This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Several tables show results of studies on the effects of seed fortification and hydropriming treatments on seed quality parameters like germination percentage, vigor index, and seedling growth of crops such as brinjal, tomato, chilli, and watermelon. The techniques can help overcome problems with seed quality and support better crop establishment under stressful conditions.
Seed Quality Enhancement technology of major vegetable cropsAbhishek Katagi
This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Tables show results of studies on different crops like brinjal, tomato and chilli seeds treated with fortification solutions and primed with osmotic solutions. Hydropriming pinto bean and watermelon seeds for different durations improved seed quality parameters. Osmopriming tomato seeds with KNO3, NaCl and PEG solutions enhanced germination and seedling growth over the control. Thus, seed hydration and priming techniques can effectively enhance seed quality and crop establishment.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Climate change and its impact on Vegetable productionMajid Rashid
The document provides information on the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. It discusses how rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are negatively affecting vegetable growth, development, yields and quality. Key points mentioned include vegetables being very sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall, leading to crop failures and reduced yields. Climate change is also altering pest and disease pressures on vegetable crops. The document then outlines some mitigation strategies like using improved crop varieties, mulching, drip irrigation, and agronomic practices that help vegetable farmers adapt to climate impacts.
Pushpa Jharia # Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance ppt.Pushpa Jharia
This document discusses breeding crops for resistance to biotic stresses like diseases and insects. It begins by defining biotic and abiotic stress and providing examples of common biotic stresses in plants from viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. It then covers topics like the genetic basis of resistance, types of resistance, mechanisms of insect resistance, sources of resistance, and methods for breeding for resistance. These methods include selection, introduction, hybridization, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering. The document concludes by discussing testing for disease resistance and achievements in developing resistant crop varieties through conventional and modern breeding approaches.
The document discusses the flat limb disease of sapota, caused by the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The disease causes twisting and flattening of sapota branches, resulting in fewer and smaller fruits. It is most prevalent in India in states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, with integrated management including pruning of infected branches, fungicide application and destruction of plant debris.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Seed Quality Enhancement technology of major vegetable cropsAbhishek Katagi
This document provides information on seed quality enhancement techniques for vegetable crops. It discusses various seed hydration and priming techniques such as pre-hydration, priming, and their advantages in improving seed germination and seedling growth. Tables show results of studies on different crops like brinjal, tomato and chilli seeds treated with fortification solutions and primed with osmotic solutions. Hydropriming pinto bean and watermelon seeds for different durations improved seed quality parameters. Osmopriming tomato seeds with KNO3, NaCl and PEG solutions enhanced germination and seedling growth over the control. Thus, seed hydration and priming techniques can effectively enhance seed quality and crop establishment.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Climate change and its impact on Vegetable productionMajid Rashid
The document provides information on the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. It discusses how rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are negatively affecting vegetable growth, development, yields and quality. Key points mentioned include vegetables being very sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall, leading to crop failures and reduced yields. Climate change is also altering pest and disease pressures on vegetable crops. The document then outlines some mitigation strategies like using improved crop varieties, mulching, drip irrigation, and agronomic practices that help vegetable farmers adapt to climate impacts.
Pushpa Jharia # Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance ppt.Pushpa Jharia
This document discusses breeding crops for resistance to biotic stresses like diseases and insects. It begins by defining biotic and abiotic stress and providing examples of common biotic stresses in plants from viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. It then covers topics like the genetic basis of resistance, types of resistance, mechanisms of insect resistance, sources of resistance, and methods for breeding for resistance. These methods include selection, introduction, hybridization, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering. The document concludes by discussing testing for disease resistance and achievements in developing resistant crop varieties through conventional and modern breeding approaches.
The document discusses the flat limb disease of sapota, caused by the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The disease causes twisting and flattening of sapota branches, resulting in fewer and smaller fruits. It is most prevalent in India in states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, with integrated management including pruning of infected branches, fungicide application and destruction of plant debris.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Climate change is causing shifts in the peak flowering dates of citrus crops in different regions of Iran. A study of flowering dates from 1960-2010 found:
- In Gorgan, orange and tangerine flowering was delayed by up to 0.41 days/year, with weaker trends for other crops.
- In Kerman, all crops showed advanced flowering, from 0.12 days/year for orange to 0.17 days/year for sweet lemon and sour orange.
