Haploidy breeding for ppt Ranjeet maurya
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Double haploids
Double haploids are produced by doubling the chromosomes of haploid cells. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original organism due to meiosis. A doubled haploid would have the full chromosome number and be homozygous. There are two main methods to produce haploids - anther/pollen culture (androgenesis) and ovary/ovule culture (gynogenesis). The haploids can then be doubled using chemicals like colchicine to produce doubled haploids. Doubled haploids have benefits for plant breeding as they are fully homozygous in the first generation, allowing for faster breeding cycles.
Chromosomal-Aberrations.
This document provides an overview of numerical chromosomal aberrations. It defines euploidy as having an exact multiple of the basic chromosome number, and aneuploidy as having an additional or missing individual chromosome. Types of euploidy include monoploidy, diploidy, and polyploidy. Types of aneuploidy include trisomy, monosomy, and nullisomy. Examples of numerical chromosomal disorders in humans caused by aneuploidy are provided, such as Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
Haploid
This document describes research on producing double haploids in the ornamental plant Primula via anther culture. The researchers determined the optimal microspore developmental stage for culture by examining bud size and morphology. Anthers at specific stages were cultured on media with different plant growth regulator combinations. Callus formed from some anthers, and some calli regenerated shoots. The ploidy levels of regenerated plants were determined using flow cytometry and cytology. Plants with haploid, diploid and mixoploid levels were identified. The study developed a protocol for generating double haploids in Primula through microspore culture, aiming to provide a more efficient breeding method for this ornamental crop.
Haploid
The document discusses haploidy and doubled haploid technology. It describes three main methods for producing haploids: parthenogenesis and apogamy, chromosome elimination, and culture methods. Haploids are useful in plant breeding as they allow for the rapid creation of fully homozygous lines, shortening breeding cycles. Doubled haploids can be used to generate mapping populations for QTL analysis and marker-assisted selection can then be used to introgress traits of interest.
double haploids in horti crop improvement.pptx
Double haploid breeding is a technique used to rapidly develop pure breeding lines for horticultural crop improvement. A double haploid is formed when haploid cells, containing half the normal number of chromosomes, undergo chromosome doubling to become fertile plants. This allows the production of completely homozygous plants within 2 years, much faster than traditional breeding. Various methods can be used to produce haploids, including anther and ovary culture, as well as wide hybridization. Once haploids are produced, chromosome doubling agents like colchicine are used to restore fertility. Double haploid breeding offers benefits like accelerated development of new varieties and easier identification of recessive traits.
Meiosis Reduction Division
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each pair. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original number of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.
Meiosis.ppt
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome. This ensures genetic variation between the gametes and allows for recombination of genes from both parents when fertilization occurs.
Meiosis.ppt
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome type. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for recombination of genes from both parents during fertilization. Key events in meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and independent assortment of homologs, which contribute to genetic diversity in offspring.
Recommended
Double haploids
Double haploids are produced by doubling the chromosomes of haploid cells. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original organism due to meiosis. A doubled haploid would have the full chromosome number and be homozygous. There are two main methods to produce haploids - anther/pollen culture (androgenesis) and ovary/ovule culture (gynogenesis). The haploids can then be doubled using chemicals like colchicine to produce doubled haploids. Doubled haploids have benefits for plant breeding as they are fully homozygous in the first generation, allowing for faster breeding cycles.
Chromosomal-Aberrations.
This document provides an overview of numerical chromosomal aberrations. It defines euploidy as having an exact multiple of the basic chromosome number, and aneuploidy as having an additional or missing individual chromosome. Types of euploidy include monoploidy, diploidy, and polyploidy. Types of aneuploidy include trisomy, monosomy, and nullisomy. Examples of numerical chromosomal disorders in humans caused by aneuploidy are provided, such as Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
Haploid
This document describes research on producing double haploids in the ornamental plant Primula via anther culture. The researchers determined the optimal microspore developmental stage for culture by examining bud size and morphology. Anthers at specific stages were cultured on media with different plant growth regulator combinations. Callus formed from some anthers, and some calli regenerated shoots. The ploidy levels of regenerated plants were determined using flow cytometry and cytology. Plants with haploid, diploid and mixoploid levels were identified. The study developed a protocol for generating double haploids in Primula through microspore culture, aiming to provide a more efficient breeding method for this ornamental crop.
