This document discusses seed hardening techniques for improving crop yields in dryland conditions. It defines seed hardening as hydrating seeds to initiate pre-germination metabolism followed by dehydration to fix biochemical events and impart stress resistance. Methods discussed include water soaking, chemical treatments with salts, growth regulators, and vitamins. Recommended treatments for various crops aim to increase germination rate, seedling vigor, and ultimately crop yields. Tables show seed hardening chemicals improving chickpea yield traits and cotton growth under normal and drought conditions. The document concludes by stating seed hardening benefits seedling establishment and crop productivity in dry areas.
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
This document discusses dryland agriculture, which refers to growing crops entirely through rainfall. It can be divided into dry farming (<750mm rainfall), dryland farming (750-1150mm rainfall), and rainfed farming (>1150mm rainfall). Dry farming occurs in arid regions and has frequent crop failures due to low and variable rainfall. Dryland farming occurs in semi-arid regions and has less frequent crop failures. Rainfed farming occurs in humid regions and has rare crop failures. The document also discusses various irrigation techniques like surface, localized, and subsurface irrigation that help supplement rainfall for crop growth.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTSHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
Moisture stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through various mechanisms. Crops have developed different adaptations to moisture stress including escaping drought through short lifecycles, avoiding stress through water conservation or improved uptake, and tolerating stress. Avoiding stress involves mechanisms like reducing leaf area, increasing waxiness, and regulating stomata to conserve water or developing deep, branched root systems and high root to shoot ratios to improve water uptake. Tolerating stress includes osmotic adjustment to maintain turgor under water deficits. Understanding crop adaptations is important for managing plants under moisture stress conditions.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
This document discusses seed deterioration, including its definition, types, characteristics, factors, and methods for testing. Seed deterioration is defined as the irreversible loss of seed quality, viability, and vigor over time due to environmental factors. There are three main types of deterioration: field weathering during seed maturation, harvest and post-harvest deterioration from mechanical damage, and storage deterioration from high temperature and moisture levels. Characteristics of deteriorating seeds include changes in color, morphology, biochemistry, genetics, and physiology. Key factors influencing the rate of deterioration are temperature, moisture content, fluctuating conditions, oxygen levels, microbes, and insects. Common methods to test for deterioration are germination testing, tetrazolium testing, and analyzing
This document discusses seed hardening techniques for improving crop yields in dryland conditions. It defines seed hardening as hydrating seeds to initiate pre-germination metabolism followed by dehydration to fix biochemical events and impart stress resistance. Methods discussed include water soaking, chemical treatments with salts, growth regulators, and vitamins. Recommended treatments for various crops aim to increase germination rate, seedling vigor, and ultimately crop yields. Tables show seed hardening chemicals improving chickpea yield traits and cotton growth under normal and drought conditions. The document concludes by stating seed hardening benefits seedling establishment and crop productivity in dry areas.
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
This document discusses dryland agriculture, which refers to growing crops entirely through rainfall. It can be divided into dry farming (<750mm rainfall), dryland farming (750-1150mm rainfall), and rainfed farming (>1150mm rainfall). Dry farming occurs in arid regions and has frequent crop failures due to low and variable rainfall. Dryland farming occurs in semi-arid regions and has less frequent crop failures. Rainfed farming occurs in humid regions and has rare crop failures. The document also discusses various irrigation techniques like surface, localized, and subsurface irrigation that help supplement rainfall for crop growth.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTSHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
Moisture stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through various mechanisms. Crops have developed different adaptations to moisture stress including escaping drought through short lifecycles, avoiding stress through water conservation or improved uptake, and tolerating stress. Avoiding stress involves mechanisms like reducing leaf area, increasing waxiness, and regulating stomata to conserve water or developing deep, branched root systems and high root to shoot ratios to improve water uptake. Tolerating stress includes osmotic adjustment to maintain turgor under water deficits. Understanding crop adaptations is important for managing plants under moisture stress conditions.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
This document discusses seed deterioration, including its definition, types, characteristics, factors, and methods for testing. Seed deterioration is defined as the irreversible loss of seed quality, viability, and vigor over time due to environmental factors. There are three main types of deterioration: field weathering during seed maturation, harvest and post-harvest deterioration from mechanical damage, and storage deterioration from high temperature and moisture levels. Characteristics of deteriorating seeds include changes in color, morphology, biochemistry, genetics, and physiology. Key factors influencing the rate of deterioration are temperature, moisture content, fluctuating conditions, oxygen levels, microbes, and insects. Common methods to test for deterioration are germination testing, tetrazolium testing, and analyzing
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
This document discusses multi-tier cropping systems for vegetable production in India. It provides examples of vegetable-based multi-tier systems including elephant foot yam grown with bitter gourd, ridge gourd, or bottle gourd. Data shows these intercropping systems can increase total yields and incomes compared to sole cropping. Multi-tier systems make better use of space, resources, and provide continuous income from multiple crops. While labor intensive, multi-tier cropping improves soil health and supports more sustainable agricultural production.
