Okra is a warm season vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. There are several varieties developed by different agricultural universities in India with varying characteristics such as fruit size, color, ridges and resistance to diseases. Proper soil preparation, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control and mulching are important cultivation practices for higher yield. Hybrid varieties exploit heterosis to produce higher yields than open pollinated varieties.

1. PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF
OKRA
Vanisree Padmanabhan
2019534005
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
OF OKRA

2. INTRODUCTION
• Okra one of the major vegetable crops of the tropical and
subtropical parts of the world.
• In India it is extensively grown warm season vegetable crop
for its immature green tender fruits.
• It is known in many English-speaking countries as ladies'
fingers or ochro.
• In Pakistan its is commonly known as bhindi.

3. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Botanical Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
• Family : Malvaceae
• Chromosome no. : 2n=38 to 198
• Abelmoschus esculentus is the commercially
cultivated species of okra.
• A.caillei is also cultivated for its fresh fruits in west
Africa.

4. Wild species of okra
• Some of the wild species and their area of
concentration are;
• A.ficulneus and A.tuberculatus –semi-arid tracts of
north and northwestern India.
• A.crinitus,A.Manihot and A.tetraphyllus- Tarai
range and foothills of Himalayas.
• A.Manihot, A.angulosus-western and eastern ghats.
• A.crinitus and A.Manihot var.pungens-
Northeastern region.

5. Uses of okra
• Immature tender fruits have been found to increase
virility and vigour in humans.
• Ground powder of roots provide relief in leucorrhoea
backache.
• Prevention from goiter due to its high content of Iodine.
• Dried fruit contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24%
protein and is used for refined edible oil.
• Dry fruit skin and fibers are used in manufacture of
paper, card board and fibers.
• Root and stem are used for clearing cane juice for
preparation of jaggery.

6. Botany of Okra
• Stem :erect, very branched,herbaceous,1-2m
tail.
• Leaves : simple, alternate, broad, palmately lobed
with 37lobes,hirsute and serrate.
• Flower : solitary, axillary with long peduncle,
hermaphrodite in nature.
• Sepals : splits longitudinally as the flower open.
• Petals :5 petals, yellow to white with crimson spot
on claw.

7. Floral biology

8. • Stamens :staminal column is united to base of
petals with numerous stamens
• Ovary : superior
• Fruit :Capsule type, dehiscent, fibrous,
elongated and straight or curved.
• Seed :In pods rows of tiny white seeds with
slimy or sticky texture are present.
Mature seeds are of Brown color.
• Stigma receptivity: On the day of flower
opening, after pollination it takes 2-6 hours for
fertilization.
• Pollination: self- pollinated crop but out cross
through insect can be 19%.

10. IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Abhay
• Developed through hybridization, back crossing and
selection from (Sel.4)* A. esculentus x A. tetraphyllus
ssp. tetraphyllus.
• Sister line of Arka Anamika.
• Resistant to YVMV.
• Tolerant to fruit borer.
• Fruits 5-ridged, dark green.
• Productivity 10.5 t/ha.

11. Arka Anamika
• Developed through hybridization back crossing and
selection from A. esculentus x A. tetraphyllus ssp.
tetraphyllus (Sel 10)*
• Resistant to YVMV.
• Fruits 5-ridged, green medium long.
• Productivity 11.5 t/ha.

12. IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Makhmali
• Selection from west Bengal.
• Suitable for spring- summer seasons
• Fruits medium long.
• Productivity 8-10 t/ha.
• Susceptible to YVMV.
Pusa Sawani
• Developed from cross of Pusa Makhmali X IC 1542.
• Tolerant to salinity, spineless and day neutral variety.
• Fruits 5-ridged, green medium long.
• Productivity 8-10 t/ha.
• Initially resistant and later became susceptible to YVMV.

13. Pusa sawani Pusa Makhmali

14. Pusa A 4
• Plants with short internodes.
• Fruits 5-ridged, dark green and medium long with
excellent shelf life.
• Productivity 10-12 t/ha.
• Resistant to YVMV, Jassids and fruit borer.
Selection 2-2
• Fruits green, tender and long (16-20 cm) and 5
ridged.

15. IIVR, Varanasi
VRO 3*
• Resistant to ELCV.
• Fruits 5-ridged, green, medium long.
• Productivity 11.2-16.5 t/ha.
VRO 4*
• Resistant to YVMV and ELCV.
• Fruits 5 ridged, green, medium long.
• Productivity 16.0 t/ha.