Haploid
The document discusses haploidy and doubled haploid technology. It describes three main methods for producing haploids: parthenogenesis and apogamy, chromosome elimination, and culture methods. Haploids are useful in plant breeding as they allow for the rapid creation of fully homozygous lines, shortening breeding cycles. Doubled haploids can be used to generate mapping populations for QTL analysis and marker-assisted selection can then be used to introgress traits of interest.
double haploids in horti crop improvement.pptx
Double haploid breeding is a technique used to rapidly develop pure breeding lines for horticultural crop improvement. A double haploid is formed when haploid cells, containing half the normal number of chromosomes, undergo chromosome doubling to become fertile plants. This allows the production of completely homozygous plants within 2 years, much faster than traditional breeding. Various methods can be used to produce haploids, including anther and ovary culture, as well as wide hybridization. Once haploids are produced, chromosome doubling agents like colchicine are used to restore fertility. Double haploid breeding offers benefits like accelerated development of new varieties and easier identification of recessive traits.
Meiosis Reduction Division
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each pair. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original number of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.
Meiosis.ppt
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome. This ensures genetic variation between the gametes and allows for recombination of genes from both parents when fertilization occurs.
Meiosis.ppt
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome type. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for recombination of genes from both parents during fertilization. Key events in meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and independent assortment of homologs, which contribute to genetic diversity in offspring.
Meiosis Cell Division- General Biology-1
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome type. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for recombination of genes from both parents during fertilization. Key events in meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and independent assortment of homologs, which contribute to genetic diversity in offspring.
Genetics breeding fall-2011
The study investigated the genetic control of apomixis in two Hieracium species. Crosses were performed between apomictic and sexual biotypes to generate hybrids. Segregation analysis of the hybrids found that apomixis behaved as a monogenic, dominant trait controlled by a single locus. Backcrosses determined that the homozygous recessive phenotype was sexuality. A second cross combining the two apomictic parents found that the dominant factors controlling apomixis in each were closely linked or allelic. The research demonstrated that apomixis can be inherited in polyploids through sexual or apomictic gametes carrying the dominant allele.
Haploid vs diploid cells
Chromosomes contain DNA and are usually found in pairs in diploid cells, but sex cells produced during meiosis are haploid with only a single set of 23 chromosomes rather than 23 pairs. Diploid cells have 46 total chromosomes in 23 pairs, while haploid cells have only 23 unpaired chromosomes.
Haploid and double haploid Production and their roles in crop improvement by ...
This document discusses haploid and double haploid production and their roles in crop improvement. It begins by defining haploids as plants containing a single set of chromosomes, and double haploids as genotypes formed when haploid cells undergo chromosome doubling. It then describes various methods for producing haploids and double haploids, including anther, pollen, and ovule culture, temperature treatments, chemical treatments, alien cytoplasm, and haploid initiator genes. The advantages of double haploids in plant breeding are also summarized, such as achieving homozygosity in one generation.
the significance of meiosis grade 8.pptx
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for independent assortment and recombination of paternal and maternal chromosomes during fertilization. Errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidy gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Ploidy presentation
Ploidy, Types: Autoploidy, Aneuploidy, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome, Ploidy experiment in plants, Robertsonian translocation, Down syndrome, Trisomy, Nullisomy, Monosomy, Genetic disorders.
Meiosis Notes
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. This allows for fertilization to restore the full chromosome number. Meiosis involves two cell divisions after one round of DNA replication, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Differences between meiosis and mitosis include that meiosis reduces the chromosome number while mitosis maintains it.
Molecular Genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of biology and the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes key experiments that showed DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new complementary daughter strand. The process of DNA replication requires several enzymes including DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase and primase to unwind, copy and join new DNA strands.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, or sex cells. Gametes like sperm and eggs contain half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells. When the nuclei of a sperm and egg fuse in fertilization, the fertilized egg contains the full number of chromosomes. This variation between parental chromosomes ensures no child is identical to either parent. One pair of chromosomes determines sex - females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome.