This document provides information on hybrid seed production methods in tomatoes. It discusses the botany of tomatoes and factors that influence self-pollination. The key methods of hybrid seed production include maintaining breeder, foundation, and certified seed lines. Seed is extracted using either acid treatment or fermentation to separate seeds from pulp. Acid treatment is considered the best method as it results in higher viability and quality seeds compared to the fermentation method. The process of hybridization involves emasculation of unopened tomato flowers followed by pollen collection and dusting from male parent lines. Multiple inspections during flowering and maturity are required for seed certification.
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
The document discusses potato breeding, including the origin, botany, genetics, and breeding methods of potato. It provides details on several commercial potato varieties grown in India and their characteristics. The document also covers topics like biotechnology, future prospects, and the development of true potato seeds.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information on the cultivation of colocasia (taro). It states that colocasia is one of the oldest crops cultivated throughout India and Southeast Asia. It describes the ideal climate and soil conditions for growth as well as important varieties grown in different parts of India. The document outlines the steps for propagation, planting, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, and postharvest handling of colocasia. It notes that colocasia corms and leaves are a nutritious food source.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
This document discusses plant growth analysis methodologies. It provides background on the classical approach of calculating relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) between two harvests. More recent methods use curve-fitting to model plant weight and leaf area over time. The objectives are to quantify effects of environmental influences on growth rates and analyze differences between crop varieties. The literature review discusses studies on sugar beet growth response to potassium fertilizer. Key growth parameters discussed include leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). Formulas for calculating each parameter are provided.
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (air) and ponos (labour).
Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
TERMINOLOGY
Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mistenvironment.
Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which focuses on managing plants, soil, water and nutrients to induce greater root growth and nurture soil microbial communities. Key points include: SRI practices can lead to higher yields, reduced costs, and environmental benefits compared to conventional rice production. SRI performance may be due to enhanced soil microbial activity and biological nitrogen fixation, which are important for plant nutrition. Further research is needed to fully understand the impacts of SRI management on root and soil microbial dynamics.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
This document discusses multi-tier cropping systems for vegetable production in India. It provides examples of vegetable-based multi-tier systems including elephant foot yam grown with bitter gourd, ridge gourd, or bottle gourd. Data shows these intercropping systems can increase total yields and incomes compared to sole cropping. Multi-tier systems make better use of space, resources, and provide continuous income from multiple crops. While labor intensive, multi-tier cropping improves soil health and supports more sustainable agricultural production.
This document provides information on hybrid seed production methods in tomatoes. It discusses the botany of tomatoes and factors that influence self-pollination. The key methods of hybrid seed production include maintaining breeder, foundation, and certified seed lines. Seed is extracted using either acid treatment or fermentation to separate seeds from pulp. Acid treatment is considered the best method as it results in higher viability and quality seeds compared to the fermentation method. The process of hybridization involves emasculation of unopened tomato flowers followed by pollen collection and dusting from male parent lines. Multiple inspections during flowering and maturity are required for seed certification.
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
The document discusses potato breeding, including the origin, botany, genetics, and breeding methods of potato. It provides details on several commercial potato varieties grown in India and their characteristics. The document also covers topics like biotechnology, future prospects, and the development of true potato seeds.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information on the cultivation of colocasia (taro). It states that colocasia is one of the oldest crops cultivated throughout India and Southeast Asia. It describes the ideal climate and soil conditions for growth as well as important varieties grown in different parts of India. The document outlines the steps for propagation, planting, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, and postharvest handling of colocasia. It notes that colocasia corms and leaves are a nutritious food source.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
This document discusses plant growth analysis methodologies. It provides background on the classical approach of calculating relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) between two harvests. More recent methods use curve-fitting to model plant weight and leaf area over time. The objectives are to quantify effects of environmental influences on growth rates and analyze differences between crop varieties. The literature review discusses studies on sugar beet growth response to potassium fertilizer. Key growth parameters discussed include leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). Formulas for calculating each parameter are provided.
