MUTATION AND MUTAGENCE BREEDING (RANJEET MAURYA)
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Mutation Breeding
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in plants for crop improvement. It involves treating seeds or other plant materials with physical or chemical mutagens to generate genetic variations. Useful mutant traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and yield improvements have been identified in many crops including rice, wheat, barley through mutation breeding. Over 3,200 mutant varieties of more than 75 crops and 25 ornamental plants have been commercially released worldwide using this technique. Mutation breeding is an effective, low-cost method for developing new crop varieties with desirable traits.
Mutation breeding in Plants
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
Crop Domestication_Group 10_final 23.12.22.pptx
This document presents a report on crop domestication authored by three students. It discusses the key concepts of domestication including the genetic modification of wild plants by humans to meet their needs. Some major findings are summarized as follows:
- Crop domestication began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and progressed with grains like peas and wheat in the Middle East around 9000 BC. Major centers of early domestication included the Near East, China, Mesoamerica, and South America.
- Domestication results in morphological and physiological changes in plants through human selection over generations. Traits like seed shattering are reduced while fruit and seed size often increase.
- Pioneer scientists like De Cand
Evolution.ppt
Charles Darwin traveled around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, collecting biological specimens. This provided the foundation for his theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859. His theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection acting on inherited variation between individuals. Variations that aid survival and reproduction in a given environment become more common, leading to evolution of new species over time. This document provides background on Darwin's voyage and life, an overview of his theory of evolution by natural selection, and various evidence that supports the theory, including fossils, anatomical similarities, embryology, biochemistry and observations of natural selection in action.
Domestication In Crop Plants GPB 202
This document discusses plant domestication and the process of domestication. It defines domestication as bringing wild plant species under human management through genetic modification to meet human needs. Key points:
- About 150 plant species are commercially grown for food globally, supplying most of our caloric needs.
- Domestication has led to 10,000-fold increase in human population in last 10,000 years by providing more reliable food sources.
- Humans selected plants for traits like high calorie output and balanced nutrition.
- Domestication involves both natural selection by the environment and artificial selection by humans for desirable traits.
- Traits selected during domestication include reduced seed shattering/dorm
Genetically modified insects
This document discusses genetically modified insects. It provides background on how genetically modified insects are created by inserting DNA from other organisms into insect genomes. The main purposes are to manage agricultural pests and spread of human diseases. The document outlines the history of using genetic modification techniques like sterile insect technique and transgenic methods. It discusses examples of genetically modified mosquitoes used against malaria and pink bollworm moths used against cotton pests. Both advantages like public health benefits and limitations like environmental risks are addressed.
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
This document discusses biodiversity, evolution, and the roles of species in ecosystems. It defines biodiversity as the variety of organisms within an ecosystem and notes that it depends on climatic conditions and region. Evolution occurs over generations as traits beneficial for survival and reproduction spread through natural selection. Species play different ecological roles or niches in ecosystems. Some species indicate environmental changes or shape habitats for other species. Overall biodiversity and the roles species play are important for ecosystem sustainability.
Recommended
Mutation Breeding
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in plants for crop improvement. It involves treating seeds or other plant materials with physical or chemical mutagens to generate genetic variations. Useful mutant traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and yield improvements have been identified in many crops including rice, wheat, barley through mutation breeding. Over 3,200 mutant varieties of more than 75 crops and 25 ornamental plants have been commercially released worldwide using this technique. Mutation breeding is an effective, low-cost method for developing new crop varieties with desirable traits.
Mutation breeding in Plants
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
Crop Domestication_Group 10_final 23.12.22.pptx
This document presents a report on crop domestication authored by three students. It discusses the key concepts of domestication including the genetic modification of wild plants by humans to meet their needs. Some major findings are summarized as follows:
- Crop domestication began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and progressed with grains like peas and wheat in the Middle East around 9000 BC. Major centers of early domestication included the Near East, China, Mesoamerica, and South America.
