HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood or needles, or from mother to child. While not curable, HIV is manageable with antiretroviral treatment. People progress through acute, asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS stages over many years without treatment. Opportunistic infections often cause death in late stage AIDS when CD4 counts drop very low. Testing and prevention strategies like abstinence, monogamy, condoms and sterile needles can help control the epidemic.
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be occupational hazard for surgeons. Universal precautions like proper protective equipment and disposal of contaminated waste are important to prevent transmission. Current antiretroviral therapy uses combination of three or more drugs like nucleoside analogs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. This effectively suppresses the virus and prevents opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic. As the virus destroys CD4+ T cells over time, it progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, defined by specific infections or a low CD4+ count. Common infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and various cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma. There is no vaccine or cure, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including what it is, how it is transmitted, stages of infection, testing and treatment options, and prevention methods. HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted via bodily fluids and from mother to child. Though preventable and manageable, there is currently no cure. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. The best ways to prevent transmission are abstinence, monogamy, safe sex practices, clean needles, and avoiding blood exposure.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, describing what each abbreviation stands for and providing details about the virus, how it is transmitted, stages of infection, opportunistic infections, screening tests, treatment, and prevention methods. It defines HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system and AIDS as the late stage where opportunistic infections take hold. Transmission occurs via blood, semen, vaginal and cervical fluids mainly through unprotected sex and sharing of needles. Prevention includes abstinence, monogamy, condom use, and clean needles.
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood or needles, or from mother to child. While not curable, HIV is manageable with antiretroviral treatment. People progress through acute, asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS stages over many years without treatment. Opportunistic infections often cause death in late stage AIDS when CD4 counts drop very low. Testing and prevention strategies like abstinence, monogamy, condoms and sterile needles can help control the epidemic.
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be occupational hazard for surgeons. Universal precautions like proper protective equipment and disposal of contaminated waste are important to prevent transmission. Current antiretroviral therapy uses combination of three or more drugs like nucleoside analogs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. This effectively suppresses the virus and prevents opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic. As the virus destroys CD4+ T cells over time, it progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, defined by specific infections or a low CD4+ count. Common infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and various cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma. There is no vaccine or cure, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including what it is, how it is transmitted, stages of infection, testing and treatment options, and prevention methods. HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted via bodily fluids and from mother to child. Though preventable and manageable, there is currently no cure. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. The best ways to prevent transmission are abstinence, monogamy, safe sex practices, clean needles, and avoiding blood exposure.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, describing what each abbreviation stands for and providing details about the virus, how it is transmitted, stages of infection, opportunistic infections, screening tests, treatment, and prevention methods. It defines HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system and AIDS as the late stage where opportunistic infections take hold. Transmission occurs via blood, semen, vaginal and cervical fluids mainly through unprotected sex and sharing of needles. Prevention includes abstinence, monogamy, condom use, and clean needles.
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T-lymphocytes and can be transmitted sexually or through blood/bodily fluids. Infection progresses as the CD4+ cell count drops, eventually leading to opportunistic infections that define AIDS. Autopsy findings include lymphoid depletion, opportunistic infections, and cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma. Neurological complications are also common in later stages, including HIV encephalitis characterized by inflammatory lesions in the brain.
The theme for the 2020 observance is “Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Resilience and Impact” (“Erradicar la epidemia del VIH/SIDA: Resiliencia e Impacto”). World AIDS Day was first observed in 1988.
THE BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HIV AND HOW IT DESTRUCT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. THEN LEADS TO AIDS. PRESENTATION ALSO EXPLAINS THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV, ITS TREATMENT
WHY WE DONT HAVE VACCINE FOR HIV AND WHAT ARE THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT..
I HOPE IT WILL EXPLAIN WELL ABOUT HIV INFECTION AND AIDS, MAY PROVE USEFUL FOR YOU GUYS.....
