Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, moisture, space, sunlight and can release allelopathic compounds that inhibit crop growth. Weeds remove significant amounts of nutrients from the soil each season. They also transpire at higher rates than crops and can form dense canopies that shade out crops. The critical period of weed-crop competition varies by crop but is typically early in the growth cycle. Factors like weed density and species, soil fertility, moisture levels, pH, and climate can influence the intensity of competition between weeds and crops. Timely weed management is important for optimal crop yields.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
The weed seedbank is the reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered in the soil profile. It consists of both new weed seeds recently shed and older seeds that have persisted in the soil for several years. Agricultural soils can contain thousands of weed seeds per square foot and understanding the factors impacting the dynamics of weed seedbanks can help in the development of integrated weed management (IWM) programs. Instead of solely considering crop yield loss, management could also include strategies to deplete the weed seed bank.
Impact of wheat-rapeseed perimeter crop and environmental factors on the occu...Innspub Net
The wheat aphid species individually and collectively cause severe damage to the wheat crop qualitatively and quantitatively. The incidence of these aphids is influenced by a number of biotic factors such as host plant resistance, availability of the natural enemies and the major abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall. In the present investigation, the incidence and abundance of wheat aphid species were recorded with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results showed that wheat was infested by two major aphid species, bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results further suggested that the level of infestation in wheat with perimeter crop remained low compared to check, influenced by the presence of natural enemies, however, the level of infestation of M. persicae remained highly influenced by the high level of infestation in rapeseed. In light of the above experimental results we concluded that the rapeseed influenced the population of R. padi and deterred S. avenae, however, encouraged M. persicae to infest wheat crop.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. CROP WEED COMPETITION
SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. SHIVAJI RAVASAHEB SURYAVANSHI
M.Sc. (AGRONOMY),
RCSM COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, KOLHAPUR
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI.
3. Contribution of pests in crop
yield reduction
Weed
45%
Others
5%
Insect pets
30%
Disease
20%
4. Weed crop competition :
Weed competes with crop plants for :
i. Nutrients
ii. Moisture
iii. Space
iv. Sunlight
v. Exert the allelopathic effects
vi. Increases pest and diseases
5. 1. Competition for plant nutrients
Removal of plant nutrients by weeds
Season N
Kg/ha
P
Kg/ha
K
Kg/ha
Kharif 46.6 12.1 73.3
Rabi 24.2 3.6 26.3
Sugarcane 162 20 203
6. Concentration of plant nutrients in weeds :
eg. Amaranthus viridus 3.16% N
Achyranthus aspera 2.21% N
Cassia occidaentalis 3.08% N
Wild legume weeds 1.5 to 6% N
Echinochloa colonum 2.98% N
Xanthium strumarium 2.47%
where as,
Wheat 1.33% N
Rice 1.13% N
Sugarcane 0.33% N
7. 2. Competition for moisture
The values of transpiration coefficient
( transpiration ratio ) of weeds is 2 to 3 times more
than crop plant.
Eg. Tridax procumbens 1402
Cynodon dyctylon 813
Tephrosia purpurea 1108
Digiteria sanguinalis 696
Values of consumptive use of Chenopodium album is
550 mm and that of Wheat is 479 mm.
8. 3. Competition for Space
1. Rhizosphere
2.Atmosphere
4. Competition for Sunlight ( Solar energy)
Weed seeds germinate earlier, grow faster,
attain more height and canopy coverage within a
short periods than the crops. This causes shedding
effect on crops and affects photosynthetic activities
resulting in poor growth and yield of crops.
9. 5. Allelopathy / Teletoxy
Allelopathic compounds are derivatives
of benzoic acids , cinnamic acids, phenolic acids ,
cineoles etc.
Some of the weeds like Cyperus rotundus,
Sorghum helepence, Chenopodium album,
Amaranthus spp. etc lower the germination,
growth and yield of any crops. This is due to the
certain phytotoxins or allelopathic compounds
released by weeds in soil.
10. 6. Weed increases infestation of insect pest and
diseases :
Insect pest / Diseases Host weed
Rice stem borer Echinochloa sp.
Gram pod borer Chinopodium album and
Amaranthus sp.
Grass hopper Grasses and dicot weeds
Downey mildew of maize Saccharum sponteneum
Powdery mildew of Spinach Chinopodium album
12. Critical period of weed crop competition in different crops
Name of crops Critical period (DAS)
Rice (Transplanted) 20 to 40
Rice (up land) 20 to 45
Wheat 20 to 40
Sorghum 15 to 45
Maize 15 to 35
Finger millet 25 to 45
Soybean 15 to 45
Black gram 30 to 45
Groundnut 20 to 40
Cotton 25 to 40
Sugarcane 20 to 60 days after planting
Fruit crops First 2 years or till their proper
establishment
13. 2. Intensity of weed
Higher weed intensity higher the competition
3. Weed species –
Differs in their competing ability at similar density
Example
1. Xanthium strumarium
2. Wild mustard
3. Nutgrass
4. Hariyali
14. 4. Soil fertility
Band application of fertilizer is beneficial to increase
the crop growth and suppress weed in wide spaced crops like
sugarcane, cotton etc.
5. Soil moisture status
Xerophytic weeds can compete more successfully in dry
farming condition and water loving weeds under ill drained
condition.
6. Soil reaction (pH)
The weed crop competition is more on
high or low pH soils than on normal pH soils.
15. 7. Climatic influence:
Some of the weeds tolerate adverse weather
conditions such as drought, heavy rainfall, Abnormal
temperature etc and put the crop under stress.
Many Xerophytic weeds tolerate drought condition
and growth of weed is more than crops under continuous
rains.
Therefore under adverse climatic conditions weed
management is necessary for successful growth and yield of
crops.
16. 8. Effect of cropping practices :
a) Time and method of sowing:
b) Crop density and plant geometry :
c) Crop species and varieties :