- In Shiraz, all crops showed stronger advances, from 0.56 to 0.65 days/year earlier flowering.
Changes in maximum and minimum temperatures were correlated with the shifts in flowering dates.
This document provides an overview of rice false smut, including its occurrence, symptoms, pathogen, disease cycle, and management. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. Key points include:
- Rice false smut occurs worldwide in all rice growing regions. It causes significant yield losses ranging from 10-75%.
- The pathogen is Ustilaginoidea virens. Disease development is favored by cloudy, humid conditions during rice flowering.
- The disease cycle involves the pathogen infecting rice spikelets and producing spores within smut balls that replace grains.
- Management strategies include rouging of infected plants, selecting disease-free seed, optimizing fertilizer and planting
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
EFFECT OF WEATHER FACTORS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENTBalamurugan K
This document discusses the epidemiology of disease development and the effects of various weather factors. It summarizes that disease is caused by biotic and abiotic factors, including temperature, moisture, wind, rainfall and light. Each weather factor can influence pathogens and disease development in different ways. For example, higher temperatures can increase pathogen aggressiveness while also affecting plant resistance. Moisture is important for spore germination and spread of pathogens. Wind aids in dispersal of fungal spores and bacteria over long distances. Certain diseases are more prevalent in areas with high rainfall. Light levels can increase or decrease plant susceptibility depending on the pathogen.
Turcicum leaf blight is caused by the fungus Helminthosporium turcicum, which infects maize plants at a young stage. It is characterized by long elliptical grayish green or tan lesions on the leaves measuring 2.5 to 25cm in length. The spots coalesce to form bigger spots, giving the leaves a blighted appearance covered with olive green fungal growth. The disease cycle involves the fungus infecting other grasses and being seed-borne, with secondary spread through wind-borne spores. Management strategies include crop rotation, using resistant hybrids, seed treatment, and fungicide spraying.
This document summarizes five main diseases that affect oats: leaf or crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata var. avenae, stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis sp. Tritici, Pyrenophora leaf blotch caused by Pyrenophora chaetomioides, Septoria blotch caused by Phaeosphaeria avenaria, and Barley yellow dwarf virus transmitted by aphids. It describes the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for each disease, which include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, fungicide or insecticide application, and controlling volunteer plants and weeds that can harbor the pathogens.
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing seed quality in vegetable crops. It describes seed hydration/priming techniques like pre-hydration, osmopriming, and bio-priming which allow seeds to imbibe water and begin germination processes without radicle emergence. Studies showed priming with KNO3 improved germination and seedling vigor of tomato cultivars compared to controls or priming with PEG or NaCl. The document also covers seed coating techniques like pelleting and film coating and integrated seed enhancement approaches.
- Guava anthracnose is caused by the fungal pathogen Gloeosporium psidii. It affects guava plants and fruits.
- Symptoms include die back of branches, leaf spots, and sunken lesions on fruits. The disease is favored by moist conditions and temperatures between 10-35°C.
- The pathogen can survive on plant debris and spreads via airborne spores. Management involves resistant varieties, pruning, fungicide sprays, and post-harvest fruit dips.
1) The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each resistance gene in the host plant, there is a corresponding avirulence gene in the pathogen. When the two match, the plant is resistant and disease does not occur.
2) When a new resistant variety is developed and widely grown, it creates a "boom and bust cycle" - as the variety booms in popularity, it puts selection pressure on the pathogen population that favors strains that can overcome its resistance, leading to an epidemic that causes the variety's popularity to bust.
3) The "Vertifolia effect" occurs when a variety's resistance is overcome by new pathogen strains, as happened with the potato variety Vertifolia - its resistance
Abiotic stress management in open field vegetablesATMA RAM MEENA
India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally but has low vegetable productivity. Vegetables are important sources of nutrients. Abiotic stresses like temperature extremes negatively impact vegetable growth and yields. Integrated crop management strategies can help overcome abiotic stresses through the use of stress-tolerant varieties, organic farming, protected cultivation, and agronomic practices suited to different climates and vegetable types. Maintaining optimal temperatures, light, and soil conditions enhances vegetable productivity in open cultivation systems.