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (air) and ponos (labour).
Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
TERMINOLOGY
Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mistenvironment.
Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which focuses on managing plants, soil, water and nutrients to induce greater root growth and nurture soil microbial communities. Key points include: SRI practices can lead to higher yields, reduced costs, and environmental benefits compared to conventional rice production. SRI performance may be due to enhanced soil microbial activity and biological nitrogen fixation, which are important for plant nutrition. Further research is needed to fully understand the impacts of SRI management on root and soil microbial dynamics.
5. Phenotyping of lentil genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene g...MDMAHMUDALNOOR
This study evaluated the response of 7 lentil genotypes to drought stress induced by different concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000). Seeds were exposed to 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% PEG solutions to assess germination rates and the effects on seedling and plant growth over time. Various growth and yield parameters were measured. Results showed that all parameters decreased with increasing drought stress levels for all genotypes. However, at the highest 20% PEG level, genotype LG-208 performed better for all traits compared to the other genotypes, indicating it has greater drought tolerance and may be suitable for cultivation in drought-prone areas.
Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
The document summarizes agroecology and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method. It discusses how SRI applies agroecological principles to improve rice growth and yields. Key points include: SRI transplants young seedlings with wide spacing to promote root and soil life; this produces larger root systems and healthier phenotypes with higher productivity. Field trials across Asia and Africa show SRI can increase yields by 50-100% while reducing water, seed and fertilizer needs.
Seed Coating methods in vegetable crops .pptxBaban Jeet
Seed coating is a process of applying a coating substance to seeds to enhance performance without altering shape or applying chemicals directly to the seed coat. Seed coating was first developed in the 1930s for cereal seeds and saw large-scale commercial use in the 1960s. Coatings are used to improve germination, protect against pathogens, and allow precise application of pesticides, nutrients, and other substances. Key factors that affect coatings include particle size, adhesive specifications, and coating porosity and distribution. Studies show that polymer coatings can improve seed storage viability and seedling growth. Colorants are also used for identification, appearance, and pest repellency. New coating technologies include microemulsion gels and nano nutrients. Research finds
The document describes the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI), which involves modified agricultural practices for wheat cultivation. SWI practices include lower seed rates, seed treatment, line sowing with proper spacing, controlled water application, mechanical weeding, and use of organic matter. Experimental results show that SWI leads to higher yields than conventional practices due to increases in effective tillers, panicle length, and grain weight. SWI also reduces water and irrigation requirements while enhancing water productivity. Overall, SWI has been shown to improve yields, lower costs, and increase farmer profits compared to traditional wheat cultivation methods.
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of rice cultivation. SRI aims to increase productivity of land, labor, and water through practices like early transplanting of young seedlings in a square pattern with wide spacing, regular weeding to keep soil well-aerated, and intermittent wetting and drying of soil. Field trials in Andhra Pradesh, India found SRI methods increased rice yields by 50-100% using fewer inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and water compared to conventional methods. Farmers reported benefits including more tillers, grains, and overall higher yields with SRI.
1) Refractance window drying is a novel drying method that uses infrared radiation to dry foods in a more efficient manner than conventional methods like freeze drying or hot air drying.
2) It involves placing a wet food product on a mylar sheet above hot water, where the water and mylar sheet work together to transmit infrared radiation and heat to dry the product quickly in 2-6 minutes.
3) Studies have found refractance window drying produces higher quality dried products than other methods, with lower carotene and nutrient losses. It also uses 50-70% less energy and has lower costs.
Water management in rice by different methods of establishmentShantu Duttarganvi
This document discusses various methods for enhancing water productivity in rice cultivation, including the traditional lowland rice method, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method, aerobic rice cultivation, and alternate wetting and drying. It provides details on the core principles and practices of each method, comparisons of their water usage and yields versus traditional flooding, and conclusions about their benefits like increased productivity and water savings.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
This document summarizes research on a Subsurface Water Retention Technology (SWRT) using polymer membranes installed below the root zone of crops. Key findings include:
1) SWRT doubles soil water holding capacity in the corn root zone, saving over 1 billion liters of irrigation water per hectare each season.
