The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including what it is, how it is transmitted, stages of infection, testing and treatment options, and prevention methods. HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted via bodily fluids and from mother to child. Though preventable and manageable, there is currently no cure. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. The best ways to prevent transmission are abstinence, monogamy, safe sex practices, clean needles, and avoiding blood exposure.

2. WHAT IS
HIV??
“Human ImmunodeficiencyVirus”
 A unique type of virus (a retrovirus)
Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the bodyof
the host (defense mechanism of a person)
Threatening a global epidemic.
Preventable, managable but not curable.

3. WHAT IS AIDS
???
 “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
 HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
 Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection
due to markedly reduced helper T cells.
Patients have a very weak immune system(defense
mechanism)
Patients predisposed to multipleopportunistic
infections leading to death.

4. AIDS (definition)
Opportunistic infections and malignancies that
rarely occur in the absence of severe
immunodeficiency (eg, Pneumocystis pneumonia,
central nervous system lymphoma).
Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever
had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or
a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are
considered to have AIDS.

7. Modes of
HIV/AIDS
Transmission

9. ThroughBodily
Fluids
Blood products
Semen
Vaginal fluids

10. IntraVenous Drug
Abuse
Sharing Needles
 Without sterilization Increases the chancesof
contracting HIV
Unsterilized blades

11. Through
Sex
Unprotected Intercourse


Oral
Anal

12. Mother-to-
Baby
Before Birth
During Birth

14. NATURAL COURSE OF
HIV/AIDS

15. Stage 1 - Primary
Short, flu-likeillness
- occurs one to six
weeks after infection
 Mild symptoms
 Infected person can
infect other people

16. Stage 2 -
Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of tenyears
This stage is free fromsymptoms
There may be swollenglands
 The level of HIV in the blood drops tolow
levels
 HIV antibodies are detectable in theblood

17. Stage 3 -
Symptomatic
 The immune systemdeteriorates
Opportunistic infections and cancers start to
appear.

18. Stage 4 - HIV 
AIDS
 The immunesystem
weakens too much as
CD4 cells decrease in
number.

19. Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS
CD4<500
Bacterial infections
Tuberculosis (TB)
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
Vaginal candidiasis
Hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi’s sarcoma

20. TB & HIV CO-INFECTION
 T B is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV and
the first cause of mortality in HIV infected patients (10-
30%)
 1 0 million patients co-infected in the world.
Immunosuppression induced by HIV modifies the
clinical presentation of TB :
1. Subnormal clinical and roentgen presentation
2. High rate of MDR/XDR
3. High rate of treatment failure and relapse (5% vs < 1% in HIV)

22. Testing Options for
HIV

23. Blood Detection
Tests
HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Western blot
HIV rapid antibody test
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count
Screening test for HIV
Sensitivity > 99.9%
Confirmatory test
Speicificity > 99.9% (when combined with
ELIZA)
Screening test for HIV
Simple to perform
Predictor of HIV progression
Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when
<200
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression and
response to HAART

24. Treatment
Options

25. HAART = highly active anti-retroviral treatment

26. Antiretroviral Drugs
(HAART)
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
 AZT (Zidovudine)
Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors
 Viramune (Nevirapine)
Protease inhibitors
 Norvir (Ritonavir)

27. PRIMARY PREVENTION:
Five ways to protect
yourself?
Abstinence
Monogamous Relationship
Protected Sex
Sterile needles
 New shaving/cuttingblades

28. Abstinenc
e
 I t is the most effective method of not acquiring
HIV/AIDS.
Refraining from unprotected sex: oral, anal, or
vaginal.
Refraining from intravenous drug use

29. Monogamous relationship
 A mutually monogamous relationship with
aperson who is not infected with HIV
 HIV testing before intercourse is necessaryto
prove your partner is not infected

30. Protected
Sex
 Use condoms every time youhave
sex
Always use latex or polyurethane
condom (not a natural skin
condom)
Always use a latex barrierduring
oral sex

31. When Using A Condom Remember
To:
Make sure the packageis
not expired
Make sure to checkthe
package for damages
 D o not open the package
with your teeth for risk of
tearing
Never use thecondom
more than once
 Use water-basedrather
than oil-based condoms

42. Myths about transmission