- Domestication results in morphological and physiological changes in plants through human selection over generations. Traits like seed shattering are reduced while fruit and seed size often increase.
- Pioneer scientists like De Cand
Evolution.ppt
Charles Darwin traveled around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836, collecting biological specimens. This provided the foundation for his theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859. His theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection acting on inherited variation between individuals. Variations that aid survival and reproduction in a given environment become more common, leading to evolution of new species over time. This document provides background on Darwin's voyage and life, an overview of his theory of evolution by natural selection, and various evidence that supports the theory, including fossils, anatomical similarities, embryology, biochemistry and observations of natural selection in action.
Domestication In Crop Plants GPB 202
This document discusses plant domestication and the process of domestication. It defines domestication as bringing wild plant species under human management through genetic modification to meet human needs. Key points:
- About 150 plant species are commercially grown for food globally, supplying most of our caloric needs.
- Domestication has led to 10,000-fold increase in human population in last 10,000 years by providing more reliable food sources.
- Humans selected plants for traits like high calorie output and balanced nutrition.
- Domestication involves both natural selection by the environment and artificial selection by humans for desirable traits.
- Traits selected during domestication include reduced seed shattering/dorm
Genetically modified insects
This document discusses genetically modified insects. It provides background on how genetically modified insects are created by inserting DNA from other organisms into insect genomes. The main purposes are to manage agricultural pests and spread of human diseases. The document outlines the history of using genetic modification techniques like sterile insect technique and transgenic methods. It discusses examples of genetically modified mosquitoes used against malaria and pink bollworm moths used against cotton pests. Both advantages like public health benefits and limitations like environmental risks are addressed.
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
This document discusses biodiversity, evolution, and the roles of species in ecosystems. It defines biodiversity as the variety of organisms within an ecosystem and notes that it depends on climatic conditions and region. Evolution occurs over generations as traits beneficial for survival and reproduction spread through natural selection. Species play different ecological roles or niches in ecosystems. Some species indicate environmental changes or shape habitats for other species. Overall biodiversity and the roles species play are important for ecosystem sustainability.
Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Evolution_PMSD_Biology
PowerPoint presentation that highlights chapters 13 and 14 in Campbell's Essential Biology (3rd. edition). It can also be used for Miller & Levine's Biology (2006 Ed.) for chapters 15-18.
Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in crops to develop new varieties. It has been used successfully to create varieties with traits like higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and altered plant architecture. Desirable mutations are induced using physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens and selected over multiple generations. Notable achievements include releasing over 2,000 new mutant varieties worldwide, with improvements in traits like yield, plant height, maturity, and seed size in various crops. While most mutations are undesirable, mutation breeding is an effective way to introduce new variation for crop improvement.
Mutation breeding in fruit crops
The document discusses mutation breeding in fruit crops. It defines mutations as heritable changes in genetic material that are not due to genetic recombination. Mutation breeding refers to deliberately inducing and developing mutant lines for crop improvement. Some key points discussed include:
- Mutations can be induced chemically using mutagens like gamma rays or EMS, or occur spontaneously.
- Induced mutations allow improving traits like disease resistance, fruit quality, and plant architecture without disrupting other traits.
- Many fruit crops like banana, citrus, and grapes have benefited from mutation breeding programs developing traits like parthenocarpy and disease resistance.
Darwinism and Neo Darwinism
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key concepts such as overproduction of offspring, the struggle for existence, variations and heredity, survival of the fittest, and the origin of species. It notes criticisms of Darwin's original theory, such as its inability to explain the origin of variations and intermediate forms. The document then outlines processes that can lead to variations, such as mutation and genetic drift. It also discusses inheritance of variations, natural selection maintaining constancy or promoting new species, and speciation occurring due to isolation.
Domestication syndrome in crop plants
1) The document discusses domestication syndrome in crop plants, which refers to the suite of traits that distinguish domesticated crops from their wild progenitors, such as larger fruits/grains, loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, and changes to growth patterns.
