SEED PRODUCTION OG GREEN GRAM AND BLACK GRAM

2. Ranjeet maurya
Topic : - seed production of green & black gram

3. INTRODUCTION OF GREEN GRAM
Scientific Name = Vigna radiata
Family= Fabaceae
Chromosome no= 2n=22
Origin place= India & Asia
Protein = 24.33 %
Carbohydrates= 62.6 %
Crude fat = 1.3 %
Ash = 2.7 %
Crude fiber =4.3 %
Moog bean papularly known as green gram .
The impotrance green gram growing country Asia, Inlcuding India ,
Pakistan , Shri lanka ,Thailand , Laos Cambodia ,Vietnam , Indonesia ,
Malaysia , etc.
India growing state Madhya pradesh , Maharastra,Orissa , U,P,
RajasthanAndhra pradesh etc.

4.  Plant of moog bean
 Annual crop , Self pollinated crop
 Plant height 20-60 cm , Deep rooted plant, with nodules
 Stem with branches at base and have short and browning hairs
 Leaves =
 Alternate ,Trifoliate , Each leaflet is large , ovate and rounded
at the base and pointed at the apex.
 Roots =
 Top root system , Root nodules are present to fix N2 from
atmosphere
 Stem=
 Both upright and vine types of growth habit occur in moog
bean
 Plants varying from 3-5 m in length
Seed production of moog bean

6.  Agriculture importance :-
 Leguminous crop that s why wave nodules on roots which can
fix the nitrogen.
 Almost 25 kg/ acre nitrogen can be fixed during a crop season.
 Soil =
 Loamy and sandy soil are best .
 Clayey soil are unfit for this crop.
 Saline soil are also not suitable for this because of leaf curl
virus.
 Climate and Areas =
 Hot and dry climate is suitable
 P.H 5-7 suitable

7.  Sowing Method=
 Zero tillege sowing , Broadcast method
 Ridge sowing , Bed sowing
 Seed drill sowing
 Spessing =
 Root to Root =30 cm
 Plant to Plant = 10 cm
 Plant population : 1-1.5 lac / acre
 Variety
 MGG 207 , KM2195 , Basanti , Pusa 1431, km2328,
ML2056, MH318,MGG347, TJM3 etc.

8.  Sowing Time
 If water is available it gives good production
 Spring crop don not grow randomly
 Less insect attack
 1st week to last week of march
 Best time is 1st two weeks of march
 Seed Rate =
 Seed should clean and healthy
 Always use approved variety
 12 kg/acre for spring sown for drill sowing
 4-5 kg/acre for both season for ridge sowing

9.  Fertilizer
 Less need of nitrogen as moog bean is a legume . It has nodulation capability which can fix
atmospheric nitrogen in to the soil , if seed is inoculated with bio-fertilizer using inoculants
developed for nodulation of moog bean .
 Use nitrogen at time of sowing @8-10 kg / acre to meet the requirement crop
 Phosphorus help in early maturing
 Se phosphorus at time of sowing @ 20-25 kg/acre
 To meet the requirement of crop 1 bag of DAP @ 50 kg is enough
Irrigation
 2-3 irrigation are required
 1ST at three weeks after sowing
 2nd at flowering
 3rd at pod formation
 For june sown crop irrigation should be done at evening time

11.  Weeds
 Deela
 Tandla
 Swanki
 Weedicides requirement
 Pre-sowing :- pendimethalin 1000ml/acre
 Post-sowing :- Acetachlore 1000ml/acre
 Roundup ( Glyphosate)
 Diseases
 Yellow Mosaic Virus
 Is the most serious problem of mungbean in the country
.The affected plant show yellow mottled symptoms
.Planting of yellow mosaic virus resistant varieties is the
best control measure. This is caused by a white fly is
essential.

12.  Control
 The control can be made by spray of any suitable pestiside and
cradicate the affected plant materials or burn the diseased plants to
destroy the virus.

13.  Leaf Crinkle:
 It is a disease caused by a virus which stays inside the seed
and can not be seen with naked eyes or ordinary microscope
and is caused by movement of aphids. The leaves are crinkle
and ultimately result into complete loss of production.
 Control :-
 Using virus free and healthy seed
 Destroy the affected leaves
 Control of aphids which cause leaf crinkle
 Use disease resistant varieties.

