Geo Technical Engineering (field compaction)
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Smooth-wheel rollers are suitable for proof rolling subgrades and finishing sandy and clayey soils, providing 100% ground contact pressure up to 380 kN/m2. However, they are not suitable for producing high unit weights of compaction in thicker layers. The four most common types of rollers used for compaction are smooth-wheel rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepsfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers.
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This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
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Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction or roads, air-fields, embankments and foundations.
The durability and stability of a structure are related to the achievement of proper soil compaction.
Soil compaction is the process where by the practical of a soil are mechanically constrained to pack more closely Together or Soil compaction is the process of mechanical densifying a soil.
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This document discusses soil compaction, including the standard Proctor test used to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight of soils. The standard Proctor test involves compacting soil in 3 layers in a standardized mold using a hammer dropped from a specific height. Compaction curves relate dry unit weight to water content, with the peak indicating optimum conditions. Key factors that affect compaction are water content, compactive effort, soil type, and compaction method. Field tests verify compaction using methods such as nuclear gauges, which are faster than destructive sand cone and balloon tests.
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Saw-tooth bits have a series of teeth on the cutting edge that are tipped with hard metals like tungsten carbide for wear resistance. They are less expensive but usually only used for soft soils and rocks. Rotary drilling uses a rotating bit and downward force to drill holes in soil or rock. Intact samples can be obtained using core barrels while drilling, and disturbed samples of cuttings are collected from the flushed material returning up the hole.
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A group of 16 square piles extends 12 m into stiff clay soil, underlain by rock at 24 m depth. Pile dimensions are 0.3 m x 0.3 m. Undrained shear strength of clay increases linearly from 50 kPa at surface to 150 kPa at rock. Factor of safety for group capacity is 2.5. Determine group capacity and individual pile capacity.
The group capacity is calculated to be 1600 kN. The individual pile capacity is determined to be 100 kN. The factor of safety of 2.5 is then applied to determine the safe load capacity.
Load carrying capacity of piles
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Settlement of piles
The document provides information about a 21 meter long prestressed concrete pile driven into sand. The pile has an allowable working load of 502 kN, with an octagonal cross-section of 0.356 meters diameter and area of 0.1045 m^2. Skin resistance supports 350 kN of the load and point bearing the rest. The document requests calculating the elastic settlement of the pile given its properties, the load distribution, and soil parameters.
Plate load test
A plate load test involves applying incremental loads to a bearing plate placed on the ground surface and measuring the resulting settlements. The test is used to estimate the settlement of a footing under working loads. A seating load is first applied and removed, then higher loads are placed and settlements are recorded until the rate of settlement decreases. Load-settlement curves are plotted from the results. The test gives the immediate settlement but not long-term consolidation settlement, so it is not very useful for predicting behavior in clay soils. The test also may not be representative if the soil is not homogeneous to a depth of 1.5-2 times the prototype footing width.
Subsurface exploration (part-3)
The document discusses various methods and procedures for conducting subsurface exploration projects. It covers topics such as coring of rock, observation of water levels, collecting groundwater samples, bore logs, soil sampling techniques, and trial pits and trenches. The key points are that subsurface exploration involves drilling boreholes, measuring strata and water levels, obtaining soil and rock samples, recording bore logs, and investigating shallow depths using excavated pits and trenches. Proper exploration is important for understanding ground conditions and aid engineering design and construction.
Sub surface exploration (part-1)
The document discusses subsurface exploration, which involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It describes the various phases of a soil investigation: collecting existing information, conducting site visits, preliminary exploration including some boreholes, detailed exploration with more boreholes and laboratory/in-situ testing, and reporting findings. Guidelines are provided for borehole depth, spacing, and number based on factors like structure type and loads, soil variability, and cost. Common subsurface exploration methods include test pits, hand augers, mechanical augers, shell and auger borings, percussion borings, wash borings, rotary borings, and diamond core drilling.
Introduction to Foundation Engineering
This document outlines the syllabus for a foundation engineering course. It covers topics such as soil exploration, shallow foundations, deep foundations, earthen dams, and foundations on difficult soils. The course will explore soil testing methods, bearing capacity calculations, pile load capacity, and dam design considerations. References textbooks on geotechnical engineering and foundation design are also listed.
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