2) Domestication occurred as humans selectively bred wild plants starting around 12,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution, resulting in crops dependent on human cultivation. Artificial selection for desirable traits changed plant evolution, similar to natural selection.
3) Methods to identify genes responsible for domestication traits include QTL mapping, association studies, and screening for signatures of selection in resequenced genomes. Several genes controlling key domestication traits have been identified in crops
evolution2.pdf
This document discusses evolution through natural selection. It provides background on key concepts like fitness, variation, competition, and adaptation. It also presents three case studies as examples:
1) Sickle cell anemia, where the sickle cell trait provides resistance to malaria, keeping the frequency of that genotype high.
2) The peppered moth, where the frequency of light and dark moths changed with the environment during the Industrial Revolution due to camouflage and predation.
3) Darwin's finches in the Galapagos, where different beak shapes evolved on different islands adapted to local food sources like insects versus seeds.
Bioherbicides
Bioherbicides are biologically based agents for controlling weeds. They provide an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical herbicides which can pollute the environment and affect human health. The first commercial bioherbicides appeared in the 1980s. They included Devine, a mycoherbicide that controls the weed Morrenia odorata through a pathogenic fungus. Since then, many microbes have been screened for their ability to act as bioherbicides. While bioherbicides show promise, challenges remain in developing agents that are effective, host-specific, and genetically stable under field conditions. Improved formulation and targeting of specific weed species could help increase their use in agriculture as an alternative to chemical herbicides
EVOLUTION AND MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that bacteria can undergo transformation through uptake of DNA. He found that non-lethal heat-killed bacteria, when mixed with live harmless bacteria, could make the mixture lethal. Later it was found the "transforming principle" was DNA, which could be taken up by other bacteria and confer new traits like capsule formation and virulence. This provided early evidence that DNA carries genetic information that can be transferred between bacteria.
biodiversity and its conservation part 1.pptx
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth. It exists at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. There are an estimated 7-50 million species globally, with insects being the most species-rich animal group. India contains 8% of global biodiversity despite having only 2.4% of the world's land area. Species diversity is highest in tropical regions like the Amazon rainforest, due to greater evolutionary time, less seasonal environments, and higher solar energy. Loss of biodiversity threatens ecosystem functioning, as key species extinctions could have cascading effects like an airplane becoming weaker with removal of more rivets over time.
Mutation breeding
This document provides an overview of mutation breeding including:
1. Mutation can occur through changes in nuclear or cytoplasmic DNA, with cytoplasmic male sterility being a useful example.
2. Early work in the 1920s-1940s established induced mutation techniques using radiation and chemicals. This opened the door to mutation breeding in crops.
3. Mutation breeding involves inducing desirable mutations through mutagens like radiation or chemicals and using them for crop improvement traits like increased yield, drought tolerance, etc.
4. Several countries including India have successful mutation breeding programs that have developed improved crop varieties through this technique.
Mutation breeding
This document discusses mutation breeding and mutation induction. It defines mutation as a heritable change in phenotype and describes two types of mutations: those caused by changes in nuclear DNA and those caused by changes in cytoplasmic DNA. It then outlines the history of mutation research and induction starting in the 1920s. The document discusses spontaneous versus induced mutations and different mutagens used to induce mutations like radiation, chemicals, and base analogues. It describes the breeding procedure for mutation breeding and screening techniques. Finally, it covers advantages, limitations, research centers involved, and some achievements of mutation breeding.
Mutation breeding
This document discusses mutation breeding in plants. It begins by defining key terms like mutation, mutagen, and mutant. It then describes the history of mutation breeding, which began in the 1920s with experiments exposing plants to radiation. The document outlines different types of mutations and mutagens used, including physical mutagens like radiation and chemical mutagens. The breeding process is explained as inducing mutations, screening mutants for desirable traits, and releasing improved varieties. Advantages include developing new varieties quickly, while disadvantages include the unpredictability of mutations. The document concludes by listing achievements of mutation breeding programs in India.