2) Corn yields increased an average of 235% (from 5.2 to 17.4 metric tons per hectare) over three years on soils with SWRT membranes compared to controls.
3) SWRT improved irrigation water use efficiency for corn by 278%, producing more crop yield per unit of water.
The researchers conclude SWRT is a new option for
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
Climate change and mitigation strategy for fruit productionpriyankakatara2
Priyanka katara gave a seminar on climate change and mitigation strategies for fruit production. She discussed how climate change is impacting fruit crops through increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Rising temperatures and humidity are leading to flower and fruit drop in citrus, pre-mature ripening in mango, and increased incidence of diseases and pests across fruit crops. Adaptation strategies presented included using drought and disease resistant varieties, mulching, shelter belts, high density planting, shifting to new crop schedules, and water management techniques like drip irrigation. Genetic approaches involve utilizing genetic diversity through field gene banks and selection of rootstocks tolerant to stresses. The seminar emphasized the need for research
Management and Operation Practices of Philmech's Fluidized Bed Dryer: Examini...IJAEMSJORNAL
This descriptive research explores the management and operation practices of PHilMech’s Fluidized Bed Dryer as to challenges, efficiency and impact on its beneficiaries. The findings of the study reveal that the respondents adhere to prescribed guidelines for the administration and operation of the PHilMech Fluidized Bed Dryer, employing explicit, written, easily understood, and enforceable operational policies and procedures. Most of them have assimilated the knowledge acquired through several training programs, as new competencies need to be developed among farmers, particularly those who are introducing machinery. This will enable them to optimize the economic benefits derived from their equipment. There are ongoing challenges in the operation and management of the system that must be resolved to prevent future issues and ensure the system's continued functionality. Furthermore, it is imperative to implement mechanized drying technologies to mitigate postharvest losses and alleviate the labor-intensive and monotonous nature of the drying process. Extensive research has demonstrated the effectiveness and beneficial outcomes of utilizing the fluidized bed drying system, including a reduced drying period for a harvested rice paddy, decreased operating and labor expenses, and a diminished reliance on the laborious and labor-intensive sun drying method.
FILM FARING IS A SOIL LESS FARIMNG TECHNIQUE WHICH REDUCES THE REQUIREMENT OF FERTILIZERS UPTO 60% AND WATER UPTO 90% .IT USES A WATER SOLUBLE POLYMER CALLED THE HYDORGEL AND A WATER DRIP SYSTEM.THIS TECHNIQUE USES POLY HOUSE SO CAN BE SET UP ANYWHERE.IT HAS THE POTENTIAL OF CONVERTING HOT AND COLD ARID AREAS GREEN.
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This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of irrigation interval and plant density on the yield and yield components of mungbean. The study found that:
1) An irrigation interval of 8 days resulted in taller plants, more pods per plant, heavier 100-seed weight, and longer pods compared to 10 or 12 day intervals.
2) Higher plant density of 25cm row spacing led to more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, and longer pods than densities of 15cm or 20cm.
3) The interaction of 8 day irrigation interval and 25cm row spacing produced the highest 100-seed weight.
4) A density of 15cm row spacing resulted in higher biological yield than
System of rice intensification status, issues and future research strategiesAshutosh Pal
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a methodology for increasing rice yields through changes in management practices such as transplanting younger seedlings in a wide spacing, reducing plant populations, incorporating organic materials, and modifying water management through intermittent irrigation. Studies at the Central Rice Research Institute in Cuttack, India found SRI methods increased yields by 21-24% compared to local recommended practices, through improvements in number of tillers, panicle length, and spikelet fertility. SRI also used fewer seeds, less water, and less chemical inputs but produced higher yields through improved root growth and plant vigor. Further research focused on optimizing variables like seedling age, crop density, and water regimes to maximize the benefits
Listening is a complex process that involves hearing, choosing to focus attention, understanding meanings, and responding. It is important for school, relationships, work, and decision making. There are barriers like distractions, unfamiliar language, and beliefs that can interfere with listening. The steps in the listening process are receiving sound through hearing, paying attention, understanding meanings, remembering, evaluating messages, and responding. Factors like noise, barriers, and memory affect our ability to listen effectively.