13 Lecture BIOL 1030-30 Gillette College
This document provides an overview of meiosis and sexual life cycles. It discusses how meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid through two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. The three main types of sexual life cycles differ in terms of when meiosis and fertilization occur, but all involve an alternation between haploid and diploid stages to generate genetic variation. Meiosis consists of two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, where homologous chromosomes and then sister chromatids are separated, respectively.
IB Bio Karyotypes
Karyotypes analyze the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell's nucleus and can be used to determine genetic abnormalities in a fetus by taking a blood sample from the mother and examining the karyotype. The karyotype is produced by growing and staining a cell sample, usually with Giemsa dye, and comparing the pairs and features of the chromosomes to identify any abnormalities related to conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli first observed chromosomes in 1842 and later scientists like T.S. Painter, Joe Hin Tijo, and others helped establish human karyotyping techniques and our understanding of normal human chromosome number
Meiosis _Science 8_ Quarter 4 _ LCBP ppt
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell division rounds and results in four daughter cells. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material via crossing over. This provides genetic variation in the gametes. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Errors during meiosis can cause conditions like Down syndrome due to having an extra chromosome.
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessi.pdf
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessive genotypte?
c. ee
As there are always two letters in the genotype because one code for the trait come from materal
and other code for the trait comes from paternal oraganism, so every organism has two codes (
letters ). The two lowercase letters in the genotype referred as homozygous recessive genotype(
ee). The term pure may also used in place of homozygous.
13). Daughter nuclei form from each parent cell during
a. Telophase I and telophase II
In both at each pole, a daughter nucleus with nuclear membrane( from ER) and nucleolus( from
SAT chromosome) is formedand also there is disappearance of astral rays and spindle fibres.
14). The diploid human cell has _ chromosomes.
- 46
The diploid number is abbreviated as 2n because of the presence of twice the amount of
chromosomes as a haploid cell. The haploid cell has a total of 23 chromosomes while the diploid
cell has 46 chromosomes.
15). Choose all that are true about genes
- genes are located on chromosomes
- genes are units of inheritence about heritable trait
- genes are arranged in a linear sequence on a chromosome
- each gene has its own location,in one type of chromosome
16).Mendal theory of independent assortment states that
a. genes for different traits are randomly distributed to gametes during meiosis.
17). Pairs of homologus chromosomes exist
a. during meiosis I
It is a special type of division in which chromosomes duplicate only once, but cell divides twice.
So one parental cell produces 4 daughter cells.
18). Alternate forms of genes are called_
- alleles
19). The physical appearance of an individual is referrred to as its
b. Phenotype
20). The genetic make- up of an individual is referred to as its
a.Genotype
21). Why the sexual reproduction benefit for the organism?
all of these are true.
22). The various forms of particular gene are called
b. alleles
Solution
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessive genotypte?
c. ee
As there are always two letters in the genotype because one code for the trait come from materal
and other code for the trait comes from paternal oraganism, so every organism has two codes (
letters ). The two lowercase letters in the genotype referred as homozygous recessive genotype(
ee). The term pure may also used in place of homozygous.
13). Daughter nuclei form from each parent cell during
a. Telophase I and telophase II
In both at each pole, a daughter nucleus with nuclear membrane( from ER) and nucleolus( from
SAT chromosome) is formedand also there is disappearance of astral rays and spindle fibres.
14). The diploid human cell has _ chromosomes.
- 46
The diploid number is abbreviated as 2n because of the presence of twice the amount of
chromosomes as a haploid cell. The haploid cell has a total of 23 chromosomes while the diploid
cell has 46 chromosomes.
15). Choose all that are true about genes
- genes are located on chromosomes
- genes are units of inheriten.
Topic heteroploidy
The document discusses various types of changes in chromosome number, including heteroploidy, euploidy, haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy, aneuploidy, monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy, and tetrasomy. It provides definitions and examples of each type of change, as well as potential causes.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes total that are arranged in 23 homologous pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells in either a diploid form with two of each chromosome or a haploid form with one. The first 22 chromosome pairs are autosomes, while the 23rd pair determines sex as either XX or XY.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 pairs, with one set from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells as duplicated structures called chromatids connected at the centromere. Each species has a specific number of chromosomes that are either diploid (2 sets) in non-sex cells or haploid (1 set) in sex cells like eggs and sperm. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex as either XX female or XY male.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes total that are arranged in 23 homologous pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells in either a diploid form with two of each chromosome or a haploid form with one. The first 22 chromosome pairs are autosomes, while the 23rd pair determines sex as either XX or XY.