The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for AIDS, but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections. Scientists are working to develop more effective treatments such as protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and affects millions worldwide. The disease progresses from acute infection to AIDS as CD4 counts decline. Symptoms range from flu-like illness to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves virus detection, antibody testing, and CD4 counts. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy using multiple drug classes can control the virus and prevent complications. Proper treatment and preventative measures are important for management.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and affects millions worldwide. The disease progresses from acute infection to AIDS as CD4 counts decline. Symptoms range from flu-like illness to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves virus detection, antibody testing, and CD4 counts. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy using multiple drug classes can control the virus and prevent complications. Proper treatment and preventative measures are important for management.
hiv / aids final managment -180417201129.pdfdeborayilma
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and is a global epidemic affecting millions. While not curable, it can be managed through antiretroviral drug therapy. HIV progresses to AIDS when the immune system is severely damaged, making one susceptible to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies, viral load, and CD4 count. Treatment aims to suppress the virus and prevent complications through combination antiretroviral regimens.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It provides an introduction to HIV and AIDS, including how HIV infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency. It also discusses the taxonomy of HIV, morphology, epidemiology in Nigeria and globally, reservoirs and transmission routes. Testing methods for HIV include antibody, nucleic acid and antigen testing to diagnose infection.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
HIV/AIDS remains a major global epidemic, infecting over 59 million people worldwide since the 1980s and causing over 20 million deaths. Developing countries account for most new HIV infections, with sub-Saharan Africa the hardest hit region. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment using antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent transmission. Developing an effective HIV vaccine remains challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing definitions and descriptions. It begins by defining HIV as the human immunodeficiency virus that infects and damages cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells. It then defines AIDS as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged. The document goes on to provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, describing its identification and naming over time. It concludes by outlining global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS and discussing the Bangladesh situation.
The document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV has infected 59 million people worldwide, with 20 million deaths. Developing countries account for 64% of cases and 2/3 of new infections.
2. Common early symptoms of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, and gastrointestinal issues.
3. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
4. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent transmission.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily infects helper T cells in the immune system, which causes the immune system to fail over time. There are two types of HIV that infect humans - HIV-1, which is more prevalent and virulent, and HIV-2, which is less so. HIV is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can effectively suppress the virus and allow those infected to live longer, healthier lives.
This document summarizes AIDS and HIV. It describes HIV as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells and weakening the immune system. HIV infection progresses from acute infection to AIDS over many years without treatment. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed through antibody and viral load tests. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV attacks the immune system, specifically targeting white blood cells and weakening immunity.
- There are two main types, HIV-1 being more prevalent worldwide. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child.
- As the virus progresses it can lead to opportunistic infections as immunity is lost, and without treatment ultimately results in AIDS.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS in children. It defines HIV as a virus that infects and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the syndrome that occurs when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV. HIV is usually transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Children with HIV may show no symptoms for years but can eventually develop infections like pneumonia or develop AIDS. There are screening tests to detect HIV in children but no vaccine or cure currently exists. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T-lymphocytes and can be transmitted sexually or through blood/bodily fluids. Infection progresses as the CD4+ cell count drops, eventually leading to opportunistic infections that define AIDS. Autopsy findings include lymphoid depletion, opportunistic infections, and cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma. Neurological complications are also common in later stages, including HIV encephalitis characterized by inflammatory lesions in the brain.
The theme for the 2020 observance is “Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Resilience and Impact” (“Erradicar la epidemia del VIH/SIDA: Resiliencia e Impacto”). World AIDS Day was first observed in 1988.
THE BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HIV AND HOW IT DESTRUCT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. THEN LEADS TO AIDS. PRESENTATION ALSO EXPLAINS THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV, ITS TREATMENT
WHY WE DONT HAVE VACCINE FOR HIV AND WHAT ARE THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT..
I HOPE IT WILL EXPLAIN WELL ABOUT HIV INFECTION AND AIDS, MAY PROVE USEFUL FOR YOU GUYS.....
The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for AIDS, but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections. Scientists are working to develop more effective treatments such as protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and affects millions worldwide. The disease progresses from acute infection to AIDS as CD4 counts decline. Symptoms range from flu-like illness to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves virus detection, antibody testing, and CD4 counts. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy using multiple drug classes can control the virus and prevent complications. Proper treatment and preventative measures are important for management.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and affects millions worldwide. The disease progresses from acute infection to AIDS as CD4 counts decline. Symptoms range from flu-like illness to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves virus detection, antibody testing, and CD4 counts. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy using multiple drug classes can control the virus and prevent complications. Proper treatment and preventative measures are important for management.