Charles Darwin observed that crossed plants of Linaria vulgaris were taller and more vigorous than self-fertilized plants of the same species. Heterosis, coined by Shull in 1952, refers to the increased performance of F1 hybrid plants compared to the average of their inbred parental lines, in traits like biomass, size, yield and resistance. There are several hypotheses for heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis models. The dominance model proposes that superior performance is due to dominant alleles masking recessive alleles, while the overdominance model suggests heterozygosity itself provides benefits over either homozygote.
There was an important job that needed to be done, but Nobody did it, so Everybody blamed Somebody.
The rabbit, tortoise, and other animals had a race, which the tortoise won by walking slowly and steadily while the rabbit rested.
The lion ordered the tortoise and rabbit to work as a team to fetch medicine and save the snake's son within a day, which they succeeded in doing.
Soil is a natural body of mineral and organic constituents differentiated into horizons - usually unconsolidated - of variable depth which differs among themselves as well as from the underlying parent material in morphology, physical makeup, chemical properties and composition and biological characteristics
Role of international forestry organizationsVENKATESH AGRI
The document discusses the roles of various international forestry organizations in promoting sustainable forest management and conservation. Some key organizations mentioned include the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), which works to conserve forests and advocates zero net deforestation; Community Forestry International (CFI), which supports community-based forest management; Friends of the Earth International (FoEI), which works with local communities on forest conservation; the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which funds forest conservation projects; the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), which promotes forest science; and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), which certifies sustainably managed forests. Many of these organizations aim to reduce deforestation and forest degradation
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
This document discusses irrigation development and water usage in India. It provides statistics on land usage patterns and irrigation potential in India and Tamil Nadu. Agriculture accounts for 83% of current water usage but is projected to decrease to 68% by 2050 as industrial and domestic usage increases. Improving irrigation infrastructure has helped increase the percentage of land area that is irrigated over time. Water availability per capita is decreasing and many parts of India already face water scarcity or stress conditions.
This document discusses industrial microbiology and the ability of microorganisms to convert inexpensive raw materials into economically valuable compounds. It provides examples of microbial products including antibiotics like penicillin, organic acids like gibberellin acid, beverages, vitamins, fermented foods and fuels. Specific microorganisms and fermentation processes are described for producing items like yogurt, idli, wine and extracting minerals. The document lists references for further information on industrial microbiology.
Importance, area, production and productivity of cerealsVENKATESH AGRI
India is an agricultural country. They produce 3 classes of crops such as Food crops, Commercial crops & Oil seeds. The main food crops of India are Rice, Wheat, Maize & Barley etc.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India’s major exports include onion, mango pulp, dried walnuts, fresh grapes. India’s share in the global market is insignificant – it accounts for 1.7% of the global trade in vegetables and 0.5% in fruits.
Mobile phone use can have several health effects according to this document. Prolonged use has been shown to alter brain activity for up to an hour after a call and may cause memory loss, mental confusion, and damage to the nervous system over time. Children are more vulnerable due to thinner skulls and developing brains. The document recommends using hands-free devices, keeping phones away from the body, and reducing call times when signals are weak to limit exposure to radiation.
This document discusses the harmful effects of forage crops. It covers several key points:
1) It defines forage crops as plants cultivated primarily for animal feed and discusses factors that determine forage quality, including acceptability, chemical composition, and nutrient digestibility.
2) It outlines several anti-quality and anti-nutritional factors in forage crops that can harm animals, such as bloat-producing proteins, nitrates, prussic acid, oxalates, and mimosine.
3) It provides examples of toxic crops and their effects, as well as management practices to prevent issues like bloat, nitrate poisoning, and prussic acid poisoning. The ultimate test of for
This document discusses the need for mobile agricultural advisory services in India. It notes that most of India's rural population depends on agriculture but farmers do not always receive timely scientific advice. Mobile apps could help provide expert agricultural advice to farmers on demand to improve crop management, address post-harvest issues, diagnose animal diseases, and access information on seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. The document also references a survey of existing Android apps for the agriculture sector in India.
