The document discusses blast analysis of reinforced concrete viaduct pier structures. It begins with an introduction discussing the increasing population leading to more infrastructure development like bridges and viaducts using reinforced concrete piers. It then discusses how explosions can occur near these piers from accidents or terrorism, potentially causing structural failure and casualties. The document reviews explosion types, how blast loads are predicted and modeled, literature on analyzing reinforced concrete structures under blast loading, and methods to improve blast resistance of structures.
IRJET- The State of the Art on Analytical Investigation of RCC Viaduct Pi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analytical investigation of reinforced concrete viaduct pier structures due to air blast loads from explosions. It begins with an introduction to transportation infrastructure like bridges, flyovers and metros that use piers. It then discusses explosion phenomena like deflagration and detonation that generate blast waves. It covers blast loading characteristics like peak pressure, impulse, scaling laws and methods for calculating blast loads. The document aims to understand blast loads to inform the design of pier structures to withstand explosions and reduce casualties.
This document discusses architectural and structural design techniques for blast resistant buildings. It begins by introducing high explosives and explosion types. Then it describes the explosion process and different types of explosions. On the architectural side, it discusses planning and layout, structural form, internal layout, bomb shelter areas, glazing, and cladding to minimize blast impacts. Structurally, it explains how blast loads affect buildings and the need for ductile and robust beam-column connections to avoid collapse under dynamic loads from explosions. The goal is to provide guidance on mitigating explosion effects to protect human life and building integrity.
This document discusses blast load analysis and design of blast resistant structures. It begins by outlining the need for blast resistant design due to increasing terrorist attacks. It then defines what a blast is and describes the blast wave pressure time history. Different types of blast resistant structures are discussed. Empirical relationships are provided for calculating reflected blast pressures. The document provides examples of calculating the impulse of a blast load on a building and using it to determine base shear and moment. Plots of reflected pressure versus time are given for different charge weights and standoff distances. The scope of work for designing a G+6 storey building considering blast loads is also summarized.
Seminar on Bomb Blast Resistant Structure by Shantanu PatilShantanu Patil
The design of civilian or commercial buildings to withstand the effects of a terrorist blast is unlike the design of military installations or the design of embassy buildings. The objectives of the “Structural Engineering Guidelines” for the Design of New Embassy Buildings are to prevent heavy damage to components and structural collapse. Adherence to the provisions of the guidelines will minimize injuries and loss of life and facilitate the evacuation and rescue of survivors. The blast-protection objective of any commercial or public building must be similar to those of embassy structures, that is to prevent structural collapse, to save lives, and to evacuate victims.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Alok B. Rathod for his Master's degree in Civil Engineering. The report examines the effects of blast loading on reinforced concrete structures. It first provides background on blast phenomena such as shock waves and dynamic loadings. It then discusses how blasts can affect structures and methods for analyzing structural response to blast loads. The report also presents case studies on the behavior of reinforced concrete columns and panels subjected to blast loading through experiments. It concludes with recommendations for further research on improving blast resistance of structures.
This document provides information on blast resistant design of structures. It discusses the objectives of blast resistance, types of blast resistant structures, and outlines the basic design process. The design process involves calculating blast loads, determining member properties, modeling the structure, selecting trial member sections, performing dynamic analysis using single-degree-of-freedom or multi-degree-of-freedom methods, checking deformation criteria, designing connections, and designing foundations. Dynamic analysis methods like equivalent static method, SDOF, and MDOF are described for evaluating structural response to blast loads.
This document discusses the design of blast resistant structures. It begins by explaining that terrorist attacks involving explosives have increased the need to consider blast loads in building design. The objectives are to explain blast resistant design theories and techniques. It describes the effects of explosions, including shock waves and pressure decay over distance. Design considerations for blast resistant structures include reinforcing steel, concrete strength, and "bomb proof" concrete with steel fibers. The document also discusses reducing blast impacts through increasing stand-off distance from explosions. Both architectural and structural design aspects are important for blast resistance. Structural designs aim to prevent overall collapse and distribute explosion energy without failure.