Population genetics
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations over time. It examines changes in allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and phenotype frequencies. The field originated from the synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Mendel's laws of inheritance. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in large, randomly mating populations without other evolutionary influences. Factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection can cause frequencies to change and drive evolution.
Mutation breeding; TYPES, ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES etc.
This document provides an overview of mutation breeding. It discusses the historical development of mutation breeding, including key discoveries. It describes spontaneous and induced mutations and different types of mutations based on their effects. It also discusses mutagens, both physical (radiation) and chemical, and how they are used to induce mutations. The document outlines the general procedure for mutation breeding programs, including selecting plant materials, choosing mutagen doses, and screening mutated populations.
Food in the Balance
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the debate surrounding their use. It explores how genetic modification has been used to develop high-yield crops but relies heavily on pesticides and herbicides. Most biotech research is dominated by Monsanto, which has patented many GMO seeds, including "Roundup Ready" crops resistant to its herbicide Roundup. However, critics argue that patents increase costs for small farmers and could allow Monsanto to monopolize crop markets. The document also discusses concerns about monoculture farming and the loss of ancient crop varieties that may be better suited to different environments.
Theories Of Biological Evolution.pptx
This document discusses several theories of evolution including:
1. Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics which was later disproven.
2. Darwin's theory of natural selection, where organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
3. De Vries' mutation theory, where sudden variations occur that can be inherited.
4. The modern synthesis combining genetics, mutation, natural selection and evidence from fields like biogeography, paleontology and embryology.
EXTINCTION.pptx
The document discusses extinction and biodiversity. It defines extinction as the death of all members of a species. Mass extinction refers to the termination of multiple widespread taxa over a short geological period, resulting in a decline in diversity. Extinctions occur when environmental changes outpace a species' ability to adapt. There have been five major mass extinctions in Earth's history. Modern extinctions are often caused by habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, and pollution. Loss of biodiversity could negatively impact medicine, agriculture, and ecosystem services.
More Related Content
Similar to MUTATION AND MUTAGENCE BREEDING (RANJEET MAURYA)
Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Evolution_PMSD_Biology
PowerPoint presentation that highlights chapters 13 and 14 in Campbell's Essential Biology (3rd. edition). It can also be used for Miller & Levine's Biology (2006 Ed.) for chapters 15-18.
Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in crops to develop new varieties. It has been used successfully to create varieties with traits like higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and altered plant architecture. Desirable mutations are induced using physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens and selected over multiple generations. Notable achievements include releasing over 2,000 new mutant varieties worldwide, with improvements in traits like yield, plant height, maturity, and seed size in various crops. While most mutations are undesirable, mutation breeding is an effective way to introduce new variation for crop improvement.
Mutation breeding in fruit crops
The document discusses mutation breeding in fruit crops. It defines mutations as heritable changes in genetic material that are not due to genetic recombination. Mutation breeding refers to deliberately inducing and developing mutant lines for crop improvement. Some key points discussed include:
- Mutations can be induced chemically using mutagens like gamma rays or EMS, or occur spontaneously.
- Induced mutations allow improving traits like disease resistance, fruit quality, and plant architecture without disrupting other traits.
- Many fruit crops like banana, citrus, and grapes have benefited from mutation breeding programs developing traits like parthenocarpy and disease resistance.
Darwinism and Neo Darwinism
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key concepts such as overproduction of offspring, the struggle for existence, variations and heredity, survival of the fittest, and the origin of species. It notes criticisms of Darwin's original theory, such as its inability to explain the origin of variations and intermediate forms. The document then outlines processes that can lead to variations, such as mutation and genetic drift. It also discusses inheritance of variations, natural selection maintaining constancy or promoting new species, and speciation occurring due to isolation.
Domestication syndrome in crop plants
1) The document discusses domestication syndrome in crop plants, which refers to the suite of traits that distinguish domesticated crops from their wild progenitors, such as larger fruits/grains, loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, and changes to growth patterns.
