The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor.
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor.
Nanotechnology is the nexus of sciences.
It includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties.
The conventional solar cells that are used to harness solar energy are less efficient and cannot function properly on a cloudy day.
The use of nanotechnology in the solar cells created an opportunity to overcome this problem , thereby increasing the efficiency.
Nanotechnology is the nexus of sciences.
It includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties.
The conventional solar cells that are used to harness solar energy are less efficient and cannot function properly on a cloudy day.
The use of nanotechnology in the solar cells created an opportunity to overcome this problem , thereby increasing the efficiency.
Abstract
The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature. Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part of the device's weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more. The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non- toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
Batteries are the most complacent solution of energy storage. Presently, a new battery known as ‘paper battery’
is being prominent towards flexibility, ultra-thin energy storage and disposable in nature. This paper offers an intensive
insight on this analogously revolutionizing and fascinate answer of energy storage through paper batteries associated
provides an in depth analysis of same. Paper battery is combination of two distinct component such as high energy
battery and supercapacitor which are separated in traditional electronics. This paper will give a brief review of how
paper battery works. It aimed at understanding and analyzing the properties, advantages, disadvantages and several
applications of paper batteries.In this paper I will lighten the recent development in fabrication of paper battery such as
‘Bacteria powered paper battery’ in which microorganism can harvest electrical power from any type of biodegradable
source. This paper biobattery will be the future power source for papertronics.
The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature. Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part of the devices weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more. The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. The various types of batteries followed by the operation principle, manufacturing and working of paper batteries are discussed in detail. M. Srikanth | P. Yaswanth Kumar | K. Vijetha "Paper Battery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29836.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29836/paper-battery/m-srikanth
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. 1
ABSTRACT
A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device made of
cellulose (paper) and carbon nano tubes. It can act as a super capacitor and also a
high-energy battery. It provides long-term, steady power production and bursts of
energy. It produces electrons due to the interaction of electrolytes LTO & LCO.
Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of
electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs
and medical technologies. Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for
different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Stacking them
multiplies power output.
A postage stamp sized paper battery can illuminate a small bulb, but in future
several reams of paper are wished to produce large electricity. Paper battery was a
glimpse into the future of power storage. They can be employed in electronics,
medical sciences, automobiles and aircrafts. It has many advantages when compared
with normal batteries such as Biodegradable and non-toxic, recyclable, durable,
rechargeable, no leakage and overheating, very light weight and flexible,
customizable output voltage. By following and employing the above mentioned
principles many of the future problems can be solved amicably.
2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
1.1.Introduction to Ordinary Battery
1.2.Introduction to Paper Battery
CHAPTER 2 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.1.Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotubes
2.2.Development
CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY
3.1.Structure
CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
4.1.Construction
CHAPTER 5 WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
5.1.Working
CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY
6.1.Advantages
6.2.Durability
CHAPTER 7 APPLICATIONS OF PAPER BATTERY
7.1.Electronics
7.2.Medical Sciences
7.3.Automobiles and Aircrafts
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. 3
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.
Figure 1.1.1 Ordinary Battery
Figure 1.1.2 Conventional Battery
Figure 1.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
Figure 1.2.2 Paper Battery
Figure 1.2.3 Paper Battery
Figure 2.1.1 CNT in Paper Battery
Figure 2.2.1 Development of Paper Battery
Figure 3.1.1 Paper Battery Structure
Figure 4.1.1 Spreading CNT ink
Figure 4.1.2 Drying of CNT by Microwave Oven
Figure 4.1.3 LED glown using Paper Battery
Figure 6.1.1 Eco-Friendly Battery
4. 4
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
1.1. Introduction to Ordinary Battery
Ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight battery to power the devices
that are now enabling the printed word to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-books an online
news. Scientists at Stanford University in California reported on Monday they have
successfully turned paper coated with ink made of silver and carbon nano materials
into a "paper battery" that holds promise for new types of lightweight, high-
performance energy storage.
The same feature that helps ink adhere to paper allows it to hold onto the single-
walled carbon nanotubes and silver nano wire films. Earlier research found that
silicon nano wires could be used to make batteries 10 times as powerful as lithium-
ion batteries now used to power devices such as laptop computers.
Figure 1.1.1 Ordinary Battery
5. 5
"Taking advantage of the mature paper technology, low cost, light and high-
performance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as current
collectors and electrodes," the scientists said in research published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This type of battery could be useful in powering electric or hybrid vehicles, would
make electronics lighter weight and longer lasting, and might even lead someday to
paper electronics, the scientists said. Battery weight and life have been an obstacle to
commercial viability of electric-powered cars and trucks."Society really needs a
low-cost, high-performance energy storage device, such as batteries and simple
super capacitors," Stanford assistant professor of materials science and engineering
and paper co-author Yi Cui said.
Cui said in an e-mail that in addition to being useful for portable electronics and
wearable electronics, "Our paper super capacitors can be used for all kinds of
applications that require instant high power.”