The document discusses the impact of explosions on buildings. It defines basic terms like explosion and blast, and describes the steps of an explosive event from detonation to secondary shock waves. It also discusses factors that determine the effects of a blast like the amount of explosives, stand-off distance, and building construction. The types of damage to buildings from blasts are described as direct air blast effects, collapse, and damage to nearby structures. Expected damage levels from minor to major are also outlined. The document concludes with ways to protect buildings like increasing stand-off distance, improving structure strength, using shear walls, and designing bomb shelter areas.
IRJET- The State of the Art on Analytical Investigation of RCC Viaduct Pi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analytical investigation of reinforced concrete viaduct pier structures due to air blast loads from explosions. It begins with an introduction to transportation infrastructure like bridges, flyovers and metros that use piers. It then discusses explosion phenomena like deflagration and detonation that generate blast waves. It covers blast loading characteristics like peak pressure, impulse, scaling laws and methods for calculating blast loads. The document aims to understand blast loads to inform the design of pier structures to withstand explosions and reduce casualties.
This document discusses architectural and structural design techniques for blast resistant buildings. It begins by introducing high explosives and explosion types. Then it describes the explosion process and different types of explosions. On the architectural side, it discusses planning and layout, structural form, internal layout, bomb shelter areas, glazing, and cladding to minimize blast impacts. Structurally, it explains how blast loads affect buildings and the need for ductile and robust beam-column connections to avoid collapse under dynamic loads from explosions. The goal is to provide guidance on mitigating explosion effects to protect human life and building integrity.
This document discusses blast load analysis and design of blast resistant structures. It begins by outlining the need for blast resistant design due to increasing terrorist attacks. It then defines what a blast is and describes the blast wave pressure time history. Different types of blast resistant structures are discussed. Empirical relationships are provided for calculating reflected blast pressures. The document provides examples of calculating the impulse of a blast load on a building and using it to determine base shear and moment. Plots of reflected pressure versus time are given for different charge weights and standoff distances. The scope of work for designing a G+6 storey building considering blast loads is also summarized.
Seminar on Bomb Blast Resistant Structure by Shantanu PatilShantanu Patil
The design of civilian or commercial buildings to withstand the effects of a terrorist blast is unlike the design of military installations or the design of embassy buildings. The objectives of the “Structural Engineering Guidelines” for the Design of New Embassy Buildings are to prevent heavy damage to components and structural collapse. Adherence to the provisions of the guidelines will minimize injuries and loss of life and facilitate the evacuation and rescue of survivors. The blast-protection objective of any commercial or public building must be similar to those of embassy structures, that is to prevent structural collapse, to save lives, and to evacuate victims.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Alok B. Rathod for his Master's degree in Civil Engineering. The report examines the effects of blast loading on reinforced concrete structures. It first provides background on blast phenomena such as shock waves and dynamic loadings. It then discusses how blasts can affect structures and methods for analyzing structural response to blast loads. The report also presents case studies on the behavior of reinforced concrete columns and panels subjected to blast loading through experiments. It concludes with recommendations for further research on improving blast resistance of structures.
This document provides information on blast resistant design of structures. It discusses the objectives of blast resistance, types of blast resistant structures, and outlines the basic design process. The design process involves calculating blast loads, determining member properties, modeling the structure, selecting trial member sections, performing dynamic analysis using single-degree-of-freedom or multi-degree-of-freedom methods, checking deformation criteria, designing connections, and designing foundations. Dynamic analysis methods like equivalent static method, SDOF, and MDOF are described for evaluating structural response to blast loads.
This document discusses the design of blast resistant structures. It begins by explaining that terrorist attacks involving explosives have increased the need to consider blast loads in building design. The objectives are to explain blast resistant design theories and techniques. It describes the effects of explosions, including shock waves and pressure decay over distance. Design considerations for blast resistant structures include reinforcing steel, concrete strength, and "bomb proof" concrete with steel fibers. The document also discusses reducing blast impacts through increasing stand-off distance from explosions. Both architectural and structural design aspects are important for blast resistance. Structural designs aim to prevent overall collapse and distribute explosion energy without failure.