14.  Harvesting
 Pod maturity is moog bean is not uniform because the plants
flower over an extended period. This makes it difficult when to
harvest.
 Can be harvested after 80-110 day
 Should be harvested when more than 80% pods are dried.
 Generally harvest should begin when one half to two – thirds of
the pods are matures and having seed moisture between 13-
15%
 Can be harvested by both manually and mechanically.
 YIELD
Average yield of green gram is 8-10q./ha.

15.  SEED PRODUCTION OF BLACK GRAM
 Scientific Name = Vigna mungo
 Family = Fabaceae
 Chromosome no. = 2n = 22
 Origin place = India & Asia
 Vigna mungo is divided in to two sub species:
 V. Mungo var.niger It includes varieties which mature early
and have bold and black seeds.
 V. Mungo var. Viridis: It includes varieties having larger maturity
periods . Seed are small and green
 It is a erect or sub erect, fast – growing annual , herbaceous
legume reaching 30 – 100 cm in in height having epigeal
germination

16. INTRODUCTION
 Black gram is commonly known as urd bean , mash ,
urd dal
 It is one of the importance pulses grow in India
 Currently , India is largest producer of black gram
accounting for than more than 70% of the global
production ,Madhya pradesh being the largest
producer of black gram in India .
 It has the ability of fixing tmospheric nitrogen, hence , it
helps in restoring soil fertility and used in crop rotation
and as intercrop to enhance the yield of main crop.

17. SEEDPRODUCTIONOFBLACKGRAM
 FLORAL BIOLOGY
 Gynoecium- it is monocarpellary , filiform stigma , style is spirally
twisted , terminal and hairy , and has superior ovary.
 ovule is unilocular with few ovules on marginal placentation .
 Pollination- since the flower cleistogamous , this results in self
pollination . Pollination occurs in bud stage before flower opening
is night .
 Time of anthesis : Flower generally open between 6 am -7am and
flowering Continues for an hours.
 Flower remain open till noon after which they gradually start to
close and completely closed by 4pm
 Anther dehiscence – Anther dehisce at night between 9pm and am

18. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
 Black gram is a warm weather crop and usually taken as kharif
crop
 It can be cultivated in areas receiving an annual rainfall of 600-
1800mm with optimum rainfall from 600-1000mm.
 Optimum temperature requirement of the crop is 28-32° c .
 It is quite drought resistance and intolerant of frost and polonged
cloudiness.
 SOIL REQUIREMENT
 Black gram does well in heavier soils such as black cotton soil
which retain heavier moisture in a better way
 Loam or slightly heavy soil with neutral pH are best suitable for urd
bean
 Soil should be well drained having good water holding capacity .

19.  SOIL PH = 6.5 -7.8
 ISOLATION DISTANCE =
 Foundation seed = 10 m
 Certified seed = 5 m
 Black gram is filly self –pollinated crop and almost entirely self –
pollinated .
 VARIETIES =
 Pant U-35 , 30, 19 , Kalindi , ku-301 Azad urd -1, sarala , T-9
 SEED RATE = For kharif and ravi crop -15-20kg/ha.
 For spring and summer crop – 25-30kg/ha.

20.  LAND REQUIREMENT
 Land to be used for seed production of black gram sall be free
from volunteer plants. Hence , previous crop should not be the
same unless it is of same variety and certified
 LAND PREPARATION
 A light textured and well drained field with pH of 6.5-7.8 should be
selected for the seed crop of black gram. Field should be prepared
well by ploughing and 1 or 2 harrowing followed by levelling.
 TIME OF SOWING
 The crop comes up well in the kharif season. However, irrigated
crop taken up in Rabi or summer season gives better seed yield
compared to kharif crop
 It can be sown either in the 2nd week of febuary , soon after the
wheat harvest or in April or in kharif season.

