lot of communication within the block as this is where the real
circuitry that runs our system is built. It is at this block that we no longer have mechanical
energy, but electrical energy, which is output to whatever our output may be, whether an
LED sign or energy storage device.
9
10. 2.4.5 Amplifier
Here we amplify the current since we are expecting it to be very small. . Since we
have a capacitor bank this dissipation will last longer than if we simply had a direct
connection to our converter and amplifier. Thus, our LEDs, or whatever our output source is,
will have power supplied for a long period of time. We can also test the efficiency of our
energy storage by simply monitoring the time that the output device runs for to see whether
or not our storage elements actually behaves the way we expect it to and prolongs the ―ON‖
period of our LEDs longer than if the LEDs, or other output Storing and amplifying our
energy can be achieved with a circuit that contains capacitors and an op-amp.
We may also use a few super capacitors; however we feel that the best approach will
be a capacitor bank. We will need to test the components to find out which chips are suitable
with our circuit since we need capacitors that are properly rated for our system requirements.
We will test this by measuring our power usage with PSPICE simulations as well as
direct measurements from our piezoelectric rods to see the voltage produced. Combining this
information we will have an exact idea of what value of capacitors we will need to use in our
capacitor bank. Our capacitor bank will be a certain number of capacitors connected in
parallel.
Fig 2.3
Each capacitor will take in a small amount of current at a time, this is distributed
amongst the capacitors fairly evenly, although not exact since no capacitor has the exact
same value. Then our output device, the LEDs will be powered by the current dissipating
from our capacitors device, was connected straight to our converter and amplifier. Our
10
11. amplifier is very simple. Its purpose is to amplify the current, thus also reducing the voltage,
so that we have more power at our output since we need a higher current to drive any device
than the current we get directly from the piezoelectric rods. We can test our energy device as
mentioned above and we can test our amplifier through simulating it in PSPICE to see what
the best resistor combination would be to give us the right current for our output.
2.5 PIEZOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES
According to How Stuff Works, piezoelectric materials create a positive and a
negative End when work is done to deform their original shape. The International Harvest
Tribune Claims that ―energy harvesting‖, more commonly referred to as ―crowd farming‖,
has been in Existence for as long as 10 years. An electrical charge flows across the material
once pressure is relieved from them. While they usually provide very low currents, they can
generate extremely high voltages.
Harvesting energy from piezoelectric flooring is said to be impractical in residential
applications due to the high cost of implementation and small
amount of electricity
generated in these settings. Common piezoelectric materials include quartz, Rochelle salt,
and some ceramics. The New York Times also claims that harvesting energy from
piezoelectric materials is inefficient, converting only a small amount of kinetic energy into
electricity.
The Christian Science Monitor claims that a single footstep could potentially generate
enough electricity to power two 60-watt incandescent bulbs for one second, while the
International Herald Tribune claims that the technology were implemented in a busy train
station that the energy captured could power 6,500 LED lights for an unspecified amount of
time.
2.6 LED TECHNOLOGY
Light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, show promise for replacing traditional lighting
sources. According to the Christian Science Monitor, the European Union has banned the
sale of incandescent light bulbs because of their inefficiencies, with BBC News stating that
Australia has followed suit and banned them as well. Specifically, they cite that the standard
incandescent light bulb converts only about five percent of the electricity it uses into usable
11
12. light, with the rest being converted into heat. LEDs are approximately four times more
efficient than incandescent light bulbs and currently as efficient as fluorescent lighting
without the environmentally harmful mercury content that they contain according to Purdue
University.
LEDs also carry the benefit of providing high visibility in signs, some of which can
be seen from up to 1.5 kilometers away, claims Wallstreet Pit. The New York Times states
that a new LED sign in New York City will be bright enough to be readable even during high
noon.
Philips claims that their current state-of-the-art Luxeon K2 LEDs have outputs of at
least 200 lumens at 12 volts DC with a current as little as 350 mA. Further, they dim far less
than traditional lighting sources, with some experiencing only a 10% loss of light output after
as many as 1,000 hours, and last for as long as 15 years under normal usage conditions.
Several cities are considering switching from high pressure sodium lighting to LED lighting,
including a pilot program of 34,000 street lamps slated for testing in Lansing, Michigan.