The document discusses the impact of explosions on buildings. It defines basic terms like explosion and blast, and describes the steps of an explosive event from detonation to secondary shock waves. It also discusses factors that determine the effects of a blast like the amount of explosives, stand-off distance, and building construction. The types of damage to buildings from blasts are described as direct air blast effects, collapse, and damage to nearby structures. Expected damage levels from minor to major are also outlined. The document concludes with ways to protect buildings like increasing stand-off distance, improving structure strength, using shear walls, and designing bomb shelter areas.
As we know that in today’s world terrorists’ attacks are common and not a single country is completely safe. High-explosive detonations propagate blast energy in all directions, causing extensive damage to both the target structure and nearby buildings. Structural damage and the glass exposure have been major contributors to death and injury for the targeted buildings. If the structures are properly designed for these abnormal loads damage can be controlled. Within the Indian Standard Codes these types of situations are not dealt with and they need further explanation as the engineers have no guidelines on how to design or evaluate structures for the blast phenomenon for which a detailed understanding of structural behavior as well as effects of different kinds of blast load is required. The calculation of blast load is studied in this report using various parameters.
Analysis of Blast Resistant RCC StructureIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the effects of blast loading on a six-story reinforced concrete building. The blast load from an explosion of 100kg of TNT at a distance of 30m from the building is analytically determined as a pressure-time history. Key blast parameters such as peak overpressure, dynamic pressure, and positive impulse are calculated based on established formulas. The numerical model of the building is then created in SAP2000 software and analyzed to determine the influence of blast loading on the structure in terms of peak displacements, velocities, accelerations, and inter-story drift. The goal is to better understand how to strengthen structures to resist blast loads from explosions.
IRJET- A Review on “Analysis, design and study of behavior of RC Structur...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing and designing reinforced concrete structures to withstand blast loads of various intensities. It discusses how blast loads generate pressure waves that can damage structures and cause loss of life. The study aims to understand blast wave parameters like overpressure for different explosive charge amounts and distances. It also looks at how blast loads affect structures differently based on factors like surface bursts versus air bursts. The goal is to minimize damage to structures and occupants from explosive events.
“Comparative Analysis of Blast Load on Multi Storey R.C.C. Building at Differ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the effects of blast loads on multi-story reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings using computer modeling. 32 different blast load cases are modeled using ETABS software, varying the standoff distance (20m and 30m), TNT charge weight (50-300kg), and location of the blast (external walls and internal columns). The response of the building models under blast loading is examined through time history analysis, evaluating story displacement, drift, and shear. The goal is to better understand how RCC buildings respond structurally to blast loads at different locations and intensities.
Computation of blast loading for a multi storeyed framed buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract
The number and intensity of domestic and international terrorist activities have heightened our concerns towards the safety of our infrastructure systems. Due to different accidental or intentional events, related to important structures all over the world, explosive loads or blast loads have received considerable attention in recent years. The development in this field is made mostly through publication of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency. In India also, the guidelines for the blast loading are published in IS 4991. In the present study, blast pressures for different weights of surface blast or TNT and varying stand-off distances are computed for a multi-storeyed framed building adopting wave scaling laws given by U.S Army technical manual (UFC3-340-02). Blast pressures for different cases are computed using correlation between blast pressure and blast scaled distance based on charts given in U.S manual. Time history loading is also obtained with parameters of reflected total over pressure and duration of positive phase of blast.
Keywords: blast loading, blast wave, scaled distance, blast pressure.
This document analyzes the response of different building models subjected to blast loads using ETABS software. A 12-story building is analyzed for 4 cases with different explosive charge weights (100kg and 200kg) and standoff distances (20m and 40m). Blast parameters are calculated using code standards. Four building models are then analyzed - a normal model, and models with increased member sizes, added shear walls, and added bracing. Storey displacement and drift are compared to determine the most blast resistant model.
