1) The document discusses foundation and certified seed production of chickpea varieties and hybrids. It outlines the requirements for isolation distance, field inspections, and minimum standards for seed quality that must be met for foundation and certified seed classes. 2) Details are provided on chickpea plant characteristics, climatic requirements, suitable soils and field preparation for seed production. Recommendations are made for sowing time and methods, spacing, seed rates, seed treatment, and fertilizer application. 3) The document also covers irrigation, weeding, insect and disease management, rouging, harvesting, threshing, seed processing, storage, and expected seed yields for chickpea seed production.

1. FOUNDATIONAND CERIFIED SEED PRODUCTIONOF
VARITIES AND HYBRIDS IN CHICKPEA
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
JABUGAM-391155
Principle Of Seed Technology
GPB 4.4 (2+1)
Submitted By
Jainil Bhoya
Submitted To
Dr. Rukshar

2. FOUNDATION AND CERIFIED SEED
PRODUCTIONOF VARITIES ANDHYBRIDS IN
CHICKPEA

3. CHICKPEA
Botanical Name: Cicer arietinum (L.)
Family: Fabaceae or Leguminosae
Origin : South West Asia- Afganisthan /Persia.

4. General Plant Characteristics of Gram
1. Plant Height generally varies from 30-70 cm.
2. Lateral roots developed nodules with the symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria,
capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in plant-usable form.
3. Nodules appear/visible after one month/30days after plant emergence.
4. Confined to the 15cm. Of the surface.

5. Climatic Requirement
Cool season food legume and grown as a winter crop in the tropics.
Flowering is delayed under low temperature and also under short days.
Sensitive to low (mean of maximum and minimum daily temperature.<15 °C
at reproductive stage.
Sensitive to high(maximum daily temperature.>35 °C)
Both extreme leads to flower drop and reduce pod set.

6. Sr.No Parameter Seed Class
Foundation Certified
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Insolation Distance(m)
No. of field Inspections
Germination (including hard seed)%
Pure Seed(%)
Inert Matter(%)
Plant affected by seeds borne diseases %
Off types plants %
Other crop seeds (number/kg)
Other distinguishable variety seeds
(number/kg)
10
02
85
98
02
0.1
0.1
Nill
05
05
02
85
98
02
0.2
0.2
05
10
Minimum Standards for foundation and certified seed in chick pea

7. Seed Production Technology of Gram
Crop Season and sowing Time:
Chickpea is grown in Rabi (post rainy season) following a kharif crop. The sowing is
done in the month of October or November. should be avoided as late sowing crop
may experience moisture stress and high temperature at the critical stage of pod
filling, leading to reduced yield and seed quality.
Isolation distance:
Isolation of a seed crop is done by maintaining a distance from other nearby fields of
the same crop and other contaminating crop is 10 m. for foundation seed & 05 m for
certified seeds.

8. Suitable soil type:
Coarse – textured sandy to fine textured deep back soils.
Best suited soils are deep loams or clay loams.
PH range from 6.0 to 8.0.
Saline soils and fields with a high water table are not suitable for chickpea.
Field Preparation:
The land should not be Ploughed to fine tilth soil should be opened and be allowed
some time for aeration.
The filed should have looses tilth and good drainage.
The stubble and debris from the previous crop should be removed. So that pathogen
that causes root diseases such as collar rot cannot harbour.

9. Sowing of Chickpea:
Sowing is usually done on conserved soil moisture.
A pre sowing irrigation may be needed if the available soil moisture is not adequate
for germination.
Kabuli chick pea should never be irrigated immediately after sowing, particularly in
deep black soils.
Kabuli chick pea have thin seed coat and deteriorate faster as compared to desi type.
Sowing depth of gram:
A depth of 5-8 cm. seems to ideal for the emergence of chick pea.