hiv / aids final managment -180417201129.pdfdeborayilma
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and is a global epidemic affecting millions. While not curable, it can be managed through antiretroviral drug therapy. HIV progresses to AIDS when the immune system is severely damaged, making one susceptible to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies, viral load, and CD4 count. Treatment aims to suppress the virus and prevent complications through combination antiretroviral regimens.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It provides an introduction to HIV and AIDS, including how HIV infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency. It also discusses the taxonomy of HIV, morphology, epidemiology in Nigeria and globally, reservoirs and transmission routes. Testing methods for HIV include antibody, nucleic acid and antigen testing to diagnose infection.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
HIV/AIDS remains a major global epidemic, infecting over 59 million people worldwide since the 1980s and causing over 20 million deaths. Developing countries account for most new HIV infections, with sub-Saharan Africa the hardest hit region. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment using antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent transmission. Developing an effective HIV vaccine remains challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing definitions and descriptions. It begins by defining HIV as the human immunodeficiency virus that infects and damages cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells. It then defines AIDS as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged. The document goes on to provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, describing its identification and naming over time. It concludes by outlining global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS and discussing the Bangladesh situation.
The document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV has infected 59 million people worldwide, with 20 million deaths. Developing countries account for 64% of cases and 2/3 of new infections.
2. Common early symptoms of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, and gastrointestinal issues.
3. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
4. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent transmission.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily infects helper T cells in the immune system, which causes the immune system to fail over time. There are two types of HIV that infect humans - HIV-1, which is more prevalent and virulent, and HIV-2, which is less so. HIV is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can effectively suppress the virus and allow those infected to live longer, healthier lives.
This document summarizes AIDS and HIV. It describes HIV as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells and weakening the immune system. HIV infection progresses from acute infection to AIDS over many years without treatment. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed through antibody and viral load tests. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV attacks the immune system, specifically targeting white blood cells and weakening immunity.
- There are two main types, HIV-1 being more prevalent worldwide. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child.
- As the virus progresses it can lead to opportunistic infections as immunity is lost, and without treatment ultimately results in AIDS.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS in children. It defines HIV as a virus that infects and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the syndrome that occurs when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV. HIV is usually transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Children with HIV may show no symptoms for years but can eventually develop infections like pneumonia or develop AIDS. There are screening tests to detect HIV in children but no vaccine or cure currently exists. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression.
Similar to lecture 10..............................pdf (20)
lecture 2 health assessment physical examination.pptxSaad49687
The document provides information on conducting a health assessment. It discusses preparing the environment and client for a physical examination. The physical examination involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to systematically assess the general physical and mental condition of the body. Inspection uses the senses of vision, smell, and hearing to observe body parts. Palpation involves touching and feeling body parts to determine texture, temperature, moisture, organ location, and consistency. Percussion assesses the density of underlying structures by tapping portions of the body. Auscultation listens to body sounds such as air movement, blood flow, and fluid and gas movement.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal tract, including its main divisions and organs. It describes the functions of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It discusses symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases like abdominal pain, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation, diarrhea and gastroesophageal reflux disease. It also covers causes, symptoms and treatments of peptic ulcers.
This document outlines key facts and recommendations around infant and young child feeding from the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for infant health, growth, and development. Breastfeeding helps reduce infant mortality from diarrhea and respiratory infection. It also protects against obesity and chronic diseases later in life. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, followed by continued breastfeeding plus complementary foods up to two years or beyond. The document also describes the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and its "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding" to promote breastfeeding best practices in maternity facilities.
The document discusses two common laboratory sterilization instruments: autoclaves and dry ovens. Autoclaves use high-pressure steam to sterilize materials, while dry ovens use dry heat. There are different types of autoclaves including gravity displacement and pre-vacuum models. Sterilization cycles in autoclaves involve purging air, exposing items to high temperature/pressure, and exhausting steam. Dry ovens operate at temperatures over 180°C to kill bacterial spores using hot air, but are not suitable for heat-sensitive items. Proper use, maintenance and packaging are important for effective sterilization with both instruments.
There are two main types of vaccines. Protein subunit vaccines contain only the antigenic proteins of a virus without genetic material, making them relatively safer as they cannot replicate inside the body. However, they require multiple doses and adjuvants to produce long-term immunity and a strong immune response. DNA and viral vector vaccines deliver genetic material that causes cells to produce viral proteins to train the immune system.
The document discusses the basic components of a computer system including hardware and software. It describes the main hardware components as the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and hard disk drive), input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices like monitors. It provides details on the functions of the CPU, RAM, hard disk drives, and differences between hard disk drives and solid state drives. It also explains common keyboard shortcuts and mouse functions like left clicking, right clicking, and double clicking.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation. It describes classes of drugs like H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, cytoprotective agents, antiemetics, antimotility agents, and laxatives. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects for treating various GI conditions.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. WHAT IS HIV??
“Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
A unique type of virus (a retrovirus)
Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the body
of the host (defense mechanism of a person)
Threatening a global epidemic.
Preventable, manageable but not curable.
3. OTHER NAMES FOR HIV
Former names of the virus include:
Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-III)
Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV)
AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV)
4. WHAT IS AIDS ???
“Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due
to markedly reduced helper T cells.
Patients have a very weak immune system (defense
mechanism)
Patients predisposed to multiple opportunistic
infections leading to death.
5. AIDS (definition)
Opportunistic infections and malignancies that rarely
occur in the absence of severe immunodeficiency
(eg, Pneumocystis pneumonia, central nervous
system lymphoma).
Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever
had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or
a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are
considered to have AIDS.
6. HIV
•Human Immunodeficiency Virus
•H = Infects only Human beings
•I = Immunodeficiency virus weakens
the immune system and increases the
risk of infection
•V = Virus that attacks the body
7. AIDS
•Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
•A = Acquired, not inherited
•I = Weakens the Immune system
•D = Creates a Deficiency of CD4+
cells in the immune system
•S = Syndrome, or a group of illnesses
taking place at the same time
8. HIV and AIDS
• When the immune system
becomes weakened by HIV, the
illness progresses to AIDS
• Some blood tests, symptoms or
certain infections indicate
progression of HIV to AIDS
9. HIV-1 and HIV-2
• • HIV-1 and HIV-2 are
• Transmitted through the same routes
• Associated with similar opportunistic
infections
▪ • HIV-1 is more common worldwide
▪ • HIV-2 is found in West Africa, Mozambique,
and Angola
10. HIV-1 and HIV-2
• HIV-2 is less easily transmitted
• HIV-2 is less pathogenic
• Duration of HIV-2 infection is shorter
• Mother To Children Transmission of HIV is
relatively rare with HIV-2
11. “THE VIRAL GENOME”
Icosahedral (20-sided), enveloped virus of the
lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses.
Retroviruses transcribe RNA to DNA.
Two viral strands of RNA
found in core surrounded by
protein outer coat.
Outer envelope contains a lipid
matrix within which specific viral
glycoproteins are imbedded.
These knob-like structures
responsible for binding to target
cell.
12. Modes of HIV/AIDS Transmission
◼ Blood products
◼ Semen
◼ Vaginal fluids
◼ Breast Milk
Through Bodily Fluids
13. IntraVenous Drug Abuse
Sharing Needles
Without sterilization Increases the chances of
contracting HIV
Unsterilized blades
14. Through sex (Unprotected )Intercourse
Oral
Anal
From mother to baby
Before Birth
During Birth
15. Transmission of HIV
HIV is not transmitted by
• Public baths
• Handshakes
• Work or school contact
• Using telephones
• Sharing cups, glasses,
plates, or other utensils
• Coughing, sneezing
• Insect bites
• Touching, hugging
• Water, food
• Kissing
16. NATURAL COURSE OF HIV/AIDS
Stage 1 - Primary
Short, flu-like illness -
occurs one to six
weeks after infection
Mild symptoms
Infected person can
infect other people
17. Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollen glands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to low
levels
HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
18. Stage 3 - Symptomatic
The immune system deteriorates
Opportunistic infections and cancers start to
appear.
19. Stage 4 - HIV AIDS
The immune system
weakens too much as
CD4 cells decrease in
number.
23. TB & HIV CO-INFECTION
TB is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV and
the first cause of mortality in HIV infected patients (10-30%)
10 million patients co-infected in the world.
Immunosuppression induced by HIV modifies the
clinical presentation of TB :
Subnormal clinical
High rate of treatment failure and relapse (5% vs < 1% in HIV)
24. Blood Detection Tests
HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Screening test for HIV
Sensitivity > 99.9%
Western blot Confirmatory test
Speicificity > 99.9% (when combined with
ELIZA)
HIV rapid antibody test Screening test for HIV
Simple to perform
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count Predictor of HIV progression
Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when
<200
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression and
response to HAART
25. Oral Testing
Orasure
The only FDA approved HIV
antibody.
As accurate as blood testing
Draws blood-derived fluids from
the gum tissue.
NOT A SALIVA TEST!