The document discusses the classification, formulations, and methods of application of herbicides. It describes how herbicides are classified based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. The document also outlines common herbicide formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules. It provides details on application methods for both soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
1. Physiological disorders in tropical fruit crops include fruit drop caused by various reasons that can be controlled by NAA and moisture management, and irregular bearing in mango controlled by hybrid varieties and soil applications.
2. Other disorders discussed include malformation, black tip, spongy tissue, leaf scorch, choke throat, and Neer vazhai in banana. Citrus issues addressed are fruit drop, granulation, and decline.
3. For grapes, problems summarized are degreening, sun scald, fruit cracking, shot berries, uneven ripening, berry drop, and flower/bud drop. Flat limb disease in grape and Loranthus and bronzing in guava are also briefly summarized.
Soya bean crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes 9 common soybean crop diseases:
1. Phytophthora seed and seedling blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora sojae, which survives in soil for years. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing damping off. Management includes resistant varieties, fungicide seed treatments, and improved drainage.
2. Pythium seedling and root rot, caused by several Pythium species. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing soft rot. Management focuses on soil drainage, seed treatments, and planting in warmer soils.
3. Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. It causes root and stem
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
This document summarizes information about yams, including that they are a species of monocot vine cultivated for food and pharmaceuticals. It is native to Southeast Asia but widely cultivated in tropical regions of Africa and the Americas. Yams are propagated through tuber cuttings and grown as an annual crop for their starchy tubers. Major producers include Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Brazil. While very productive, yam cultivation requires substantial manual labor for harvesting, storage, and trellising the climbing vines.
This document discusses three important diseases of mango: powdery mildew, anthracnose, and mango malformation. It provides details on the symptoms, causal fungi, and favorable conditions for each disease. It also outlines management strategies for each disease, including cultural practices like pruning and spacing, resistant varieties, and fungicide application timings and active ingredients. Key information includes that powdery mildew can cause up to 80% crop loss, anthracnose impacts both pre-and post-harvest fruit, and malformation distorts flowers and shoots.
This topic gives the wide range in understanding the advances for managing the abiotic stress that occurs in the pulse crops like pigeonpea,mungbean,chickpea etc.
This document summarizes information about the black spot disease of roses caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae. It affects rose plants worldwide, causing black spots on leaves that later yellow and drop off, defoliating the plant. The fungus produces two types of spores, ascospores and conidia, that are spread by wind and water to infect new leaves. Environmental conditions like continuous leaf wetness for 7 hours enable the disease to develop and spread. Management involves removing infected leaves, keeping foliage dry, applying fungicide sprays, and growing roses in sunny locations.
1) The document discusses guava production, including propagation methods, planting densities, pruning, fertilizer use, and post-harvest management. It provides tables showing the effects of different propagation timings, growth regulators, rooting media, and planting densities.
2) Guava is an important fruit crop in India and is known as the "Apple of the tropics". It is rich in Vitamin C and other nutrients. Common propagation methods include budding, air layering, and stooling.
3) Higher planting densities increase yields but require more intensive management. Rooting is improved by using growth regulators like IBA and selecting appropriate media. Post-harvest practices are also discussed.
“Seed priming is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the seeds but radical emergence does not occur.”
Climate change is causing shifts in the peak flowering dates of citrus crops in different regions of Iran. A study of flowering dates from 1960-2010 found:
- In Gorgan, orange and tangerine flowering was delayed by up to 0.41 days/year, with weaker trends for other crops.
- In Kerman, all crops showed advanced flowering, from 0.12 days/year for orange to 0.17 days/year for sweet lemon and sour orange.
- In Shiraz, all crops showed stronger advances, from 0.56 to 0.65 days/year earlier flowering.
Changes in maximum and minimum temperatures were correlated with the shifts in flowering dates.
This document provides an overview of rice false smut, including its occurrence, symptoms, pathogen, disease cycle, and management. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. Key points include:
- Rice false smut occurs worldwide in all rice growing regions. It causes significant yield losses ranging from 10-75%.
- The pathogen is Ustilaginoidea virens. Disease development is favored by cloudy, humid conditions during rice flowering.
- The disease cycle involves the pathogen infecting rice spikelets and producing spores within smut balls that replace grains.