2.7 PIEZOBASED POWER GENERATION
After doing several experiments regarding piezobased power generation Umedal
sought after a device that would eliminate the need to charge up portables before taking them
anywhere.
The device would charge the mobile device enroute while traveling.
To
accomplish this, they constructed a piezo-generator that transforms mechanical impact
energy to electrical energy by using a steel ball which impacts the generator.
The steel ball is initially 5mm above a bronze disk . The ball falls and strikes the
center of the disk producing a bending vibration. The ball continues to bounce on the disk
till it stops. The piezo patch converts the vibrational energy of the bouncing ball to electrical
energy and stores a voltage in a capacitor. They performed analyses on two things. The first
case was on the first impact. The second case was on multiple impacts from the ball.
For the first case, higher voltage and capacitance affects the generator. A higher
voltage decreases the time during which the current flows. If the capacitance is small, the
voltage will go up quickly, limiting the time current will flow. On the other hand, if the
capacitance is large, it takes time for the voltage to build up and allows the current to flow
12
13. for more time. For the second case, the capacitance affects multiple impacts the same way it
does for a single impact.
3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1 ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
Fig 3.1
3.2 PVDF SENSOR PRICES LIST
13
19. Fig 4.1
4.2 WORKING
0
The piezoelectric transducers work on the principle of piezoelectric effect.
0
When mechanical stress or forces are applied to some materials along certain planes,
they produce electric voltage.
0
This electric voltage can be measured easily by the voltage measuring instruments,
which can be used to measure the stress or force.
0
By applying the mechanical load to piezoelectric path,the energy converts into
electrical energy.
0
When a capacitor is connected to electric board,the energy get stored in the capacitor.
0
The electric board is connected to the LED module which emits light.
0
Finally the photo diode measures the intensity of light.
0
The voltage output obtained from these materials due to piezoelectric effect is
proportional to the applied stress or force.
5
20. 0
The output voltage can be calibrated against the applied stress or the force so that the
measured value of the output voltage directly gives the value of the applied stress or
force.
0
The voltage output obtained from the materials due to piezoelectric effect is very
small and it has high impedance.
0
To measure the output some amplifiers, auxiliary circuit and the connecting cables
are required.
0
An Electric potential is developed across the face, and this electric potential is used to
produce electric current which is used to glow the lights, LED,s, and further this we
can charge the battery of our mobile or cellphones by connecting the device to the
cellphone via. some USB device.
0
The diagram showing that as the pressure is applied to the faces there is a generation
of electric current which is indicated by the Galvanometer.
Fig 4.2
Pressure is applied to the Faces there is a Generation of Electric Current which is indicated
by the Galvanometer.
4.3 PRECAUTIONS FOR USE
• Do not apply DC bias to the piezoelectric buzzer; otherwise insulation resistance may
become low and affect the performance.
• Do not supply any voltage higher than applicable to the piezo- electric buzzer.
6
21. • Do not use the piezoelectric buzzer outdoors. It is designed for indoor use. If the
piezoelectric buzzer has to be used outdoors, provide it with waterproofing measures; it will
not operate normally if subjected to moisture.
• Do not wash the piezoelectric buzzer with solvent or allow gas to enter it while washing;
any solvent that enters it may stay inside a long time and damage it.
• A piezoelectric ceramic material of approximately 100µm thick is used in the sound
generator of the buzzer. Do not press the sound generator through the sound release hole
otherwise the ceramic material may break. Do not stack the piezoelectric buzzers without
packing.
• Do not apply any mechanical force to the piezoelectric buzzer; otherwise the case may
deform and result in improper operation.
• Do not place any shielding material or the like just in front of the sound release hole of the
buzzer; otherwise the sound pressure may vary and result in unstable buzzer operation. Make
sure that the buzzer is not affected by a standing waves or the spikes.
• Be sure to solder the buzzer terminal at 350°C max.(80W max.)(soldering iron trip) within
5 seconds using a solder containing silver.
• Avoid using the piezoelectric buzzer for a long time where any corrosive gas (H2S, etc.)
exists; otherwise the parts or sound generator may corroded and result in improper operation.
• Be careful not to drop the piezoelectric buzzer.