Polyploidy in ornamental crops
This will describe the what is polyploidy, its type, how its induced and polyploidy in ornamental crops.
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to.pdf
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to Thomas Morgan and his
lab? (Multiple Answer: Choose all that are correct)
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkage
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32P
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35S
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
3. Which of the following is true (Multiple Answer: Choose all that apply):
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of lysine
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of arginine
The work of Beadle and Tatum supported the ‘one gene/one enzyme’ hypothesis
D. Beadle and Tatum used the R-strain to create damaged metabolic pathways
4. Watson & Crick along with Maurice Wilkins and Rosiland Franklin. (Choose all that apply)
Solved the molecular structure of DNA
Discovered DNA
Determined that DNA is where our genes are located
D. Showed that traits are found on chromosome.
5. Cell theory was advanced by (Choose all that apply):
Linus Pauling
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
William HarveyA.
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.B.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkageC.
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:A.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32PB.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35SC.
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and ThymineD.
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
Solution
5) the answer are (B & C) cell theory was given by two scientists and they were Theodor Schwan
& Matthias Schleiden.. They both stated that it consists of double layer phospholipids
membrane..
4) Watson and Crick discovered DNA & Rosalind Franklin determined the structure of the
dsDNA by X-rays crystallography..!! (A& B)
2) Hershey and Chase experiment they radio labeled the DNA with 32P and protein with 32S as
DNA contains Phosphorus and protein contains Sulphur.. It offered the definite proof that D.
medalian inheritance.pptx about the mental history
This document discusses Mendelian inheritance and genetics. It provides background on chromosomes, including that human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes consisting of 22 autosomes and two sex chromosomes. It explains that meiosis results in germ cells that are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes. The principle of independent assortment during meiosis is described. Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants are discussed, from which he deduced the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Punnett squares are mentioned as a way to show possible offspring from parental mating. Key terms like genotype, phenotype, homologous, and heterologous are also defined.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome type. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for recombination of genes from both parents during fertilization. Key events in meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and independent assortment of homologs, which contribute to genetic diversity in offspring.
Genetics breeding fall-2011
The study investigated the genetic control of apomixis in two Hieracium species. Crosses were performed between apomictic and sexual biotypes to generate hybrids. Segregation analysis of the hybrids found that apomixis behaved as a monogenic, dominant trait controlled by a single locus. Backcrosses determined that the homozygous recessive phenotype was sexuality. A second cross combining the two apomictic parents found that the dominant factors controlling apomixis in each were closely linked or allelic. The research demonstrated that apomixis can be inherited in polyploids through sexual or apomictic gametes carrying the dominant allele.
Haploid vs diploid cells
Chromosomes contain DNA and are usually found in pairs in diploid cells, but sex cells produced during meiosis are haploid with only a single set of 23 chromosomes rather than 23 pairs. Diploid cells have 46 total chromosomes in 23 pairs, while haploid cells have only 23 unpaired chromosomes.
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This document discusses haploid and double haploid production and their roles in crop improvement. It begins by defining haploids as plants containing a single set of chromosomes, and double haploids as genotypes formed when haploid cells undergo chromosome doubling. It then describes various methods for producing haploids and double haploids, including anther, pollen, and ovule culture, temperature treatments, chemical treatments, alien cytoplasm, and haploid initiator genes. The advantages of double haploids in plant breeding are also summarized, such as achieving homozygosity in one generation.
the significance of meiosis grade 8.pptx
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in four daughter cells each with only one copy of each chromosome. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for independent assortment and recombination of paternal and maternal chromosomes during fertilization. Errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidy gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Ploidy presentation
Ploidy, Types: Autoploidy, Aneuploidy, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome, Ploidy experiment in plants, Robertsonian translocation, Down syndrome, Trisomy, Nullisomy, Monosomy, Genetic disorders.
Meiosis Notes
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. This allows for fertilization to restore the full chromosome number. Meiosis involves two cell divisions after one round of DNA replication, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Differences between meiosis and mitosis include that meiosis reduces the chromosome number while mitosis maintains it.
