this presentation has brief about HIV, AIDS, some rough statistics of AIDS in INDIA and mechanism of HIV infection, modes of transmission, the diagnosis and treatments of AIDS.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
Vibrio cholera with other vibrio species are described in thispresentation along with their biochemical properties and laboratory diagnosis, A short slide on halophilic vibrios is also added
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
Vibrio cholera with other vibrio species are described in thispresentation along with their biochemical properties and laboratory diagnosis, A short slide on halophilic vibrios is also added
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) InfectionArwa M. Amin
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This Presentation is for Educational Purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
The theme for the 2020 observance is “Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Resilience and Impact” (“Erradicar la epidemia del VIH/SIDA: Resiliencia e Impacto”). World AIDS Day was first observed in 1988.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
Presented By:-Sakshi Sharma
INCLUDES-
•Introduction to AIDS and HIV
•Difference between HIV and
AIDS
•Mechanism of HIV infection
•Modes of Transmission
•Diagnosis of AIDS
•Cures and Treatments of AIDS
2. Introduction to AIDS-
Acquired (not born with)
Immune (body’s defense system)
Deficiency (not working properly)
Syndrome (a group of signs and symptoms.
• AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the
final stage of HIV born disease.
• Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due
to markedly reduced helper T cells, hence, patients
have a very weak immune system (defence
mechanism).
• Patients predisposed to multiple opportunistic
infections leading to death.
3. Introduction to HIV-
• HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
• Also known by the names-
1. Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-III)
2. Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
3. AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV)
• Human: Can live only in humans
• Immunodeficiency: Damages the immune system of
people it infects
• Virus: ◦ Retrovirus (Nucleic material as RNA).
• Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the body of
the host (defense mechanism of a person).
4. Virology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-
•Icosahedral (20 sided), enveloped virus of the lentivirus
subfamily of retroviruses.
•Retroviruses transcribe RNA to DNA.Two viral strands of
RNA found in core surrounded by protein outer coat.
•Outer envelope contains a lipid matrix within which
specific viral glycoproteins are imbedded.
•These knob-like structures responsible for binding to target
cell.
5. Difference between HIV and AIDS-
•HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease.
•HIV develops into AIDS.
•AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defense mechanism or
immune system.
•AIDS is acquired, not hereditary.
•Leads to conditions in humans which progressively leads to
failure of the immune system and allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
•AIDS is not the necessary result of infection with a
pathogen. It may or may not occur in someone with HIV,
When the virus is suppressed, people may never become
immune deficient. They may never develop AIDS.
8. • Viral replication (8-10 years) CD4 cell death Further
impairment of immune system Increased likelihood of
opportunistic infections (OIs) AIDS.
9. Mode of Transmission-
1. Unprotected Intercourse-
• Sexual relations without a condom with either vaginal or
anal penetration are the primary modes of transmission
for the virus. It doesn’t take much; a single sexual
encounter is enough for the virus to be transmitted.
• During oral sex, if there are any lesions present in the
mouth (ulcers, irritation of the gums…), then contact
between the oral and genital mucosa can become an entry
point for HIV.
• Even sex toys should be used with a condom, and should
be changed with each use.
10. 2. BLOOD and other BODY FLUIDS-
Intravenous drug use is also a common mode of
transmission of the virus. It is imperative to use
only sterile injection material and never to share
syringes to shoot up.
• Accupuncture, tattooing, and piercing also carry a risk if
the rules of sterilization and hygiene are not respected, or
materials are used more than once.
• Through blood transfusion with HIV infected person,
any open wound as it is present in blood stream of
humans including menstrual blood.
• Needles used by HIV Infected person if used by a
healthy person can cause HIV infection in normal
person’s body.
11. 3. MOTHER/CHILD-
When a woman has HIV, pregnancy, childbirth and
breastfeeding all carry a risk of transmitting the virus to
the child. Where available, treatments have greatly
reduced these risks.
4. PERSONAL HYGIENE-
Avoid sharing any personal hygiene items that could
come in contact with blood: razors, toothbrushes…
13. Tests for detection of HIV-
Tests Reference Data
HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Screening test for HIV Sensitivity
> 99.9%.
Western blot Screening test for HIV Simple to
perform.
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute
HIV infection Correlates with
disease progression and response
to HAART.
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count Predictor of HIV progression Risk
of opportunistic infections and
AIDS when <200.
14. Other tests-
URINE WESTERN BLOT –
•As sensitive as testing blood.
•Safe way to screen for HIV.
•Can cause false positives in certain people at high risk for
HIV.
ORASURE-Also called as Oral Testing.
•The only FDA approved HIV antibody. • As accurate as
blood testing.
•Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue.
•IT IS NOT A SALIVA TEST!
DNA PCR
P24 Antigen-Antibody Reaction