- Management strategies include rouging of infected plants, selecting disease-free seed, optimizing fertilizer and planting
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
EFFECT OF WEATHER FACTORS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENTBalamurugan K
This document discusses the epidemiology of disease development and the effects of various weather factors. It summarizes that disease is caused by biotic and abiotic factors, including temperature, moisture, wind, rainfall and light. Each weather factor can influence pathogens and disease development in different ways. For example, higher temperatures can increase pathogen aggressiveness while also affecting plant resistance. Moisture is important for spore germination and spread of pathogens. Wind aids in dispersal of fungal spores and bacteria over long distances. Certain diseases are more prevalent in areas with high rainfall. Light levels can increase or decrease plant susceptibility depending on the pathogen.
Turcicum leaf blight is caused by the fungus Helminthosporium turcicum, which infects maize plants at a young stage. It is characterized by long elliptical grayish green or tan lesions on the leaves measuring 2.5 to 25cm in length. The spots coalesce to form bigger spots, giving the leaves a blighted appearance covered with olive green fungal growth. The disease cycle involves the fungus infecting other grasses and being seed-borne, with secondary spread through wind-borne spores. Management strategies include crop rotation, using resistant hybrids, seed treatment, and fungicide spraying.
This document summarizes five main diseases that affect oats: leaf or crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata var. avenae, stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis sp. Tritici, Pyrenophora leaf blotch caused by Pyrenophora chaetomioides, Septoria blotch caused by Phaeosphaeria avenaria, and Barley yellow dwarf virus transmitted by aphids. It describes the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for each disease, which include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, fungicide or insecticide application, and controlling volunteer plants and weeds that can harbor the pathogens.
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing seed quality in vegetable crops. It describes seed hydration/priming techniques like pre-hydration, osmopriming, and bio-priming which allow seeds to imbibe water and begin germination processes without radicle emergence. Studies showed priming with KNO3 improved germination and seedling vigor of tomato cultivars compared to controls or priming with PEG or NaCl. The document also covers seed coating techniques like pelleting and film coating and integrated seed enhancement approaches.
- Guava anthracnose is caused by the fungal pathogen Gloeosporium psidii. It affects guava plants and fruits.
- Symptoms include die back of branches, leaf spots, and sunken lesions on fruits. The disease is favored by moist conditions and temperatures between 10-35°C.
- The pathogen can survive on plant debris and spreads via airborne spores. Management involves resistant varieties, pruning, fungicide sprays, and post-harvest fruit dips.
1) The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each resistance gene in the host plant, there is a corresponding avirulence gene in the pathogen. When the two match, the plant is resistant and disease does not occur.
2) When a new resistant variety is developed and widely grown, it creates a "boom and bust cycle" - as the variety booms in popularity, it puts selection pressure on the pathogen population that favors strains that can overcome its resistance, leading to an epidemic that causes the variety's popularity to bust.
3) The "Vertifolia effect" occurs when a variety's resistance is overcome by new pathogen strains, as happened with the potato variety Vertifolia - its resistance
Abiotic stress management in open field vegetablesATMA RAM MEENA
India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally but has low vegetable productivity. Vegetables are important sources of nutrients. Abiotic stresses like temperature extremes negatively impact vegetable growth and yields. Integrated crop management strategies can help overcome abiotic stresses through the use of stress-tolerant varieties, organic farming, protected cultivation, and agronomic practices suited to different climates and vegetable types. Maintaining optimal temperatures, light, and soil conditions enhances vegetable productivity in open cultivation systems.
The document discusses the classification, formulations, and methods of application of herbicides. It describes how herbicides are classified based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. The document also outlines common herbicide formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules. It provides details on application methods for both soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
1. Physiological disorders in tropical fruit crops include fruit drop caused by various reasons that can be controlled by NAA and moisture management, and irregular bearing in mango controlled by hybrid varieties and soil applications.
2. Other disorders discussed include malformation, black tip, spongy tissue, leaf scorch, choke throat, and Neer vazhai in banana. Citrus issues addressed are fruit drop, granulation, and decline.
3. For grapes, problems summarized are degreening, sun scald, fruit cracking, shot berries, uneven ripening, berry drop, and flower/bud drop. Flat limb disease in grape and Loranthus and bronzing in guava are also briefly summarized.