4.4 ESTIMATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE OUTPUT FOR PIEZOELECTRIC
ENERGY HARVESTING
One method of power harvesting is to use piezoelectric materials, which form
transducers that are able to interchange electrical energy and mechanical strain or force.
Therefore, these materials can be used as mechanisms to transfer ambient motion (usually
vibration) into electrical energy that may be stored and used to power other devices.
By implementing power harvesting devices, portable systems can be developed that
do not depend on traditional methods for providing power, such as the battery, which has a
7
22. limited operating life. A significant amount of research has been devoted to developing and
understanding power harvesting systems .
The power harvesting system used the energy generated by the PVDF to charge a
capacitor and power a transmitter that could send information regarding the strain of the
beam a distance of 2m. Their model has been experimentally verified using a 1-d beam
structure with peak power efficiencies of approximately 20%.
Most of the previous studies all realized that the energy generated by the piezoelectric
material must be accumulated before it can be used to power other electronic devices.
4.5 ADVANTAGES
0
High frequency response: They offer very high frequency response that means the
parameter changing at very high speeds can be sensed easily.
0
High transient response: The piezoelectric transducers can detect the events of
microseconds and also give the linear output.
0
The piezoelectric transducers are small in size and have rugged construction.
4.6 LIMITATIONS
0
Some of the limitations of piezoelectric transducers are:
0
1) Output is low: The output obtained from the piezoelectric transducers is low, so
external electronic circuit has to be connected.
0
2) High impedance: The piezoelectric crystals have high impedance so they have to
be connected to the amplifier and the auxiliary circuit, which have the potential to
cause errors in measurement. To reduce these errors amplifiers high input impedance
and long cables should be used.
0
3) Forming into shape: It is very difficult to give the desired shape to the crystals with
sufficient strength.
8
23. 5 RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS
5.1 RESULTS
S.No.
Force Applied
Intensity of light
1
2
3
4
5
Table 5.1
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
Series Piezoelectric materials embedded on road to glow the road lights as shown :
Fig 5.1
In this figure we see the piezoelectric cells are embedded on the whole road and these
embedded piezoelectric cells are connected with external charge storing device with the help
of connectors, and the charge so developed are then supplied to all the street lights as shown
in the figure.
Economically competitive with the traditional carbon-based energy production.
The electrical storage system, which is integrated in the roads, rail roads, and runways,
does not take up any new public space and functions in all weather conditions.
9
24. Once embedded into road ways or railways, generators require minimal maintenance.
These solutions can also serve as information gatherers in future ―smart roads‖ measuring
a truck or rail car’s weight in real time, send data back through a self-powered’ wireless
connection. These could be used in weighing stations.
5.3 APPLICATIONS
5.3.1 Cigarette Lighter
Pressing the button causes a spring-loaded hammer to hit a piezoelectric crystal,
producing a sufficiently high voltage electric current that flows across a small spark-gap, thus
heating and igniting the gas.
Fig 5.2
5.3.2 Armed Forces
The armed forces toyed with the idea of putting piezoelectric materials in soldier’s
boots to power radios and other portable electronic gear.
5.3.3 Night Clubs
Several nightclubs, mostly in Europe have already begun to power their strobes and
stereos using the force of hundreds of people pounding on piezoelectric lined dance floors.
10
25. Fig 5.3
5.3.4 Gyms
Several gyms, notable in Portland and a few other places are powered by a
combination of piezoelectric set ups and generators set up on stationary bikes.
Piezoelectric Powered Music Instruments
Fig 5.4
5.3.5 Harvesting From Human Body
Capitalizing on the friction and heat created by walking, running and even just
wearing jeans, engineers from Michigan Technological University, Arizona State University
11
26. devised a way to use this type of generated energy to charge portable electronic devices, like
iPods and mobile phones.