2) Domestication occurred as humans selectively bred wild plants starting around 12,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution, resulting in crops dependent on human cultivation. Artificial selection for desirable traits changed plant evolution, similar to natural selection.
3) Methods to identify genes responsible for domestication traits include QTL mapping, association studies, and screening for signatures of selection in resequenced genomes. Several genes controlling key domestication traits have been identified in crops
evolution2.pdf
This document discusses evolution through natural selection. It provides background on key concepts like fitness, variation, competition, and adaptation. It also presents three case studies as examples:
1) Sickle cell anemia, where the sickle cell trait provides resistance to malaria, keeping the frequency of that genotype high.
2) The peppered moth, where the frequency of light and dark moths changed with the environment during the Industrial Revolution due to camouflage and predation.
3) Darwin's finches in the Galapagos, where different beak shapes evolved on different islands adapted to local food sources like insects versus seeds.
Bioherbicides
Bioherbicides are biologically based agents for controlling weeds. They provide an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical herbicides which can pollute the environment and affect human health. The first commercial bioherbicides appeared in the 1980s. They included Devine, a mycoherbicide that controls the weed Morrenia odorata through a pathogenic fungus. Since then, many microbes have been screened for their ability to act as bioherbicides. While bioherbicides show promise, challenges remain in developing agents that are effective, host-specific, and genetically stable under field conditions. Improved formulation and targeting of specific weed species could help increase their use in agriculture as an alternative to chemical herbicides
EVOLUTION AND MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Spontaneous mutations in microorganisms
Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that bacteria can undergo transformation through uptake of DNA. He found that non-lethal heat-killed bacteria, when mixed with live harmless bacteria, could make the mixture lethal. Later it was found the "transforming principle" was DNA, which could be taken up by other bacteria and confer new traits like capsule formation and virulence. This provided early evidence that DNA carries genetic information that can be transferred between bacteria.
biodiversity and its conservation part 1.pptx
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth. It exists at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. There are an estimated 7-50 million species globally, with insects being the most species-rich animal group. India contains 8% of global biodiversity despite having only 2.4% of the world's land area. Species diversity is highest in tropical regions like the Amazon rainforest, due to greater evolutionary time, less seasonal environments, and higher solar energy. Loss of biodiversity threatens ecosystem functioning, as key species extinctions could have cascading effects like an airplane becoming weaker with removal of more rivets over time.
Mutation breeding
This document provides an overview of mutation breeding including:
1. Mutation can occur through changes in nuclear or cytoplasmic DNA, with cytoplasmic male sterility being a useful example.
2. Early work in the 1920s-1940s established induced mutation techniques using radiation and chemicals. This opened the door to mutation breeding in crops.
3. Mutation breeding involves inducing desirable mutations through mutagens like radiation or chemicals and using them for crop improvement traits like increased yield, drought tolerance, etc.
4. Several countries including India have successful mutation breeding programs that have developed improved crop varieties through this technique.
Mutation breeding
This document discusses mutation breeding and mutation induction. It defines mutation as a heritable change in phenotype and describes two types of mutations: those caused by changes in nuclear DNA and those caused by changes in cytoplasmic DNA. It then outlines the history of mutation research and induction starting in the 1920s. The document discusses spontaneous versus induced mutations and different mutagens used to induce mutations like radiation, chemicals, and base analogues. It describes the breeding procedure for mutation breeding and screening techniques. Finally, it covers advantages, limitations, research centers involved, and some achievements of mutation breeding.
Mutation breeding
This document discusses mutation breeding in plants. It begins by defining key terms like mutation, mutagen, and mutant. It then describes the history of mutation breeding, which began in the 1920s with experiments exposing plants to radiation. The document outlines different types of mutations and mutagens used, including physical mutagens like radiation and chemical mutagens. The breeding process is explained as inducing mutations, screening mutants for desirable traits, and releasing improved varieties. Advantages include developing new varieties quickly, while disadvantages include the unpredictability of mutations. The document concludes by listing achievements of mutation breeding programs in India.