10. Spacing in Chickpea seed production:
Line sowing is a must in the crop grown for seed production, as if facilities inter
culture operations, roughing and field inspection.
Row to Row – 30 cm.
Plant to Plant – 10 cm.
Plant population – 33 plants/m2 or 30,000 plants/ha.
Row spacing for Kabuli – (45 – 60cm.) and irrigated crop for both Desi & kabuli.
Seed rate of chickpea:
Seed size (100 seed wt.) Seed rate
Small (less than 20 g. 50 – 60 kg/ha
Medium (20 – 30 g.) 60 – 90 kg/ha
Large ( 30 – 40 g.) 90 – 120 kg/ha
Extra large (>40 gm.) 120 – 150 kg/ha
Varieties
JG-315
JG-11,JG-130,JAKI-9218
KAK-2,Vihar
JGK-3

11. Seed treatment:
 The seed should be treated with fungicides (2g Thiram + 1g Carbendizm / 1 kg of seed )
 PSB- Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria – improving availability of phosphorus to plant
 First time chick pea grown, the seed should be inoculated with Rhizobium culture.
Sequence of treatment:
 Fungicides – PSB – Rhizobium.
 Pesticides – Insecticides – Fungicides – Rhizobium culture / PSB
Fertilizer application in gram:
Doses of NPK are 20-30 kg. Nitrogen/ha., 40-60 kg. Phosphorus /ha., If low potassium
content 17-25 kg. Potassium/ha. *NP and K should be given as basal dose.*
Foliar spray 0.2% urea at flowering has been found beneficial in rainfed crops.

12. Irrigation:
Grown as rainfed crop – but 2 irrigation one at branching and second at pod filling
stage are recommended for higher yield.
Weeding:
Premergence Herbicides
Fluchloralin @ 1 kg. a.i /ha
Pendamethalin @ 1.0 to 1.5 kg a.i /ha
Mechanical and / or manual weeding can be done where wide row spacing is done.

13. Plant Protection:
Root disease ( Fusarium wilt, collar rot and dry rot ) are more prevalent in central and
peninsular india.
1. Fusarium Wilt:
 Uses of resistant varieties ( Eg. JG 11 ,JAKI-9218,JG 130 ,KAK 2 ,JAK 1 and JAK 2)
 Seed Treatment with Tricoderma viride @ 4g/kg. of seed.
2. Collar rot:
 High soil moisture ,the presence of under decomposed organic matter on the soil
surface ,low soil PH and high temperature (25 to 30 °C favours diseases.)
 Treated seed with fungicides, follow long term crop rotations with cereals such as
wheat, sorghum and millets , and remove undecomposed debris from the field
before sowing.

14. Insects:
 Pod borer – ( Helicoverpa armigera )
 Resistant varieties such as ICCV 10 and Vijya suffer low damage.
1. Termites:
 (Microtermes spp. And Odontotermes spp. )
 Apply Thimet 10 G or Carbofuran 3G @1kg. a.i/ha. At the time of sowing in seed
furrows or treat seed with Chloropyriphous 20EC @ 12.5 ml./kg. of .seed.
 Termites nests can be destroyed by drenching with Chloropyriphos ( 10 ml. in 1 liter of
water ) after disturbing the mounds.
2. Cut Worm ( Agrotis ipsilon ):
 Broad spectrum insecticides are effective in

15. Rouging:
Systematic examination of seed production fields and removal of undesirable plants that
may contaminate the seed crop. Off type plants, other crop species (with similar seed
size), weed plants, infected with seed-borne fungal disease and Viruses should be
removed from the seed field from time to time.
Harvesting & Threshing:
The crop should be harvested when leaves when leaves start to senesce and
start shedding, pods turn yellow, plant are dry ,and seed feel hard and ratties
with in the pod. The plants can be dried in the sum for a few days to ensure that
seed get dried well. Threshing can be done using commercially available power
threshers.

16. Seed Processing:
Dried seed are cleaned to remove the undesirable contaminates such as plant parts, soil
particles, stones, weed seeds, other crop seed and shrivelled, broken or damage seeds.
Cleaning and grading of seeds is first achieved by winnowing and then through a set of
mechanical sieves. Air cleaners, and aspirators, indented separators, disc separators,
gravity separators and drum separators are frequently used.
Seed Yield:
Average yield of gram varies from 15 to 20 q/ha depending upon variety, soil and crop
management.

17. Seed Storage:
• Seed moisture level is 10 – 12 %for short term storage 9 up to 8 months ).
• The seed should be stored in polythene lined gunny bags or in safe storage structures
(Metal bins or earthen containers).
• The bag should be kept in rodent free room and placed in wooden plank ( not more than
5 in a stack ) and away from walls to avoid dampness to the seeds.

18. Thank You