16. Kerala Agricultural University
Kiran
• Shy branching plant with
light green and long fruits.
• Fruit length 2-30 cm
• Fruit weight 25-30 g
• Productivity 11.21 t/ha.
Salkerthi
• Attractive and long light
green fruits
• Fruit length 24-30 cm.
• No of ridges on fruit 5.
• Days to first harvest
44days.
• Productivity 16.2 t/ha.

17. Aruna
• Attractive red coloured long
fruits.
• Fruit length 25-30 cm.
• No. of ridges on fruit 7.
• Productivity 15.8 t/ha.
Susthira (A.caillei)
• Mosaic tolerant, late and long
duration variety suitable for
homesteads during kharif
season.
• Fruits green colored.
• Fruit length: 22 cm.
• No. of ridges on fruit 5
• Productivity 18 t/ha.

18. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
MDU 1
• Developed through gamma irradiation of seeds of
Pusa Sawani.
• Plants compact with close arrangement of nodes.
• Fruits 5-ridged, light green, medium long.
• Productivity 10-11 t/ha.
• Susceptible to YVMV.

19. CO.1
• Selection from red wonder
• Fruits pinkish red in colour.
• Productivity 12.0 t/ha.
• Susceptible to YVMV.

20. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Varsha Uphar (HRB-9-2)*
• Derived from Lam selection x Parbhani Kranti.
• Resistant to YVMV.
• Fruits 5-ridged, dark green, medium long;
• Productivity 9.8 t/ha.
Hisar Unnat (HRB 55)*
• Derived from selection 2-2 x Parbhani Kranti.
• Plants 3-4 branched, early and high yielding
(1213t/ha).

21. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Punjab 7 (P 7)*
• Developed through back cross method form
A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x A. manihot ssp.
manihot cv. Ghana.
• Resistant to YVMV,Jassids and cotton boll worm.
• Fruits 5-ridged, dark green, medium long.
• Petiole base is deeply pigmented.
• Productivity 9.5 t/ha.

22. Punjab Padmini
• Selection made at F8 generation of cross between
F1 of A. esculentus cv. Rashmi x A. manihot ssp.
manihot with F2 of A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x
A. manihot ssp. manihot.
• Fruits dark green, 15-20 cm long and five ridged.
• Pigmentation on stem, petiole and lower basal veins
of leaves.
• Resistant to YVMV, Jassids and cotton boll worm.
• Yield 10-12 t/ha.

23. Punjab 8 (EMS 8)
• Induced mutant from Pusa Sawani using EMS (1%).
• Fruits 5-ridged, dark green, medium long.
• Field tolerance to YVMV and resistance to fruit
borer.
• Fruits 5-ridged, green and 15-16 cm long.

24. MAU, Parbhani
Parbhani Kranti
• Developed through back cross method form A.
esculentus cv.Pusa Sawani x A. manihot ssp.
manihot.
• Fruits 5-ridged, dark green, medium long.
• Productivity 9.0 – 11.5 t/ha.
Parbhani Tillu
• Induced mutant variety.
• Suitable for processing.

25. CSAUA&T, Kanpur
Azad Kranti
• Fruits 5-ridged, shining
green with long beak.
• Productivity 12.5 t/ha.
YSPUH&F, Solan, H.P.
Harbhajan Bhindi
• Perkins Long Green was
released as Harbhajan
Bhendi.
• Fruits long tapered green
and 8 ridged.

26. Exploitation of hybrid vigour
CO.2
• AE 180 x Pusa Sawani.
• Fruits very long (22-25 cm), thick, 7-8 ridged and light
green in colour.
• Productivity 15-16 t/ha.
• Susceptible to YVMV.
CO.3
• Parbhani Kranti x MDU.1.
• Fruits very long (22-25 cm), thick, 7-8 ridged light
Green in colour.
• Productivity16-18 t/ha.
• Moderately resistant to YVMV

27. Co 3 Co 4

28. COBhH 1
• Varsha Uphar x Pusa A4
• Fruits are dark green, long, slender with five ridges.
• High yield – 22.1 t/ha.
• Resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus

29. OTHER VARIETIES

30. NS819
NS810NS818
OH-597 OH-2324NS531

31. OH-102
MAHYCO No.12
MHOK-417OH-152
RED BHENDI

33. CLIMATE
• Typical tropical or sub-tropical crop and cannot
tolerate frost.
• Fertilization and seed set are affected during high
rainfall.
• Under high temperature and low humidity, plant
growth is stunted and will be shorter in stature.
• Flowers drop when day temperature exceeds 42⁰C

34. SOIL
• loose, well drained and rich soil.
• The ideal pH for growth of plants is 6-8.
• Pusa sawani – requires larger range of pH, tolerance
to salinity.
SEASON
• As kharif crop, seeds are sown from May to July
and as a spring summer crop, sowing is done during
February-March.
• In hills of North India bhendi is sown during
March-April.