Figure 1.1.2 Conventional Battery
6. 6
1.2. Introduction to PaperBattery
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed
by combining carbon nanotube with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A
paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two
components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the
battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.
Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of
electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs
and medical technologies.
Figure 1.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
7. 7
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications
without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one in half halves its energy
production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device
are able to produce 2.5 volts of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.
Figure 1.2.2 paper Battery
The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon
nanotubes that are each approximately one millionth of a centimeter thick. The
carbon is what gives the batteries their black color. These tiny filaments act like the
electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting electricity when the paper
comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution. Ionic liquids contain no water,
which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in extreme environmental
conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between -75 and 150 degrees
Celsius.
8. 8
One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nanotubes on a silicon
substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the
matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate, exposing one end of
the carbon nanotubes to act as an electrode.
Figure 1.2.3 Paper Battery
9. 9
When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super
capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This
liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood,
sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in
paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally friendly,
especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in many
present-day electronic devices and laptops.
Widespread commercial deployment of paper batteries will rely on the
development of more inexpensive manufacturing techniques for carbon nanotubes.
As a result of the potentially transformative applications in electronics, aerospace,
hybrid vehicles and medical science, however, numerous companies and
organizations are pursuing the development of paper batteries. In addition to the
developments announced in 2007 at RPI and MIT, researchers in Singapore
announced that they had developed a paper battery powered by ionic solutions in
2005. NEC has also invested in R&D into paper batteries for potential applications
in its electronic devices. Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for
any number of devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags,
cosmetics, drug-delivery systems and pacemakers.
A capacitor introduced into an organism could be implanted fully dry
and then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to generate voltage. Paper
batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially addressed by current e-cycling
and other electronics disposal methods increasingly advocated for by the green
computing movement.
10. 10
CHAPTER – 2
MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.1. Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotubes
One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nano tubes on a silicon substrate and
then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the matrix has dried,
the material can be peeled off of the substrate, exposing one end of the carbon nano
tubes to act as an electrode.
Figure 2.1.1 CNT in Paper Battery
11. 11
When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super
capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This
liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood,
sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in
paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally friendly,
especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in many
present-day electronic devices and laptops.
Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics, drug-
delivery systems and pacemakers. A capacitor introduced into an organism could be
implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to
generate voltage. Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially
addressed by current e-cycling and other electronics disposal methods increasingly
advocated for by the green computing movement.
12. 12
2.2. Development
The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool of
disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry.
The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the battery’s
electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water, means there’s nothing
in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper energy
storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures. It gives the battery the ability to
function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero.
The use of ionic liquid also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team
printed paper batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that
naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to
activate the battery device.
Cellulose-based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light, and
recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. These attributes
turn paper a quite interesting material to produce very cheap disposable electronic
devices with the great advantage of being environmental friendly. The recent
evolution of thin-film electronic devices such as paper transistors, transparent thin-
film transistors based on semiconductor oxides, and paper memory, open the
possibility to produce low cost disposable electronics in large scale. Common to all
these advances is the use of cellulose fiber-based paper as an active material in
opposition to other ink-jet printed active-matrix display and thin-film transistors
reports where paper acts only as a passive element (substrate). Batteries in which a
paper matrix is incorporated with carbon nanotubes, or biofluid and water activated
batteries with a filter paper have been reported, but it is not known a work where the
paper itself is the core of the device performance.
13. 13
Figure 2.2.1 Development of Paper Battery
With the present work, we expect to contribute to the first step of an incoming
disruptive concept related to the production of self-sustained paper electronic
systems where the power supply is integrated in the electronic circuits to fabricate
fully self sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low electrical consumption
systems such as tags, games or displays.
14. 14
In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper as
electrolyte and physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer of a metal
or metal oxide is deposited in one side of a commercial paper sheet while in the
opposite face a metal or metal oxide with opposite electrochemical potential is also
deposited. The simplest structure produced is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such
as Al paper WO TCO were also tested, leading to batteries with open circuit
voltages varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V.
On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the relative
humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the battery. The set of
batteries characterized show stable performance after being tested by more than 115
hours, under standard atmospheric conditions [room temperature, RT (22 C) and
60% air humidity, RH]. In this work we also present as a proof of concept a paper
transistor in which the gate ON/OFF state is controlled by a non-encapsulated 3 V
integrated paper battery.
15. 15
CHAPTER-3
STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY
3.1. Structure:
Cathode: Carbon Nanotube
Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
Electrolyte: bio electrolytes like urine, blood and sweat. (All electrolytes can
be used)
Separator: Cellulose or Paper
Figure 3.1.1. Paper Battery Structure
16. 16
CHAPTER-4
CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
4.1. Construction
First take a rectangular shaped paper (cellulose).
Now made a coating of ionic solution on this paper surface.
Then spread the specially prepared carbon nanotubes ink over this ionic
coated paper.
The other side of the paper is laminated with a thin film or layer of lithium.