Soya bean crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes 9 common soybean crop diseases:
1. Phytophthora seed and seedling blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora sojae, which survives in soil for years. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing damping off. Management includes resistant varieties, fungicide seed treatments, and improved drainage.
2. Pythium seedling and root rot, caused by several Pythium species. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing soft rot. Management focuses on soil drainage, seed treatments, and planting in warmer soils.
3. Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. It causes root and stem
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
This document summarizes information about yams, including that they are a species of monocot vine cultivated for food and pharmaceuticals. It is native to Southeast Asia but widely cultivated in tropical regions of Africa and the Americas. Yams are propagated through tuber cuttings and grown as an annual crop for their starchy tubers. Major producers include Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Brazil. While very productive, yam cultivation requires substantial manual labor for harvesting, storage, and trellising the climbing vines.
This document discusses three important diseases of mango: powdery mildew, anthracnose, and mango malformation. It provides details on the symptoms, causal fungi, and favorable conditions for each disease. It also outlines management strategies for each disease, including cultural practices like pruning and spacing, resistant varieties, and fungicide application timings and active ingredients. Key information includes that powdery mildew can cause up to 80% crop loss, anthracnose impacts both pre-and post-harvest fruit, and malformation distorts flowers and shoots.
This topic gives the wide range in understanding the advances for managing the abiotic stress that occurs in the pulse crops like pigeonpea,mungbean,chickpea etc.
This document summarizes information about the black spot disease of roses caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae. It affects rose plants worldwide, causing black spots on leaves that later yellow and drop off, defoliating the plant. The fungus produces two types of spores, ascospores and conidia, that are spread by wind and water to infect new leaves. Environmental conditions like continuous leaf wetness for 7 hours enable the disease to develop and spread. Management involves removing infected leaves, keeping foliage dry, applying fungicide sprays, and growing roses in sunny locations.
1) The document discusses guava production, including propagation methods, planting densities, pruning, fertilizer use, and post-harvest management. It provides tables showing the effects of different propagation timings, growth regulators, rooting media, and planting densities.
2) Guava is an important fruit crop in India and is known as the "Apple of the tropics". It is rich in Vitamin C and other nutrients. Common propagation methods include budding, air layering, and stooling.
3) Higher planting densities increase yields but require more intensive management. Rooting is improved by using growth regulators like IBA and selecting appropriate media. Post-harvest practices are also discussed.
“Seed priming is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the seeds but radical emergence does not occur.”
Seed priming:- A TOOL FOR QUALITY SEED PRODUCTIONRamesh Thakur
Seed priming involves soaking seeds in solutions to begin germination processes without allowing radicals to emerge. This improves seed vigor and performance under stress. The document discusses various priming techniques including osmopriming, halopriming, hydropriming, and biopriming. It provides examples of how priming with solutions like PEG, KNO3, or microbes like Trichoderma improves seed germination rates, stand establishment, and crop yields under stressful conditions.
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
1) The document discusses the effects of various pre-sowing treatments on seed germination and seedling vigor in three tree species: Sterculia urens, Pterocarpus Marsupium, and Garcinia gummi-gutta.
2) For Sterculia urens, the highest germination percentages were achieved with mechanical scarification combined with gibberellic acid or potassium nitrate treatments.
3) For Pterocarpus Marsupium, soaking seeds in cold water for 24 hours resulted in the highest germination percentage and vigor index.
4) The document concludes by noting that pre-sowing treatments can help overcome seed dormancy issues and promote more rapid and uniform
Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared to high vigor seed lots. The response of chemicals influencing the quality enhancement may vary upon the initial quality of the seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive influence on seed quality enhancement. Seed priming has been used to improve germination, reduce seedling emergence time, improve yield. Seed priming best solution of germination related problems, especially when crops are grown under unfavorable conditions. Many priming techniques have been evolved, which are being utilized in many crops now days. It can enhance rates and percentage of germination and seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand establishment under a wide range of environmental conditions. Farmers and researchers have recognized that poor crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Seed priming has been offered as a solution to this problem that will maximize the probability of obtaining high quality seeds and leads obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants. It is rational to propose that seed priming has low cost and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers, and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in the marginal environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the economical benefit of crop growing farmers by improving seed quality parameters of most crops.