35. SEED RATE AND SPACING
• In summer, vegetative growth is relatively less and
seeds sown at (closer) 45 x 20 cm.
• Seed rate required is 18-20 kg / ha.
• In kharif, plant grows vigorously with more
branching the spacing is 60 x 30 cm for branching
types and 45 x 30 cm for non-branching types.
• Seed rate for kharif crop is 8-10 kg/ha.

36. LAND PREPARATION
• Field ploughed for 2-3 times for making soil to a
fine tilth.
• Ridges and furrows or raised beds are prepared
• Seeds soaked for 6-12 hours before sowing to
enhance germination during summer.
MANURING AND FERTILIZERS
• Apply FYM 25 t/ha, N 20 kg, P 50 kg and K 30
kg/ha as basal
• 20 kg N/ha 30 days after sowing.
• Apply Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each at 2
kg/ha mixed in 100 kg of FYM before sowing.

37. FOLIAR APPLICATION
• 1 % urea (10 g/l) + muriate of potash (10 g/l) on 30
and 45 days after planting.
• For hybrids, foliar application of water soluble
fertilizer 19-19-19 three times @ 0.5% (5 g/l) at 10
days interval from 30 days after planting.

38. FERTIGATION SCHEDULE

39. IRRIGATION
• Water stress at flowering and fruiting stages will
drastically influence growth of plants, size of fruits and
yield.
• Irrigation is done at 5-6 days interval.
INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
• 3-4 hoeing are required
• According to Iremiren(1988) weed removal four time
at 3,6.9,and 12 week enhanced crop growth and pod
yield to a greater yield.
• Application of alachlor at 1.5kg/ha immediately after
sowing was cheapest and as effective as manual
weeding (Leela,1989)
• Efficiency of weed control was greatest with pre
emergence application of pendimethalin (0.75kg/ha)
compared to other herbicides(Saimbhi et al,1994)

40. MULCHING
• Mulching (with sawdust,polyetheylene film or straw)
increased production in okra and polyethylene film
mulch give the best performance (Batra et al.,1985)
• Saikia et al.(1997) Reported that black,(LDPE) mulch
promoted the growth of okra and resulted in yield of
223.7q/ha compared with 31.1q/ha for unmulched
control.
• It gives maximum weed efficiency(96.5%)
• Better soil moisture.
• Petal et al.(1999) Reported that among different
mulches, black plastic mulch enhanced maximum green
pod yield.cv.GOH-1 12.4% increase over the control.

41. HARVESTING AND YIELD
• Harvest fruits when they attain maximum size but still
tender.
• Fruits of 6-8 cm long are preferred for export
purposes.
• This is usually attained by 5-6 days after opening of
flower.
• Harvesting is done in alternate days with a knife or by
bending pedicel with a jerk.
YIELD
• 6.0 – 8.0 t / ha for spring-summer crop
• 10 – 12.5 t / ha for kharif crop

42. Post-harvest management
Grades
• Removal of pods which
show discoloration, bruising
(blackening of the ridges),
chemical residue or insect
damage.
• All pods, meeting the size
specifications, can be
loosely packed into cartons
(size grading is not
required).
• Okra pods are graded by
hand on moving conveyors
or standard grading tables.
Packaging
• Pods are packed in one or
two-piece self-locking
fiberboard carton; bursting
strength 200 to 250 1b/in2.
• Carton internal dimensions:
• 10.9 x 34 x 26.9 cm (4.3” x
13.4” x 10.6”)
• 16 x 37.6 x 27.9 cm (6.3” x
14.6” x 11”)

43. Storage : Okra has a short storage life.
• Okra in good condition can be stored satisfactorily
for 7 to 10 days at 8-100c 90-95% RH.
• Okra fruits are very sensitive to chilling injury. If
pods are stored for more than 4 days below 4-60c
chilling injury symptoms develop very rapidly.