This document discusses analyzing the response of a reinforced concrete building to blast loads. The building was modeled in Inventor and analyzed in Altair and Staad Pro. Transient structural analysis was used to simulate the effects of uniform blast pressure loads at different standoff distances. The objectives were to study deformation of the structure under positive and negative blast phases and compare effects of blast pressure at 5m and 6m standoffs. A 3-story commercial building was modeled and analyzed, with blast assumed from the front corner at 5m and 6m distances.
IRJET-The Study of Effect of Blast Load on Multi-Storey Building by using Tim...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of blast loads on multi-storey buildings using time history analysis. A G+4 storey reinforced concrete building is subjected to blast loads from charges weighing 100, 300, and 500kg placed at standoff distances of 30, 40, and 50m. Nonlinear time history analysis is carried out using ETABS 2016 software. The response of the structure is examined in terms of displacement, velocity, acceleration, storey drift, beam forces, column forces, and storey displacement. The results show that when the blast source is closer and the charge weight is higher, the building response is more critical.
Dynamic failure of composite and sandwich structuresSpringer
This document discusses experiments conducted on sandwich composite materials and composite tubes subjected to air and underwater blast loading. Explosive charges ranging from 0.64-100 kg of TNT were used. High-speed photography and digital image correlation were used to monitor deformation during air blasts, while strain gauges monitored response during underwater blasts. Different failure mechanisms like core crushing, skin cracking, and delamination were observed depending on whether the blast was in air or underwater. The results provide data to develop analytical and computational models of blast loading on composite structures.
Dynamic failure of composite and sandwich structuresSpringer
This document discusses research on the blast loading of sandwich composite materials and composite tubes. Air-blast and underwater-blast experiments were conducted using explosive charges ranging from 0.64-100 kg of TNT. High-speed photography and digital image correlation were used to monitor the deformation and failure mechanisms of glass fiber and carbon fiber sandwich panels under air-blast loading. Strain gauges were also used to monitor the response of similar sandwich materials and glass fiber tubes during underwater blast experiments. The experiments showed that underwater blast loading caused global core crushing in sandwich panels, while air-blast loading resulted in distributed core shear failure. The results provide data to develop analytical and computational models of blast loading and highlight the importance of boundary conditions in blast-
Analysis of blast loading effect on high rise buildingsAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of blast loading on high-rise buildings. It describes modeling a 30-story reinforced concrete building in SAP2000 and subjecting it to blast loads from charges of 800 and 1600 pounds of TNT at distances of 5 and 10 meters. The results show that as the standoff distance increases, inter-story drift decreases, and as the explosive weight increases, inter-story drift increases. The maximum inter-story drift of 16.5 mm occurred for an irregular frame model with a charge weight of 1600 pounds at a distance of 5 meters.
Analysis of blast loading effect on high rise buildingsAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of blast loading on high-rise buildings. It describes modeling a 30-story reinforced concrete building in SAP2000 and subjecting it to blast loads from charges of 800 and 1600 pounds of TNT at distances of 5 and 10 meters. The results show maximum inter-story drift occurs on the first story due to its proximity to the blast. Regular infill frames performed best by exhibiting the lowest drift values, while irregular frames performed worst. Increasing standoff distance and decreasing charge weight both reduced structural response based on inter-story drift values.
IRJET- Effects of Different Reinforcement Schemes and Column Shapes on the Re...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a numerical study that investigated the effects of different reinforcement schemes and column shapes on the blast resistance of reinforced concrete columns. The study used finite element analysis to model RC columns with varying transverse reinforcement spacing, axial load levels, column shapes, and longitudinal reinforcement arrangements. The results showed that transverse reinforcement spacing, axial loading, and column shape significantly affected the behavior of RC columns under blast loading, with more closely spaced transverse reinforcement and circular columns displaying higher blast resistance. The longitudinal reinforcement arrangement also influenced column response to blast loading at low scaled distances. The study aims to improve understanding of RC column behavior under blast loading to inform more blast-resistant design.
Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosionsijtsrd
Currently in the field of civil engineering the requirement regarding knowledge blast loads are essential. Every country in the world are having terrorist threats. As the scenario of terrorist attacks are unpredictable neither location nor blast material used. This provides an outline to analysis and design to resist blast loads. We have taken an example model to illustrate evaluation of blast parameters which are used in the analysis. The analysis and design of structures to resist blast explosive loads is having utmost importance compared to the conventional type of structures. Where Loading is actually independent of time variation. From past few decades terrorist attacks are becoming a new threat to people lives material used, its quantity, and distance from structure etc. Since we dont know when the blasting activity is going to be happened and type of charge material is used, depends on importance of structure we have to make sure the design of structure should be such that it should resist the failure against blasting activities and to property also. The amount of damage caused to structure is depends upon type of charge. Blast loads, its contribution to structures and other required provisions are opted from Technical Manual 5 1300 and IS 4991 1968.The design method used is Equivalent Static Approach. Analysis of frames of structure is done with software package. Kota Sudeep | V. Narasimha Rao ""Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23455.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23455/structures-to-resist-the-effects-of-the-accidental-explosions/kota-sudeep
1) The document studies blast wave parameters over the facade of high-rise buildings using the US Army Technical Manual 5-1300. It analyzes incident and reflected pressures, arrival time, and positive phase time duration over a 13-story reinforced concrete building for different TNT charge weights (1000kg and 4000kg) and distances (10m and 40m).
2) Graphs show that for lower charge weights and distances, pressure variation is less over upper floors but more over lower floors. For high charge weights and shorter distances, pressure variation is more uniform but magnitude depends on charge weight and distance.
3) For longer distances, pressure is nearly uniform regardless of charge weight because distance is the predominant factor over angle
This document provides guidance on calculating blast loads for application to structural components. It discusses ideal blast wave characteristics, scaling laws, explosive types and weights. The key steps for calculating structural blast loads are outlined, including determining blast pressures and calculating pressure loads on building surfaces. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating blast parameters and determining pressure loads on small and large structures.
Airblast is the shock wave generated by an explosion. It is caused by the release of high pressure gases from the explosive and movement of rock and air. Airblast pressures as low as 0.03 psi can cause windows to vibrate but not damage structures, while pressures over 0.1 psi can crack windows and over 1.0 psi can cause plaster cracking. Proper stemming and burden are needed to contain the explosive gases and prevent excessive airblast, which can be made worse by temperature inversions or high winds focusing the blast waves.
Abstract: In recent years, wide studies are carried out in usage of isolators in structures and equipment, for the reduction of vibrations transmitted due to earthquakes, machine vibrations and any other minor disturbances. But providing protection against vibrations caused due to blasts still remains challenging due to its high amplitude and very short duration. In this paper, an effort has been put for providing shock isolation for protective structure against dynamic load caused due to Blast, using mechanical springs devoid of damping. Here an analytical study is made to understand the reduction of 10g acceleration to tolerable limit of 0.5g acceleration. Simulations are carried out using ANSYS software to understand the behavior of the spring under varying static and dynamic loads. Transmissibility of the shock from base to top of the spring is also studied using software and results are found to be comparable with the theoretical approach. The results evident that desired transmissibility can be achieved using mechanical springs
The document discusses blasting theory, explaining that detonation of an explosive in rock causes 3 stages: initial crushing from high pressure, propagation of compressive stress waves that cause cracking, and expansion of cracks by high pressure gases. Proper blast design is needed to produce rock fragmentation of a size suitable for the intended use, such as crushing or construction, with the three main factors controlling fragment size being explosive quantity, distribution, and rock structure.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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As we know that in today’s world terrorists’ attacks are common and not a single country is completely safe. High-explosive detonations propagate blast energy in all directions, causing extensive damage to both the target structure and nearby buildings. Structural damage and the glass exposure have been major contributors to death and injury for the targeted buildings. If the structures are properly designed for these abnormal loads damage can be controlled. Within the Indian Standard Codes these types of situations are not dealt with and they need further explanation as the engineers have no guidelines on how to design or evaluate structures for the blast phenomenon for which a detailed understanding of structural behavior as well as effects of different kinds of blast load is required. The calculation of blast load is studied in this report using various parameters.