Molecular Genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of biology and the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes key experiments that showed DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new complementary daughter strand. The process of DNA replication requires several enzymes including DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase and primase to unwind, copy and join new DNA strands.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, or sex cells. Gametes like sperm and eggs contain half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells. When the nuclei of a sperm and egg fuse in fertilization, the fertilized egg contains the full number of chromosomes. This variation between parental chromosomes ensures no child is identical to either parent. One pair of chromosomes determines sex - females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome.
13 Lecture BIOL 1030-30 Gillette College
This document provides an overview of meiosis and sexual life cycles. It discusses how meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid through two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. The three main types of sexual life cycles differ in terms of when meiosis and fertilization occur, but all involve an alternation between haploid and diploid stages to generate genetic variation. Meiosis consists of two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, where homologous chromosomes and then sister chromatids are separated, respectively.
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Karyotypes analyze the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell's nucleus and can be used to determine genetic abnormalities in a fetus by taking a blood sample from the mother and examining the karyotype. The karyotype is produced by growing and staining a cell sample, usually with Giemsa dye, and comparing the pairs and features of the chromosomes to identify any abnormalities related to conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli first observed chromosomes in 1842 and later scientists like T.S. Painter, Joe Hin Tijo, and others helped establish human karyotyping techniques and our understanding of normal human chromosome number
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell division rounds and results in four daughter cells. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material via crossing over. This provides genetic variation in the gametes. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Errors during meiosis can cause conditions like Down syndrome due to having an extra chromosome.
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessi.pdf
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessive genotypte?
c. ee
As there are always two letters in the genotype because one code for the trait come from materal
and other code for the trait comes from paternal oraganism, so every organism has two codes (
letters ). The two lowercase letters in the genotype referred as homozygous recessive genotype(
ee). The term pure may also used in place of homozygous.
13). Daughter nuclei form from each parent cell during
a. Telophase I and telophase II
In both at each pole, a daughter nucleus with nuclear membrane( from ER) and nucleolus( from
SAT chromosome) is formedand also there is disappearance of astral rays and spindle fibres.
14). The diploid human cell has _ chromosomes.
- 46
The diploid number is abbreviated as 2n because of the presence of twice the amount of
chromosomes as a haploid cell. The haploid cell has a total of 23 chromosomes while the diploid
cell has 46 chromosomes.
15). Choose all that are true about genes
- genes are located on chromosomes
- genes are units of inheritence about heritable trait
- genes are arranged in a linear sequence on a chromosome
- each gene has its own location,in one type of chromosome
16).Mendal theory of independent assortment states that
a. genes for different traits are randomly distributed to gametes during meiosis.
17). Pairs of homologus chromosomes exist
a. during meiosis I
It is a special type of division in which chromosomes duplicate only once, but cell divides twice.
So one parental cell produces 4 daughter cells.
18). Alternate forms of genes are called_
- alleles
19). The physical appearance of an individual is referrred to as its
b. Phenotype
20). The genetic make- up of an individual is referred to as its
a.Genotype
21). Why the sexual reproduction benefit for the organism?
all of these are true.
22). The various forms of particular gene are called
b. alleles
Solution
12). Choose the letter designation that represent homozygous recessive genotypte?
c. ee
As there are always two letters in the genotype because one code for the trait come from materal
and other code for the trait comes from paternal oraganism, so every organism has two codes (
letters ). The two lowercase letters in the genotype referred as homozygous recessive genotype(
ee). The term pure may also used in place of homozygous.
13). Daughter nuclei form from each parent cell during
a. Telophase I and telophase II
In both at each pole, a daughter nucleus with nuclear membrane( from ER) and nucleolus( from
SAT chromosome) is formedand also there is disappearance of astral rays and spindle fibres.
14). The diploid human cell has _ chromosomes.
- 46
The diploid number is abbreviated as 2n because of the presence of twice the amount of
chromosomes as a haploid cell. The haploid cell has a total of 23 chromosomes while the diploid
cell has 46 chromosomes.
15). Choose all that are true about genes
- genes are located on chromosomes
- genes are units of inheriten.