45. Yellow vine mosaic disease:
• Most serious disease of bhendi.
• Characteristic vein clearing is the
typical symptom and yield loss may
be up to 100% depending on stage of
occurrence of the disease.
• Fruits of virus affected plants turn to
cream or white in colour.
• Virus is transmitted through whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci)
Control:
• Removal of weeds susceptible to
mosaic
• Control of white fly
• Cultivation of resistant varieties like
Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Susthira
and COBhH 1.

46. Cercospora leaf spot
• It is serious when there is high
humidity in atmosphere and is
common in a seed crop.
• Sooty, black mouldy growth of
pathogen appear at under surface of
leaves and finally leaves dry off and
fall down.
• Mature pods are also attacked and
show blackish spots.
Control:
• Spraying with Bavistin (0.1 g /1) or
Bordeaux mixture at fortnightly
interval will control the disease.
Powdery mildew
• This is caused by a fungus Erysiphae
chicoracearum under prolonged humid
conditions.
• White powdery pustules appear on
lower surface of leaves resulting in
yellowing and death of leaves.
Control:
• Spraying of wettable Sulphur (2g/l) at
fortnightly interval is recommended for
control.

47. Fusarium wilt
• Retard growth, leaves turn yellow,
lack of flower.
• Plant wilt & die.
• Vascular tissue turn dark color.
Control:
• Crop rotation with non solanaceous
crop.
• Drench soil Bavistin 0.1% + dithane
M45 0.25%.
Damping off
• Affect both pre & post emergence
stage of seedlings.
• develop a lesion near the collar region
• the seedlings topple down on the
ground and collapse.
• Control
• Avoid over watering.
• Captan or Thiram 4% drench bed- 5-7
DAP

48. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT FOR
OKRA
 Removal and destruction of diseased plants.
 Eradication of weed host.
 Crop rotation may be followed.
 Use highly resistant varieties like Arka Abhay, Arka
Anamika… etc.
 Soil application of carbofuran @ 1.5 kg a.i./ ha at the time of
sowing, followed by 4 or 5 foliar sprays of dimethoate 0.05
%
 Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 5 ml per kg of seed.
 ™™™™Early sowing in last month of June to first week of July.
 Border cropping with sorghum or maize or pear millet may
be followed.

49. Jassids (Amrasca biguttula biguttula)
• Wedge shaped pale green jassids suck
sap from under surfaces of leaves
causing marginal yellowing, cupping
and drying of leaves.
• Due to intense hopper burn,
defoliation also occurs.
• Infestation is serious during summer.
Control:
• Prophylactic spray of neem oil-garlic
mixture at fortnightly intervals is
advantageous for avoiding pest
incidence.
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
• Chlorotic spots on the leaves,
irregular yellowing of leaf tissue,
sooty mold.
• Vector of YVMV
Control
• Install yellow sticky trap @ 12/ha.
Spray Neem oil 3% Phosalone 35
EC @ 2.5 l/ha.

50. Shoot and fruit borer
• Toppling and death of young seedlings
• withering and drying up of individual leaves
and central shoot.
• Fruits will be damaged severely.
Control:
• Grow simultaneously 40 days old American
tall marigold and 25 days old tomato
seedling at 1:10 rows to
attract Helicoverpa adults for egg laying.
• Release of egg parasite Trichogramma
chilonis @ 1.0 lakh/ha.
• Release of 1st instar larvae of green lacewing
predator Chrysoperla carnea @ 10,000/ha.
• Dust carbaryl 10 % DP @ 25 kg /ha or
spray Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2 g/lit or
spray any one of the following insecticide.

51. Stem weevil
• Grub feed on stem and galls are
formed in the stem and petiole.
• Adults feed on leaf buds and
terminal shoots.
Control
• Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G
at 30 kg or Aldicarb 10 G at 10
kg/ha on 20 DAS and earthed up.
• Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha or
250kg/ha of neem cake.
Leaf roller
• Caterpillar rolled the leaves.
• Scrapping the chlorophyll content
and feed inside.
Control
• Collect and destroy rolled leaves
• Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit or
phosalone 35 EC 2 ml/lit

52. Aphids
• Suck sap. Leaves curl, fade, & dry up
in severe.
• Develop sooty mould.
Control :
• Imidacloprid 200 SL at 100 ml/ha
• Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha
• Phosphamidon 40 % SL 1.5 ml/lit.
Shoot weevil
• Grub feed on stem and galls are
formed in the stem and petiole.
• Adults feed on leaf buds and terminal
shoots.
Control
• Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G at
30 kg/ ha on 20 DAS and earthed up.
• Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha or
250 kg/ha of neem cake.