Aluminum rods are used to transfer current between the 2 electrodes.
Figure 4.1.1. Spreading CNT ink
19. 19
CHAPTER-5
WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
5.1. Working of Paper Battery
The internal performance of paper batteries is identical to that of a traditional battery
by generating a voltage about 1.5V. We can recall the working principles of a
traditional batteries where ions (+ ve charged particles) and electrons (- ve charged
particles) moves between the electrodes, anode (+ve electrode) and cathode (-ve
electrode). Due to the flow of electrons from cathode to anode, current start flowing
from anode to cathode along the conductor.
Similarly in Paper Batteries, the metal (Lithium) is used as the anode and carbon
nanotubes as cathode and also the paper or cellulose is used as the separator. Due to
the chemical reaction between the electrolyte and carbon, electrons are generated.
Similarly due to the chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal, ions are
generated. These generated electrons starts flow through the external circuit from
cathode to the anode.
20. 20
CHAPTER-6
ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY
6.1. Advantages of PaperBattery
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes
embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive
for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys (such as model aircraft),
while their ability to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for
medical devices such as pacemakers.
The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic
materials and can be biodegradable, a major drawback of chemical cells. Currently
they are making devices a few inches in size.
In order to be commercially viable, they would like to be able to make them
newspaper size which taken all together would be powerful enough to power a car.
Paper battery can both be used as super capacitor and battery. They are very flexible,
ultrathin, nontoxic and biodegradable battery. It provides long life, steady power.
They offer high energy efficiency, low cost, easily disposed. They produce 1.5v
energy and are rechargeable.
21. 21
6.2. Durability
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility, the sheets
can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity
or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic pile), to boosttotal output.
As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
It’s essentially a regular piece of paper, but it’s made in a very intelligent way. A
postage stamp sized paper battery can illuminate a small bulb. As we can see a
small piece of paper can illuminate a small bulb, if in future some several reams of
paper would generate huge power as it is much durable.
Figure 6.1.1. Eco-friendly Battery
22. 22
CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS OF PAPER BATTERY
7.1. Electronics
Paper batteries are used mainly in many electronic devices, such as mobile phones,
laptop batteries, calculators, digital cameras and also in wireless devices like
mouse, keyboard, speakers and headsets.
7.2. MedicalSciences
Paper batteries are used in the medical field such as for making pacemakers for the
heart, artificial tissues, drug delivery systems, cosmetics and in biosensors.
7.3. Automobiles and Aircrafts
Paper batteries are used in automobiles and aircraft such as in light weight, guided
missiles, hybrid car batteries, long air flights and in satellite programs for powering
electronic devices.
23. 23
CONCLUSION
A postage stamp sized paper battery can illuminate a small bulb, but in future
several reams of paper are wished to produce large electricity. Paper battery was a
glimpse into the future of power storage. In future, they can be largely employed in
the fields of electronics, medical sciences, automobiles and aircrafts.
24. 24
REFERENCES
[1] E. Fortunato, N. Correia, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, G. Goncalves, and R.
Martins, “High-performance flexible hybrid field-effect transistors based on
cellulose fiber paper,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 988– 990,
Sep. 2008.
[2] E. Fortunato, A. Goncalves, A. Pimentel, P. Barquinha, G. Goncalves, L.
Pereira, I. Ferreira, and R. Martins, “Zinc oxide, a multifunctional material: From
material to device applications,” Appl.Phys.—Materials Science & Processing, vol.
96, pp. 197–206, Jul. 2009.
[3] R. Martins, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, N. Correia, G. Gonçalves, I. Ferreira,
and E. Fortunato, “Write-erase and read paper memory transistor,” Appl. Phys.
Lett., vol. 93, p. 203501, Nov. 2008.
[4] P. Andersson, D. Nilsson, P.-O. Svensson, M. Chen, A. Malmstrom, T.
Remonen, T. Kugler, and M. Berggren, “Active matrix displays based on all-
organic electrochemical smart pixels printed on paper,” Adv. Mater., vol. 14, no.
20, pp. 1460–1464, Oct. 2002.
[5] J. Sun, Q.Wan, A. Lu, and J. Jiang, “Low-voltage electric-double-layer paper
transistors gated by microporous SiO processed at room temperature,” Appl. Phys.
Lett., vol. 95, pp. 222108-1–222108-3, Nov. 2009.
[6] V. L. Pushparaj, M. M. Shaijumon, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai,
R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, and P. M. Ajayan, “Flexible energy storage devices
based on nanocomposite paper,” PNAS, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 13574–13577, Aug.
2007.
[7] K. B. Lee, “Two-step activation of paper batteries for high power generation:
Design and fabrication of biofluid- and water-activated paper batteries,” J.
Micromech. Microeng., vol. 16, pp. 2312–2317, Sept. 2006.
[8] B. Bras, “Produção e Caracterização de Bateriais de Filme Fino em Substrato
de Papel,” M.Sc. Thesis, FCT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 2009, ed. FCT-UNL.