Fig 5.5
5.3.6 Piezoelectric road harvests traffic energy to generate electricity
Fig 5.6
Isreali engineers are about to begin testing a 100 metre stretch of roadway embedded
with a network of Piezo Electric Generators (IPEG™). The piezoelectric effect converts
12
27. mechanical strain into electrical current or voltage and the system is expected to scale up to
400 kilowatts from a 1-kilometre stretch of dual carriageway. The IPEG™ is a pioneering
invention in the field of Parasitic Energy harvesting and generates energy from weight,
motion, vibration and temperature changes and will certainly have other parasitic energy
harvesting applications in many fields. Initially though, the system can be configured to
generate and store energy from roads, airport runways and rail systems at the same time as
delivering real-time data on the weight, frequency and spacing between passing vehicles. The
harvested energy can be transferred back to the grid, or used for specific public infrastructure
purposes such as lighting and widespread use of the system would enable far greater scrutiny
and hence understanding of the behaviour of road vehicles.
As such, the embedding of piezoelectric generators to create "smart roads" could
eventually become an integral part of traffic management systems.
The harvesting system of parasitic mechanical energy from roadways is based on the
piezoelectric effect converts mechanical strain into electrical current or voltage. The
harvested energy can be transferred back to the grid, or used for specific road infrastructure
purposes. The infrastructure captures and stores energy for reuse.
The generators are mounted with electronic cards supplying the storage system. The
laying of the present system, (embedding the generators and electronic cards in to the
roadway), can be done during paving of new roads or in the course of the maintenance work
in existing roadways, so it’s entirely retrofittable to any road, and the heavier the vehicle, and
the greater the number of vehicles, the greater the return, all the way to electricity production
on an industrial scale.
This means that parasitic energy of busy roads, railroads and runways near population
centres can be converted into electrical energy that can run public lighting, or fed back into
the grid.
5.3.7 Power Walking With Energy Floors
Power walking isn’t just a health craze - it could produce electrifying results!
13
28. Fig 5.7
Energy Floors, a Netherlands-based company, wants to be a player in the sustainable
energy market. They don’t just talk the talk, they walk the walk … literally. Their products,
the Sustainable Energy Floor and Sustainable Dance Floor, convert footsteps into electricity.
As a person steps on an Energy Floor tile, the tile flexes about 10 mm. That
movement is converted into electricity - 15 Watts on average, and up to 25 Watts peak. The
tiles are modular; connect 40 tiles together and the network can generate up to 1 kW. They
wouldn’t give me details on the generator, except to say that it’s not piezoelectric. Based on
the diagram below, it looks like a rack-and-pinion that drives a small permanent magnet
generator.
Fig 5.8
14
29. In addition to the tiles, the system includes a controller module that directs the flow of
electricity. The 12V output can light LEDs (as in the Sustainable Dance Floor or a lighted
walkway), power an external low-voltage device, or charge a battery.
5.3.8 Public Areas
Blocks that light up when activated entice people to step on them. Put a few at each
shopping mall and you have a playground that lets kids burn off their excess energy and turn
it into electricity. Set them up in front of the stage at a Phish concert and you might generate
enough electricity to power the amps during one of Trey Anastasio’s guitar solos. (Okay maybe that one is a little ambitious.)
Fig 5.9
But it’s not just a high-tech toy. Energy Floors recently partnered with the Russian
Railway Research Institute, which hopes to put Energy Floors on railroad platforms and
high-traffic walkways.
15
30. Fig 5.10
They’ll also investigate the use of this technology to harvest energy from the
movement of cars and trains. Frankly, I think piezoelectric transducers might be better for
those applications. They’re less efficient than electromagnetic generators, but they might be
more durable under heavy vehicular traffic.
Fig 5.11
In keeping with the company’s sustainable focus, the floor tiles are made from
recyclable materials. They have a 30 year expected lifetime.
16
31. 5.4 CONCLUSION
When the pressure is applied on the face of the device, there is a deformation of
charge carriers inside the crystals which will result in Electric field, and therefore an Electric
potential is developed across the face, and this electric potential is used to produce electric
current which is used to glow the lights, LED,s, and further this we can charge the battery of
our mobile or cell phones by connecting the device to the cell phone via. some USB Device.
The ability of piezoelectric equipment to convert motion from human body into electrical
power is remarkable.
It is a great hope that energy harvesting will rule the next decade in the technical field.
We thereby conclude upon the project by generating light out of the stress applied on the
piezoelectric material.This can solve many problems regarding the dependency on batteries,
also to harvest energy , since the world is in need of energy.
17
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19