Impact of Priming on Seed Germination.pptxSusma Shrestha
Seed priming involves soaking seeds in water or solutions to prepare them for germination. It has been shown to improve seed performance and increase yields. The document discusses the history and benefits of seed priming. Various priming methods are described, including hydro priming, halo priming, osmo-priming, and bio priming using microbes. Seed priming is shown to enhance germination rates and seedling growth in many crops like rice, sorghum and wheat. It allows crops to better withstand stress conditions and increases overall crop productivity and resilience.
I am working as a assistant professor at college of agriculture parul university at vadodra I have completed M.sc (agri) in genetics and plant breeding at navsari agriculture university
This document summarizes information about sugarcane tissue culture. It begins by explaining that sugarcane is an important crop and that tissue culture provides an alternative method for crop improvement. It then discusses the basic requirements for tissue culture, including different types of culture, factors that affect culture, and applications such as micropropagation and genetic engineering. Several tables are presented that show results of experiments optimizing shoot formation from meristems using different hormone concentrations and varieties.
This document summarizes a research proposal on improving cotton seed quality during production and storage. The proposal has three main experiments: 1) Using thermal modeling to determine optimal sowing times for Bt and non-Bt cotton varieties, 2) Investigating seed quality losses during development by analyzing morphological, physiological and molecular changes at different developmental stages, 3) Comparing conventional drying and storage methods to novel drying bead technology to advance post-harvest seed handling and maintain seed quality longer during storage. The expected outcomes are physiological and molecular markers to aid breeding programs, optimized pre-and post-harvest practices to improve seed quality, and ultimately increased cotton production, value and GDP for Pakistan.
This document provides information on biofertilizers. It begins by defining biofertilizers as nutrient inputs of biological origin that promote plant growth. It then lists and describes various types of biofertilizers including nitrogen fixers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum), phosphate solubilizers (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas), and green manures (Azolla, mycorrhizae). The document also discusses the benefits of biofertilizers, how they are isolated and mass cultivated, and their application in agriculture. It concludes by listing the commercial producers and costs of various biofertilizers in India.
RECENT STUDIES ON SYNTHETIC SEED PRODUCTION IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS.pptxAKHILRDONGA
This document discusses two case studies on the production of synthetic seeds.
The first case study examines optimization of synthetic seed production for potato by encapsulating axillary buds in sodium alginate. It finds the highest regrowth rates used 2.5% sodium alginate, 1.5% calcium chloride, buds 2-3mm in size, and full strength MS medium. Coco peat was the best substrate for plantlet conversion.
The second case study focuses on synthetic seed production for hybrid citrus. It finds 4% sodium alginate provides firm, isometric seeds with the highest conversion after cold storage. MS medium with hormones achieved the highest conversion of encapsulated shoot tips after storage. Different media
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11. Role of impr oved seed
• It serves as a carrier of new technologies
• It serves a basic tools for secured food
supply crop yields
• It serves as mean of security in less
favorable production area
• It act as medium for rehabitation of
agriculture in case of natural disaster
( Feistritzer, 1975 )
12. Where & when it is needed?
• Problematic seed
• High value of seed
• Specific planting technique
• Biotic stresses
• Direct seeding
• Adverse climatic conditions
13. History
• Recorded references in Vedas and Bible
Ex. Beejamruta,
• Coated and pelleted seeds traced in Egyptian
pyramids
• China farmers use to coat paddy seeds with
mud balls while sowing in flooded fields
• Our ancestors use to practice it
– Application of ash, mud or cow dung slurry on
seeds
16. Seed hydration technology / Seed hardening
It is process of soaking the seeds in water or dilute
solution of growth regulating compounds to induce early
germination, better root growth and seedling growth and
also enhances the yield potential of the crop variety.
TYPES OF HYDRATIONS
1.Pre-hydration [ a). Seed fortification b). seed infusion ]
2.Priming [a). Osmo conditioning b). Halo priming c). Bio priming
c). Hydro priming d). Solid Matrix Priming or matriconditioning
]
17.
18. PHYSIOILOGY INVOLVED IN HYDRATION
POST-GERMINATION
UPTAKE OF WATER
GERMINATION
TIME
(Bewley, 1997)
19. Seed fortification
It is pre hydration technique were seeds are
soaked either in water or dilute solution of
bioactive chemicals such as micro nutrients,
growth regulators, vitamins and seed protectants.
