General ideas for electronics

1. ELECTRONICS

2. LET’S GO BACK…
 HISTORY
 Measurement of electron’s charge
 Development of vacuum tubes
 Discovery of transistors
 Semiconductors

3. LET’S GO BACK…
 SEMICONDUCTORS
 Metalloids/semi-metals found in the periodic table
 Doped with elements from group III(TRIVALENT) and group V(PENTAVALENT)
 Metalloids doped with trivalents become P-Type semiconductor
 Metalloids doped with pentavalents become N-Type semiconductor

4. N-TYPE

5. P-TYPE

6. TWO TYPES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENT
 ACTIVE-requires power for operation
 Modify electrical signals, i.e. diodes, transistors
 PASSIVE-do not require power for operation
 Example: resistor, capacitor, inductor

7. LET’S GO BACK…
 RESISTORS
 Control current
 May be used as switch
 Carry specific resistance usually written in codes, i.e. color codes

9. LET’S GO BACK…
 CAPACITORS
 Usually made up of two conductors separated by a dielectric/insulator.
 Components that store energy in the form of electric field
 Charge and discharge current
 Can be used as filters, i.e. high-pass filters, low-pass filters
 Serve as temporary battery
 Measured in farad (F) mF, µF, nF, pF

10. LET’S GO BACK…
 INDUCTORS
 Usually made up of coils wound around a core
 Components that store energy in the form of magnetic field
 Used in analog circuits and signal processing
 Remove hums/noise/unwanted signals
 Usually in combination with capacitors, i.e. frequency tuner
 Measured in henry (H) mH, µH, nH, pH

11. LET’S MOVE FURTHER
 DIODES
 TRANSISTORS
 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICs)

12. DIODES

13. DIODES
 Form when N-type and P-type semiconductors are brought in contact
 The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in
one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction)

14. DIODES

15. DIODES – BIASING
forward bias- it acts like a conductor

16. DIODES – BIASING
reverse bias-it acts like an insulator

17. DIODES – BIASING

18. DIODES
 Used for demodulation of waves
 Used as rectifier, that is, convert AC to DC
 Used for over-voltage protection (under reverse bias mode)
 Used in logic gates
 Detect ionizing radiations
 Temperature measurements
 Waveform clipper- limit the positive or negative peak of a wave

19. TRANSISTORS

20. TRANSISTORS
 Three semiconductors fixed together.
 Either PNP or NPN
 A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.
 It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit
 Replaced the vacuum tubes

21. TRANSISTORS

22. NPN TRANSISTORS

23. PNP TRANSISTORS

24. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICs)

25. IC
 A chip that contains circuit or electronic component usually a transistor and
resistor fabricated for specific purposes.
 Components range from ten to million in one single chip

26. IC - INTEGRATIONS
 Small Scale Integration (SSI) - up to10 transistors per chip
 Medium Scale Integration - up to 100 transistors per chip
 Large Scale Integration - up to10, 000 transistors per chip
 Very Large Scale Integration - up to100, 000 transistors per chip
 Ultra Large Scale Integration - up to1 million transistors per chip

27. TIMELINE
1904 Sir John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube and diode.
1906 Lee De Forest develops the triode.
1934 Electronic hearing aid invented
1947 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of Bell Telephone
Laboratories invent the transistor.
1950s Germanium is used to make semiconductors in transistors. Late in the
1950s, silicon begins to replace germanium as a semiconductor material.
1954 The transistor radio is introduced and becomes the largest selling item of the
time
1958 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments invents the integrated circuit (IC).
1958 Robert Noyce develops an integrated circuit that can be miniaturized and
reliably manufactured
1958 Seymour Cray at Control Data Corp. develops a transistorized computer
1961 Silicon chips first appear
1967 First handheld calculator using an integrated circuit is made by Texas
Instruments.
1968 Robert Noyce cofounds Intel.
1970 The bar code system is created.
1971 Intel introduces its popular 4004 4-bit microprocessor, starting the evolution
of Intel's famous line of 386, 486, and Pentium processors
1971 First video game and video disc introduced.
1979 Mattel Toy Company receives 1 millionth chip for electronic games
1980s Integrated circuits applied to computers