Topic heteroploidy
The document discusses various types of changes in chromosome number, including heteroploidy, euploidy, haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy, aneuploidy, monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy, and tetrasomy. It provides definitions and examples of each type of change, as well as potential causes.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes total that are arranged in 23 homologous pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells in either a diploid form with two of each chromosome or a haploid form with one. The first 22 chromosome pairs are autosomes, while the 23rd pair determines sex as either XX or XY.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 pairs, with one set from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells as duplicated structures called chromatids connected at the centromere. Each species has a specific number of chromosomes that are either diploid (2 sets) in non-sex cells or haploid (1 set) in sex cells like eggs and sperm. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex as either XX female or XY male.
DNA Genes and Chromosomes.ppt
Genes contain the code for proteins and are segments of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes total that are arranged in 23 homologous pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. Chromosomes exist in cells in either a diploid form with two of each chromosome or a haploid form with one. The first 22 chromosome pairs are autosomes, while the 23rd pair determines sex as either XX or XY.
Polyploidy in ornamental crops
This will describe the what is polyploidy, its type, how its induced and polyploidy in ornamental crops.
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to.pdf
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to Thomas Morgan and his
lab? (Multiple Answer: Choose all that are correct)
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkage
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32P
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35S
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
3. Which of the following is true (Multiple Answer: Choose all that apply):
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of lysine
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of arginine
The work of Beadle and Tatum supported the ‘one gene/one enzyme’ hypothesis
D. Beadle and Tatum used the R-strain to create damaged metabolic pathways
4. Watson & Crick along with Maurice Wilkins and Rosiland Franklin. (Choose all that apply)
Solved the molecular structure of DNA
Discovered DNA
Determined that DNA is where our genes are located
D. Showed that traits are found on chromosome.
5. Cell theory was advanced by (Choose all that apply):
Linus Pauling
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
William HarveyA.
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.B.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkageC.
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:A.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32PB.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35SC.
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and ThymineD.
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
Solution
5) the answer are (B & C) cell theory was given by two scientists and they were Theodor Schwan
& Matthias Schleiden.. They both stated that it consists of double layer phospholipids
membrane..
4) Watson and Crick discovered DNA & Rosalind Franklin determined the structure of the
dsDNA by X-rays crystallography..!! (A& B)
2) Hershey and Chase experiment they radio labeled the DNA with 32P and protein with 32S as
DNA contains Phosphorus and protein contains Sulphur.. It offered the definite proof that D.
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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Haploidy breeding for ppt Ranjeet maurya
- 1. Haploid breeding Ranjeet maurya
- 2. Haploid Plant or cell with gametophytic chromosome number (n). So, basically, haploid is term used for half the number of chromosomes an organism has, as a result of meiosis
- 3. E.g.: A hexaploid organism has 42 chromosomes;When its meiocytes undergo meiosis, each of the four resultant cells will have 21 chromosomes each and will be called haploid cells. If it's tetraploid with 42 chromosomes, result of meiosis will still remain 21.
- 5. Monoploids It is the basic set of chromosomes in an organism {x} . If the original plant was diploid {2n},then haploid cells are monoploid {x} Therefore , n=x
- 6. History In1953, Tulecke obtained haploid callus (but no plants) derived from Ginkgo biloba. -In1964, Guha and Maheshwari reported direct development of embryosfrom microspores of Datura -innoxia.- In1967, Bourgin & Nitsch obtained complete haploid plants of Nicotiana tabacum.
- 7. Induction of maternal haploids Haploid techniques In situ induction of maternal haploids In situ induction of maternal haploids can be initiated by pollination with pollen of the same species (e.g., maize), pollination with irradiated pollen, pollination with pollen of a wild relative (e.g., barley, potato) or unrelated species (e.g., wheat)
- 8. Pollination with pollen of the same species
- 9. Wide hybridization Wide hybridization or distant hybridization is crossing between two different species or genera, and has been used successfully to move genes and to create new crop species.
- 11. In vitro induction of maternal haploids - gynogenesis In vitro induction of maternal haploids, so-called gynogenesis, is another pathway to the production of haploid embryos exclusively from a female gametophyte.
- 12. Androgenesis Androgenesis in plants refers to a fascinating process where microspores or young pollen grains switch from their normal pollen development pathway to an embryogenic pathway. This process can be induced under stress conditions.