This document discusses plant quarantine in India. It aims to prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests and diseases. Plant quarantine includes inspection of plants, certification of healthy plants, treatment if pests are detected, and quarantine for 40 days to ensure plants are pest-free. Domestic quarantine restricts inter-state movement of plants, while foreign quarantine prevents introduction of pests at air and sea ports and land frontiers. Major plant diseases introduced into India are also listed.
Chemical composition and nutritional quality of red gramVENKATESH AGRI
This document provides information about red gram (pigeon pea). It states that red gram is the second most important pulse crop in India, is hardy and drought tolerant. Red gram is used for dal, vegetables, fodder, fuel wood and is beneficial for sustainable agriculture by fixing nitrogen and reducing soil erosion. Nutritionally, the cotyledons provide carbohydrates and protein while the seed coat contains fiber. Red gram provides various health benefits such as maintaining blood pressure, heart health, digestive health, immunity, growth, preventing anemia and boosting energy. It is an excellent source of fiber, protein and various vitamins and minerals while being low in fat and cholesterol free.
This document discusses the use of base maps in soil surveys. It defines a base map as a map that provides fundamental geographic information that can be overlaid with additional data. The document then describes several common types of base maps used in soil surveys, including line maps, cadastral maps, planimetric maps, and topographic maps. Each base map type provides different levels of geographic detail and features.
This document provides information about a mushroom production project being conducted at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University's Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute in Tiruchirappalli, India. The project is overseen by Dr. K. Chitra and Dr. L. Karthiba.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
9. McDonald (2000) , “Any post harvest treatment
that improves germination or seedling emergence
or facilitate the development of more number of
normal, rapid, uniform and healthy seedlings in
the field conditions.”
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12. Henckel (1964) - “simple method to alter
the physiological and biochemical nature
of the seed in order to induce the factors
responsible for drought resistance”.
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13. It can be done with water / dilute chemical
solutions / growth regulating compounds or
using commonly available natural tonics like
coconut water or milk.
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14. CHEMICALS ROLE
Potassium nitrate Osmo-regulation, cell wall and
membrane permeability
Potassium chloride Activation of enzyme process
Potassium di hydrogen
phosphate
Constituents of phospholipids,
nucleotides and sugar phosphate
Calcium chloride Participate in starch metabolism
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15. 09-10-2018 15
BOTANICALS ROLE
Pongam Bio enhancement due to presence of plant
growth hormones
Prosopis Stimulatory effects caused by plant growth
hormones
Moringa Stimulatory effects caused by plant growth
hormones
Pulse sprout extract Induction of sugars and vitamins that
promotes growth
16. 09-10-2018 16
MICROBIAL ENHANCERS ROLE
Rhizobium Induction of root nodulation
Azatobacter Source of PGR
Trichoderma viridi Fungal antagonist
17. PHYSIOLOGICAL REORGANIZATIONS
Change in hydrophilic property of the
protoplasmic colloids namely the viscosity and
elasticity.
Increase in osmotic potential.
Increase in water holding capacity of plants.
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18. METABOLIC CHANGES
Increased respiration.
Leaves of hardened plants have more starch.
Increased activity of the mitochondria.
Higher rate of photosynthesis because of increase
in the bound water.
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19. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES
More xeromorphic morphology.
Epidermal and stomata cells are smaller.
Foliage area is increased.
Faster recovery from atmospheric drought.
More absorbing surface in the root system,
as well as more number of primary roots.
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21. DRY SEED
SOAKING IN WATER
IMBITION
PERMITS INITIAL GERMINATION PROCESS
DEHYDRATION
PREVENT RADICLE EMERGENCE
SHADE DRY
STOPS GERMINATION PROCESS
HARDENED SEED
SOWING IN DRY LAND
GERMINATION STARTS FROM WHERE IT STOPPED
RAPID ESTABLISHMENT,GROWTH AND YIELD
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35. Seed hardening is physiological
preconditioning of the seed by
hydration to with stand drought under
rain fed condition.
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36. DRY SEED
Soaking in water/dilute solutions of chemicals
and growth regulators for 1-12hrs at 15-25°c
SHADE DRY (1-24HRS)
Sun drying (1-2 days) to bring back to its
original water content
HARDENED SEED
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37. BENEFITS
Rapid and uniform germination.
Rapid growth rate of seedlings.
Recover much more quickly from wilting.
Seed withstand higher temperature for prolonged
period.
Compete more efficiently with weed.
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