53. Nematodes -Root knot nematode
• Infects roots causing
galls,premature leaf fall, wilting
and decline in growth and fruit
production.
• Symptoms in the field generally
appear as well defined patches.
Control:
• Crop rotation with non host
plants like wheat, rice and corn.
• Successive deep ploughing
during summer and soil
solarization gives very good
control.
• Treating field with nematicides
also can be adopted.

54. INTERGARTED PEST MANAGEMNT FOR OKRA(National
Centre for Integrated Pest Management(ICAR), New Delhi)
• Sowing of YVMV resistant cultivars viz. parbhani kranti,
makhmali, tulsi, Anupama-1, Varsha Uphar, Hisar Unnat,
Arka anamika, Hisar naveen, and Sun-40 etc. especially
during kharif season of the crop.
• Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70WS or thiomethoxam
30FS @ 5gm/ kg of seed.
• Grow maize/sorghum on borders as a barrier to prevent
the entry of shoot & fruit borer adults.
• Set up yellow sticky and delta traps for whiteflies.

55. contd..
• Erection of bird perches @10/acre in the field for
facilitating bird predation.
• Give two to three sprays of NSKE @ 5% alternating
with sprays of pesticides, if needed, against
leafhopper, whitefly and mites etc.
• Install pheromone traps @ 5/ acre for monitoring of
Earias vittella moth emergence. Replace the lures
after every 30-40 days interval.
• Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis
@1-1.5 lakh/ ha starting from 30-35DAS.

57. Introduction
The presence of potent inhibitors of plant viruses, also
termed as antiviral principles (AVPs), in the extracts of a
variety of plant species has long been recognized.
These AVPs have been reported to activate certain host
defense genes prompting the susceptible host to produce a
new virus inhibitory agent.
Objective:
Aqueous leaf extracts of 17 plant species were evaluated
for their effectiveness against okra yellow vein mosaic virus.

58. Materials and methods:
• Leaf extracts of 17 plant species comprising both annuals
and perennials were taken.
• Fresh leaves collected are homogenized with water about
1g in 10lit of water.
• 10% leaf extract was sprayed on the primary leaves of 7
d-old okra (cv. Pusa Sawani) seedlings at 2.5 ml plant.
• Virus-free Bemisia tabaci adults, reared on brinjal (cv.
Co. 2) plants, were rendered viruliferous allowing an
acquisition access feeding period of 24 h on OYVMV -
infected okra plants.
• Twenty four hrs after application of AVPs, okra seedlings
were inoculated with 10 viruliferous insects per seedling.
• Each treatment with 40 seedlings and replicated thrice.
• Control- maintained with water.

59. Effect of different plant extracts on YVMV infection

60. Results:
• AVPs in the leaf extracts from Prosopis chilensis and Bougainvillea
spectabilis reduced the number of infected plants by 83.3% and
81.7%, respectively.
• Whereas Cynodon dactylon was found to be the least effective with
36.7% reduction over control
• Incubation period in plants treated with leaf extracts of P. chilensis
and B. spectabilis were 19.1 d and 19.3 d, respectively, against 10.4 d
in control plants.
• Treatment of plants with AVP may accelerate the process involved in
the production of certain protective substances believed to be
intimately associated with defense mechanism of plants.
• The results obtained in this study indicated the potential of plant
extracts in the management of whitefly transmitted YVMV disease.

61. INTRODUCTION
• Okra mosaic virus (OKMV) has always been a serious problem in okra
(Kucharek, 2004). Yield reductions of 20 - 50% have occurred
(Kucharek, 2004). This loss may increase to 90%.
• Okra mosaic virus symptoms are characterized by a homogenous
interwoven network of yellow mosaic pattern enclosing islands of
green tissue in leaf blades.
• The virus is not seed transmitted (Koenig and Givord, 1974), but it is
mainly transmitted by the beetles of Podagrica spp.
• The objective of this study to identify the degree of Okra mosaic virus
(OKMV) at different growth stages of okra plants, so that appropriate
control measure could be taken.

62. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• In a two factor RCB design with three replications, eight
treatments were laid out in unit plots of 2m x 2m and using a 2 m
high netted barrier:
• T1- Netting up to 7 days after seedling emergence (DAE);
• T2- Netting up to 14 DAE;
• T3- Netting up to 21 DAE;
• T4- Netting up to 28 DAE;
• T5- Netting up to 35 DAE;
• T6- Netting up to 42 DAE;
• T7- Netting up to last harvest;
• T8- No netting (untreated control).
• The two cultivars of okra (okra, cv. 47-4 and the susceptible variety
okra cv. Jokoso), used for this experiment

63. Results and discussion

65. • Okra plots under netting for more than 28 DAE reduced the
number of P. unifoma (Jac.) and P. sjostedti (Jac.) as well as virus
infection considerably when compared with that of the un-netted
plots or plots netted up to 21 DAE.
• It indicated that okra plants under 28 DAE were more prone to
vector infestation and virus infection, and therefore, it is necessary
to protect okra crops from virus infection at least up to 28 DAE of
plant growth.
• There was no significant difference in the intensity of virus
infection between the tolerant variety (okra, cv. 47-4) and the
susceptible variety (okra cv. Jokoso), indicating that okra, cv. 47-4
is not all that tolerant to OKMV.
• It is concluded that okra fields need to be protected up to at least 21
DAE from the attack of virus vectors and viruses for satisfactory
yields and Yield loss of okra can be minimized by 25 - 50% if the
plants are protected up to 28 DAE.

66. INTRODUCTION
Gibberellins (GAs) mediate responses in plants from seed germination to the
senescence (Davies, 1995).
The most widely available compound is a gibberellic acid (GA3) which induces stem
and internode elongation, seed germination, enzyme production during germination,
and fruit setting and growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
• Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).
• There were five treatments and each treatment was replicated four times.
• There were total 20 combinations in this experiment.
• The plant to plant distance was 15.5 cm and row to row distance was 75 cm.

67. Treatments:
• 100 mg Kg-1 solution of Gibberellic acid was applied by foliar
application.
Five treatments.
• T0-control and no foliar spray of (GA3).
• T1, T2, T3 and T4 received 1st spray 3 weeks after sowing.
• T2, T3, T4 received 2nd spray one week after the first one.
• T3 and T4 received 3rd spray one week after the second spray.
• T4 received fourth and last spray after one week of the third spray.
Observation made:
• Plant height, number of leaves/plant, the number of pods/plant, pod
length, number of seeds/pod, number of seed/plant, seed yield
/plant (g), 1000 seed weight (g), germination percentage, percent
nitrogen (%) and percent protein (%).

71. Discussion
• The continuous supply of nutrients and plant growth substances
are required all the time. Four times foliar application of
gibberellic acid (GA3) was found to be effective.
• Plant height was predominantly increased by the application of
GA3.
• Plant height is a very important factor for good plant growth and
ultimate yield.
• Gibberellic acid GA3 also stimulated nitrogen assimilation
which affected the raw protein accumulation in okra seeds that is
important for crops for seeds production.
• It is recommended to use foliar feedings of gibberellic acid to
enhance the of okra with quality seed production as well.

75. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
• The design followed was Factorial Randomized Block Design with
three replications.
• The treatments consist of different concentration of plant growth
regulators viz. GA3 and NAA (0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm each) were
applied as foliar spray at 25 days after sowing.
• Distilled water was sprayed as control.
• The seeds were dibbled at the spacing of 45 x 30 cm.

76. Treatment combinations

77. Result and Discussion
• Application of GA3 and NAA 75 ppm were recorded
significantly maximum number of fingers harvested per
plant (15.10), total number of pickings (9.33) and thickness
of finger (1.54 cm).
• Whereas, minimum fingers harvested per plant (12.50), total
number of pickings (7.00) and thickness of finger (1.42 cm)
were found in control and G3N1 treatments.
• In combined effect, the maximum weight of finger and yield
per plant was high in GA3 75 ppm + NAA 50 ppm. Whereas,
minimum average weight of finger (12.27 g) and yield per
plant (0.159 g) was recorded with g0n1 and control treatment.

78. Conclusion
• The improvement in growth as a result of GA3 and NAA
might be attributed to their function in stimulation of
metabolic activities and hormonal regulation.
• GA3 and NAA that stimulates the growth of plant tissues
there by enhancement in cell multiplication and cell
elongation resulting in increased yield and quality.
• It could be concluded that, optimum yield and quality of
okra, the foliar spray of 25 ppm GA3 along with 50 ppm
NAA at 25 days after sowing is very effective for registered
higher yield quality.