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This document presents a study on the effects of blast loading on a six-story reinforced concrete building. The blast load from an explosion of 100kg of TNT at a distance of 30m from the building is analytically determined as a pressure-time history. Key blast parameters such as peak overpressure, dynamic pressure, and positive impulse are calculated based on established formulas. The numerical model of the building is then created in SAP2000 software and analyzed to determine the influence of blast loading on the structure in terms of peak displacements, velocities, accelerations, and inter-story drift. The goal is to better understand how to strengthen structures to resist blast loads from explosions.
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The number and intensity of domestic and international terrorist activities have heightened our concerns towards the safety of our infrastructure systems. Due to different accidental or intentional events, related to important structures all over the world, explosive loads or blast loads have received considerable attention in recent years. The development in this field is made mostly through publication of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency. In India also, the guidelines for the blast loading are published in IS 4991. In the present study, blast pressures for different weights of surface blast or TNT and varying stand-off distances are computed for a multi-storeyed framed building adopting wave scaling laws given by U.S Army technical manual (UFC3-340-02). Blast pressures for different cases are computed using correlation between blast pressure and blast scaled distance based on charts given in U.S manual. Time history loading is also obtained with parameters of reflected total over pressure and duration of positive phase of blast.
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This document analyzes the response of different building models subjected to blast loads using ETABS software. A 12-story building is analyzed for 4 cases with different explosive charge weights (100kg and 200kg) and standoff distances (20m and 40m). Blast parameters are calculated using code standards. Four building models are then analyzed - a normal model, and models with increased member sizes, added shear walls, and added bracing. Storey displacement and drift are compared to determine the most blast resistant model.
This document discusses analyzing the response of a reinforced concrete building to blast loads. The building was modeled in Inventor and analyzed in Altair and Staad Pro. Transient structural analysis was used to simulate the effects of uniform blast pressure loads at different standoff distances. The objectives were to study deformation of the structure under positive and negative blast phases and compare effects of blast pressure at 5m and 6m standoffs. A 3-story commercial building was modeled and analyzed, with blast assumed from the front corner at 5m and 6m distances.
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This document discusses experiments conducted on sandwich composite materials and composite tubes subjected to air and underwater blast loading. Explosive charges ranging from 0.64-100 kg of TNT were used. High-speed photography and digital image correlation were used to monitor deformation during air blasts, while strain gauges monitored response during underwater blasts. Different failure mechanisms like core crushing, skin cracking, and delamination were observed depending on whether the blast was in air or underwater. The results provide data to develop analytical and computational models of blast loading on composite structures.
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This document discusses research on the blast loading of sandwich composite materials and composite tubes. Air-blast and underwater-blast experiments were conducted using explosive charges ranging from 0.64-100 kg of TNT. High-speed photography and digital image correlation were used to monitor the deformation and failure mechanisms of glass fiber and carbon fiber sandwich panels under air-blast loading. Strain gauges were also used to monitor the response of similar sandwich materials and glass fiber tubes during underwater blast experiments. The experiments showed that underwater blast loading caused global core crushing in sandwich panels, while air-blast loading resulted in distributed core shear failure. The results provide data to develop analytical and computational models of blast loading and highlight the importance of boundary conditions in blast-
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This document analyzes the effect of blast loading on high-rise buildings. It describes modeling a 30-story reinforced concrete building in SAP2000 and subjecting it to blast loads from charges of 800 and 1600 pounds of TNT at distances of 5 and 10 meters. The results show that as the standoff distance increases, inter-story drift decreases, and as the explosive weight increases, inter-story drift increases. The maximum inter-story drift of 16.5 mm occurred for an irregular frame model with a charge weight of 1600 pounds at a distance of 5 meters.