22.  METHOD OF SOWING :
 Line sowing behind the seed drill or plough has been found
beneficial and recommended for facilitating better intercultural
operations and hoeing.
 SEED TRITMENT
 To protect the crop from seed and soil borne diseases, seed
should be treated with carbendazim 1 -2g/kg or Thiram 1.5 gm
/kg of seed 24 hours before sowing .
 Seed treatment with phosphorus solubilising bacteria( PSB)
250g/10kg seed and Rhizobium 200g/10kg of seed result in
higher seed yield.

23.  NUTRIENT APPLICATION
 Soil test should be done and accordingly nutrient management should be
adopted as per requirement . Otherwise , blanket application of FYM@5t/ha
and a fetrilizer dose of 20:40:20 kg N –P2o5-K2o/ha should be applied.
 In Zn-deficient soil, a foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4, + 0.5% lime solution has
been recommended .
 Foliar spray of 2% DAP and 2% KCl at Pre flowering stage enhances the
yield.
 IRRIGATION
 Spring and summer seed crop of black gram will require frequent irrigation to
maintain adequate soil moisture during crop growth.
 Kharif crop may not. Require irrigation in areas of assured rainfall. 1 or 2
irrigation may be required if there is a prolonged dry period.
 Irrigation should be provided at critical growth stage i.e. flowering and pod
development stage.

24.  INTERCULTURE
 Cyperus rotundus poses a serious threat in black gram crop
field.
 The field of seed crop must be kept clean and free of weed by 1
or 2 weeding . 25-30 days after sowing . 2nd weeding 45 days
after sowing
 A spray of 1 kg Treflan, in 1000 lit. of water /ha at the time of
final land preparation is recommended to check weeds in
theseed plota.
 Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin at 3.3 litres/ha
under irrigated condition 2.5 litres/ha under rainfed condition on
3 daya after sowing.

25.  PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Gram pod borer ( Helicoverpa armigera )
Defoliation in early stages larva`s head alone thrust inside the
pods and the rest of the body hanging out.
Pod with round holes
MANAGEMENT :- ETL:10% of affected pods
Pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera 12/ha
Application :- dimethoate 30% EC1237ml/ha
Dusting with 10% sevin of folidol at 25kg/ha
NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%, or neem oil 2%

27.  POWDERY MILDEW ( Erysiphe polygoni )
Symtomes :- white powdery patches : appear on leaves and other green
parts which later become dull colored .
These patches gradually increase in size and become circular covering
the lower surface also.
 MANAGEMENT
Application of 25kg sulphur dust/ha.
Spray of 25kg wettable sulphur or benlate at 150kg/ha.
Sprey eucalyptus leaf extract 10% at initiation of the disease and 10 days
later .

29.  ROUGING
 Rouging should be done strictly to remove all the off-type
plants, which exhibit variation from the parental variety.
 The plants infected by diseases and pests especially by yellow
mosaic , anthracnose and blight should be removed.
 FIELD INSPECTION
 The field should be inspected thoroughly at flowering and
fruiting stages by monitoring team consisting of experts.
 A minimum of 2 inspections shall be made, 1st before flowering
and 2nd at flowering and fruiting .

30.  HARVESTING AND THRESHING
 HARVESTING INDICES :- The should be harvested when the pods turn
black or after 50 % flowering stage.
 Summer and spring seed crop of black gram are ready to harvest when
the pods turn black . The kharif crop is harvested when most of the post
have turned black.
 Hand picking of pods ,therefore is a common practice. In certain
varieties 75% of the crop can be harvested at first picking and the
remainder about 10 days later.
 The plants along with the roots are pulled and stacked for a week in the
sum on a threshing floor.
 THRESHING :- After the pods are thoroughly dried ( around 12 – 13%
moisture content ), they are threshed by hand or beating with sticks or
trampling by oxen.

32. Seed Yield
With the adoption of improved technology , the seed yield up to 1o-15
que/ha.
REFERENCES
Shere slide
Google crome
https://www.kisaanhelpline.com/crops/product/168_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A
4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80623
https://www.slideshare.net/RitabrataSarkar3/seed-production-in-green-gram-ppt
https://www.slideshare.net/SushrutMohapatra/seed-production-in-blackgram