Semiconductor microwave devices are electronic components like diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits used in high frequency applications ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. Common semiconductor microwave devices include PIN diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes, and Schottky diodes which are used as switches, attenuators, microwave generators, and for generating microwave radio frequencies. Transistors like bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors are also important semiconductor microwave devices.

2. SEMICONDUCTOR MICROWAVE
DEVICES
PRESENTED BY: ARSHAD ALI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING NUML ISLAMABAD.

3. WHAT ARE MICROWAVE DEVICES?
• Microwaves, also referred to as "micro-kilowaves", are
electromagnetic waves that have wavelengths
approximately in the range of 1 Ghz to 300 Ghz, which
is relatively short for radio waves.
• Microwaves can be generated by a variety of means,
generally divided into two categories: solid state devices
and vacuum-tube based devices

4. WHAT IS SEMICONDUCTOR
MICROWAVE DEVICES?
• Semiconductor microwave devices are electronic devices
(diodes, transistors or I.C) used in high frequency
applications.
Semiconductor microwave devices are:
• Diodes, PIN Diode, Gunn Diode, Impatt Diode, Schottky
Diode.

5. DIODES:
• Diodes are two-terminal, nonlinear semiconductors used for
generating, mixing, detection, and switching of microwave
signals.
PIN Diode:
A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic
semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type
semiconductor region.

6. OPERATION OF PIN
DIODE:
• A PIN diode operates under what is known as high-level
injection. In other words, the intrinsic "i" region is flooded
with charge carriers from the "p" and "n" regions.
• Application:
PIN diodes are useful as
• RF switches Attenuators
•
PIN Diode Contt…

7. GUNN DIODE
• A Gunn diode is also known as a transferred electron device (TED). It is a
form of diode used in high-frequency electronics. It is somewhat unusual
that it consists only of n-doped semiconductor material, whereas most
diodes consist of both P and N-doped regions.

8. OPERATION OF GUNN
DIODE
• When a voltage is placed across the device, most of the voltage
appears across the inner active region. when the voltage across the
active region reaches a certain point a current is initiated and travels
across the active region.
• Application:
• microwave current generator
• efficient microwave generators with a frequency range of up to
hundreds of GHz
• microwave transmitters to generate microwave radio waves at very
low powers.
GUNN Diode Contt……

9. IMPATT DIODE
• The IMPATT diode or IMPact ionisation Avalanche Transit
Time diode is an RF semiconductor device that is used for
generating microwave radio frequency signals.
• At breakdown, the n – region is punched through and forms
the avalanche region of the diode. The high resistivity region
is the drift zone through which the avalanche generated
electrons move toward the anode

10. • The Schottky diode is a semiconductor diode with a low
forward voltage drop and a very fast switching action.
• OPERATION OF SCHOTTKY DIODE
The electrons of N-side having low energy level then of metal so
electrons can not cross the junction barrier called schottky barrier.
SCHOTTKY DIODE

11. SCHOTTKY Diode Contt……

12. • Switching Device
• Reverse Current and Discharge Protection
APPLICATION:
SCHOTTKY Diode Contt……

13. TRANSISTOR
• Semiconductors: ability to change from conductor to insulator
• Can either allow current or prohibit current to flow
• Useful as a switch, but also as an amplifier
• Essential part of many technological advances

14. • Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): Bipolar Junction Transistor
are transistors which are built up of 3 regions, the base, the collector,
and the emitter.
•
Field Effect Transistor: Field Effect Transistor are made up of 3
regions, a gate, a source, and a drain.
TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS Contt……

15. • Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT): AlgaAs/GaAs
heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are used for digital
and analog microwave applications with frequencies as high
as Ku band.
• Darlington Transistor: A Darlington transistor sometimes
called as a “Darlington pair” is a transistor circuit that is made
from two transistors.
TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS Contt……

16. INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS(ICS)
• Integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called as a chip or
microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which a thousand or
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are
fabricated. An IC can be a function as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. An exact
IC is categorized as either linear (analog) or digital depending
on its future application.
TRANSISTORS Contt……

17. The different types of an integrated circuits which includes the following:
• Digital Integrated Circuits
This kind of IC has two defined levels:1’s and 0’s that implies that they
work on binary mathematics where in 1 stands for on and 0 stands for off.
Such ICs are accomplished diligently as they contain more than millions of
flip flops, logic gates and what not, all incorporated onto a single chip.
Examples of digital IC include microcontrollers and microprocessors.
• Analog Integrated Circuits
The analog integrated circuits works by tackling continuous signals and is
capable of performing tasks such as a filtering, amplification, demodulation
and modulation etc. Sensors, OP-AMP’s are essentially Analog ICs.
• Mixed Signal
When the digital and analog ICs are used on a single chip; the resultant IC
is known as mixed signal integrated circuits.
•
TYPES OF ICS
ICS Contt……

18. The applications of an ICs includes the following
• Radar
• Wristwatches
• Televisions
• Juice Makers
• PC
• Video Processors
• Audio Amplifiers
• Memory Devices
• Logic Devices
APPLICATION:
ICS Contt……