Seed infusion
It is a method of impregnation of seeds with
bioactive chemicals through organic solvents
instead of water this technique of infusion which
helps to avoid the damage caused to the seed due
to soaking in water. hence this method is highly
suitable to the seeds that suffer from soaking or
seed coat injury (pulses).
(Halmer, 2006)
20. Advantages of Pre hydration
Faster water Imbibition
Imbibition causes swelling of seeds
Pre hydration promotes early germination and good
crop stand.
Disadvantages of Pre-hydration
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
21. Table 1: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Brinjal.
Treatment
Control
Water
Cowpea extract 2%
Horse gram extract 3%
Bone meal extract 2%
Gelatin 1000ppm
KH2PO4 1%
KNO3
2%
ZnSO4
0.1%
FeSO4
0.2%
NaSO4
0.1%
MnSO4 0.2%
IBA 100ppm
SA 200ppm
Mean
S.Ed
C.D (P=0.5)
Germination
%
58.05
58.69
61.34
60.00
60.66
66.42
64.89
67.21
60.00
60.66
60.00
62.72
60.00
65.65
62.02
1.439
3.087**
Dry matter production
( Mg seedligs-10 )
11.28
11.41
11.83
11.70
11.82
12.51
12.40
12.67
11.77
11.90
11.62
11.88
11.79
12.45
11.93
0.053
0.114**
Vigour index
807
833
890
872
899
1051
1017
1078
883
899
866
939
878
1033
925
17.72
38**
(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)
22. Table-2:
Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Tomato
Treatment
Control
Water
Cowpea extract 2%
Horse gram extract 3%
Bone meal extract 2%
Gelatin 1000ppm
KH2PO4 1%
KNO3
2%
ZnSO4
0.1%
FeSO4
0.2%
NaSO4
0.1%
MnSO4 0.2%
IBA 100ppm
SA 200ppm
Mean
S.Ed
C.D (P=0.5)
Germination %
61.34
63.43
65.65
64.15
65.65
68.02
67.21
68.86
64.15
64.89
64.15
65.65
64.15
67.21
65.65
1.017
2.18**
Dry matter production
(Mg seedligs-10 )
11.59
12.32
12.54
12.39
12.53
12.86
12.75
12.96
12.43
12.47
12.54
12.68
12.51
12.87
12.53
0.0511
0.1095**
Vigour
index
887
980
1034
1004
1034
1106
1084
1128
1001
1017
1010
1046
1007
1094
1031
15.49
33.23**
(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)
23. Table-3: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Chilli
Control
54.33
Dry matter production
( Mg seedligs-10 )
11.11
Water
56.16
11.55
797
Cowpea extract 2%
Horse gram extract 3%
58.05
11.74
846
56.79
11.70
819
Bone meal extract 2%
58.05
11.79
843
Gelatin 1000ppm
KH2PO4 1%
60.00
12.55
946
60.00
12.52
939
KNO3
2%
61.34
12.64
967
FeSO4
0.2%
56.79
11.79
826
NaSO4
0.1%
54.16
11.93
823
IBA 100ppm
54.16
11.90
815
SA 200ppm
60.66
12.57
955
Mean
58.05
11.98
859
S.Ed
1.457
0.059
16.81
C.D (P=0.5)
3.17**
0.12**
36.64**
Treatment
Germination %
Vigour index
734
(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)
24. Seed Priming
It is a presowing treatment in which seeds are
soaked in osmotic solution that allows the seeds
to imbibe water and go through the first stages
of germination but does not permit radicle
protrusion through the seed coat
It is based on the principle of controlled
Imbibition, to a level that a permits pre
germination metabolism to proceed, but prevents
actual emergence of radicle
( Bradford, 1986 )
25. Hydro priming (drum priming)
It is achieved by continuous or successive addition of
limited amount of water to the seeds is the cheap and
useful technique that is practiced by incubating seeds for a
limited time in warm water.
Halo primingHalo priming involves the use of salts of chlorides,
sulphates, nitrates etc.
Osmopriming (Osmoconditioning)
It is the standard priming technique. Seeds are incubated in
well aerated solutions with a low water potential, and later
washed and dried.