Analysis of blast loading effect on high rise buildingsAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of blast loading on high-rise buildings. It describes modeling a 30-story reinforced concrete building in SAP2000 and subjecting it to blast loads from charges of 800 and 1600 pounds of TNT at distances of 5 and 10 meters. The results show maximum inter-story drift occurs on the first story due to its proximity to the blast. Regular infill frames performed best by exhibiting the lowest drift values, while irregular frames performed worst. Increasing standoff distance and decreasing charge weight both reduced structural response based on inter-story drift values.
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Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosionsijtsrd
Currently in the field of civil engineering the requirement regarding knowledge blast loads are essential. Every country in the world are having terrorist threats. As the scenario of terrorist attacks are unpredictable neither location nor blast material used. This provides an outline to analysis and design to resist blast loads. We have taken an example model to illustrate evaluation of blast parameters which are used in the analysis. The analysis and design of structures to resist blast explosive loads is having utmost importance compared to the conventional type of structures. Where Loading is actually independent of time variation. From past few decades terrorist attacks are becoming a new threat to people lives material used, its quantity, and distance from structure etc. Since we dont know when the blasting activity is going to be happened and type of charge material is used, depends on importance of structure we have to make sure the design of structure should be such that it should resist the failure against blasting activities and to property also. The amount of damage caused to structure is depends upon type of charge. Blast loads, its contribution to structures and other required provisions are opted from Technical Manual 5 1300 and IS 4991 1968.The design method used is Equivalent Static Approach. Analysis of frames of structure is done with software package. Kota Sudeep | V. Narasimha Rao ""Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23455.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23455/structures-to-resist-the-effects-of-the-accidental-explosions/kota-sudeep
1) The document studies blast wave parameters over the facade of high-rise buildings using the US Army Technical Manual 5-1300. It analyzes incident and reflected pressures, arrival time, and positive phase time duration over a 13-story reinforced concrete building for different TNT charge weights (1000kg and 4000kg) and distances (10m and 40m).
2) Graphs show that for lower charge weights and distances, pressure variation is less over upper floors but more over lower floors. For high charge weights and shorter distances, pressure variation is more uniform but magnitude depends on charge weight and distance.
3) For longer distances, pressure is nearly uniform regardless of charge weight because distance is the predominant factor over angle
This document provides guidance on calculating blast loads for application to structural components. It discusses ideal blast wave characteristics, scaling laws, explosive types and weights. The key steps for calculating structural blast loads are outlined, including determining blast pressures and calculating pressure loads on building surfaces. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating blast parameters and determining pressure loads on small and large structures.
Airblast is the shock wave generated by an explosion. It is caused by the release of high pressure gases from the explosive and movement of rock and air. Airblast pressures as low as 0.03 psi can cause windows to vibrate but not damage structures, while pressures over 0.1 psi can crack windows and over 1.0 psi can cause plaster cracking. Proper stemming and burden are needed to contain the explosive gases and prevent excessive airblast, which can be made worse by temperature inversions or high winds focusing the blast waves.
Abstract: In recent years, wide studies are carried out in usage of isolators in structures and equipment, for the reduction of vibrations transmitted due to earthquakes, machine vibrations and any other minor disturbances. But providing protection against vibrations caused due to blasts still remains challenging due to its high amplitude and very short duration. In this paper, an effort has been put for providing shock isolation for protective structure against dynamic load caused due to Blast, using mechanical springs devoid of damping. Here an analytical study is made to understand the reduction of 10g acceleration to tolerable limit of 0.5g acceleration. Simulations are carried out using ANSYS software to understand the behavior of the spring under varying static and dynamic loads. Transmissibility of the shock from base to top of the spring is also studied using software and results are found to be comparable with the theoretical approach. The results evident that desired transmissibility can be achieved using mechanical springs
The document discusses blasting theory, explaining that detonation of an explosive in rock causes 3 stages: initial crushing from high pressure, propagation of compressive stress waves that cause cracking, and expansion of cracks by high pressure gases. Proper blast design is needed to produce rock fragmentation of a size suitable for the intended use, such as crushing or construction, with the three main factors controlling fragment size being explosive quantity, distribution, and rock structure.
Similar to A Review on Blast Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Viaduct Pier Structures (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.