Population genetics
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations over time. It examines changes in allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and phenotype frequencies. The field originated from the synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Mendel's laws of inheritance. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in large, randomly mating populations without other evolutionary influences. Factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection can cause frequencies to change and drive evolution.
Mutation breeding; TYPES, ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES etc.
This document provides an overview of mutation breeding. It discusses the historical development of mutation breeding, including key discoveries. It describes spontaneous and induced mutations and different types of mutations based on their effects. It also discusses mutagens, both physical (radiation) and chemical, and how they are used to induce mutations. The document outlines the general procedure for mutation breeding programs, including selecting plant materials, choosing mutagen doses, and screening mutated populations.
Food in the Balance
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the debate surrounding their use. It explores how genetic modification has been used to develop high-yield crops but relies heavily on pesticides and herbicides. Most biotech research is dominated by Monsanto, which has patented many GMO seeds, including "Roundup Ready" crops resistant to its herbicide Roundup. However, critics argue that patents increase costs for small farmers and could allow Monsanto to monopolize crop markets. The document also discusses concerns about monoculture farming and the loss of ancient crop varieties that may be better suited to different environments.
Theories Of Biological Evolution.pptx
This document discusses several theories of evolution including:
1. Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics which was later disproven.
2. Darwin's theory of natural selection, where organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
3. De Vries' mutation theory, where sudden variations occur that can be inherited.
4. The modern synthesis combining genetics, mutation, natural selection and evidence from fields like biogeography, paleontology and embryology.
EXTINCTION.pptx
The document discusses extinction and biodiversity. It defines extinction as the death of all members of a species. Mass extinction refers to the termination of multiple widespread taxa over a short geological period, resulting in a decline in diversity. Extinctions occur when environmental changes outpace a species' ability to adapt. There have been five major mass extinctions in Earth's history. Modern extinctions are often caused by habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, and pollution. Loss of biodiversity could negatively impact medicine, agriculture, and ecosystem services.
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MUTATION AND MUTAGENCE BREEDING (RANJEET MAURYA)
- 1. MUTATION Introduction Mutation is a sudden genetic change that does not result from genetic segregation or genetic recombination and occurs in the DNA of a living cell Summited by Summited to: Ranjeet kumar Dr. Akanksha guru ma am m. Sc ( Ag) 3rd sem. Topic = Achievements, problem or Limitation of mutation breeding
- 2. History of mutation Hugo de Vries coined the term “mutation” in 1900. It originated from the Latin word “mutare,” which means to change. Mutation refers to the sudden heritable change in an organism other than those caused by Mendelian segregation and recombination. Mutation action of X- ray was discovered by Muller in 1927 on Drosophila,and Gamma-ray and X-ray in 1928 by Stadler in Barley ( H. vulgare ) and Maize ( Z. mays,)n
- 3. Hugo de Vries. (16 February1848 – 21 May 1935)
- 4. Lewis John Stadler (July 6, 1896 – May 12, 1954) was an American geneticist
- 5. Achievements of mutation breeding Higher yield Barley (DL 253), Pea (Hans), Groundnut (Co 2, TG 17). Short stature Barley (RDB 1),Rice (Prabhavati). Earliness Rice (IIT 48,IIT 60,Indira,Padmini) Stress resistance Salt tolerance in Rice (Mohan) water logging tolerance in jute (Padma) Bold seed size Groundnut (PB 1,PB 2,Vikram) andRice (Jagannath).
- 7. Limitation of mutation breeding The important limitations of mutation breeding are: They are sometimes harmful to organism. The frequencies of the mutants which are desirable are usually low. The absence of detailed information of the mutagens is not good method of crop improvement. Screening the large population must be done for selecting the desirable mutation.
- 8. Certain desirable mutations are sometimes associated with the undesirable side effects. The detection of the recessive mutation in the clonal crops is difficult. Since most of the mutations are recessive. The mutation breeding in the polyploidy species is difficult and large doses of mutagens must be applied.