(Halmer, 2006)
26. Matric priming (Solid matrix conditioning)
It is the incubation of seeds in a solid, insoluble matrix with
a limited amount of water. This method confers a slow
imbibition. (McDonald, 2000)
matric carriers are- (Calcinated clay, Vermiculite ,Peat Moss ,Sand, Micro-Cel )
Bio-priming (Seed conditioning)
It is a process of biological seed treatment that refers to
combination of seed hydration (physiological aspect of
disease control) and inoculation (biological aspect of disease
control) of seed with beneficial organism to protect seed
with the help of beneficial fungi and bacteria.
(Halmer, 2006)
28. • Osmotic potential of solution.
• Priming temperature and light
• Duration of priming
• O2 availability
• Drying method
(Halmer, 2006)
29. Advantages of Priming
Controlled water Imbibition
Imbibition injury prevented
Salt priming supply seeds with nitrogen and
other nutrients for protein synthesis
Disadvantages of Priming
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
30. Germination percentage (%)
2hr-Soaking
‘Guangxi 5’
2hr-Soaking
‘Gold Prince’
Fig-3: Germination of ‘Guangxi 5’ and ‘Gold Prince’ Triploid water melon after Hydropriming
treatments at different aeration times
(Rukui et al., 2002,Thailand)
31. Table-4 : Germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of triploid
watermelon seeds after soaking in water for 2 hrs following 24 or 48 hours
incubation.
NS- non significant, MGT- Mean germination time.
(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)
32. Fig-3: Change in seed moisture content under different drying conditions
(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)
33. Table-5 :
Germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of
hydroprimed triploid watermelon seeds after redrying.
(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)
34. Table-6 : Means of pinto bean seed quality parameters affected by hydropriming duration and cultivar
Treatments
Electrical
conductivity
(µS/ cm/g)
Mean
germination
time (day)
Germination
percentage
Seedling dry
weight (mg)
Hydro-priming
P1
10.51a
3.03a
95.33b
84.92b
P2
9.65b
2.51b
99.00a
94.42a
P3
9.60b
2.65b
97.00ab
91.75a
P4
9.50b
3.07a
94.67b
83.67b
Cultivar
‘Talash’
9.84a
2.77b
96.25a
88.62a
‘COS16’
9.75a
2.73b
96.75a
88.87a
‘Khomain’
9.83a
2.95a
96.50a
88.56a
Different letters at each column for each treatment indicating significant difference
at p≤0.05. P1, P2, P3 and P4 : non – primed and hydro-primed seeds for 7.14 and
21 h. respectively.
(Kazem et al., 2010, Iran)
35. Table-7 : Means of pinto bean field traits influenced by hydro-priming
duration and cultivar
Treatments
Seedling
emergence
percentage
Mean
emergence
time (day)
Grains
per plant
1000
Grains/ Grain
m2
weigh
t (g)
Grain
yield per
plant (g)
Grain
yield/m2
(gm2)
Hydro-priming
P1
55.11b
29.68a
33.52a
896.2b
326.8a
7.553a
209.1b
P2
68.22a
25.75b
34.94a
1106.0a 324.7a
7.630a
251.7a
P3
64.22a
26.80b
34.06a
1040.0a 324.7a
7.612a
236.8b
P4
54.00b
30.57a
33.48a
884.4b
327.0a
7.581a
205b
Cultivar
‘Talash’
60.16a
27.92a
38.63a
1115.0a 317.0b
8.385a
248.1a
‘COS16’
60.83a
27.87a
39.52a
1128.0a 305.4b
8.400a
252.5a
‘Khomain’
60.16a
28.80a
23.86b
701.7b
5.997b
176.9b
355.1a
Different letters at each column for each treatment indicating a significant difference @
≤0.05 P1, P2, P3 and P4 : non-primed and hydro-primed seeds for 7.14 and 21 h.
respectively
( Kazem et al., 2010, Iran)
36. Table-8: Effect of osmopriming on the germination ability of tomato cv.
Riogrande improved and Roma.
T50
(days)
MGT
(days)
FGP (%)
GI
GE(%)
Control
5.50a
6.30 a
45.33 c
16.50 c
16.65 d
Osmopriming (PEG)
3.07 c
5.17 b
65.67 b
24.50 b
24.57 c
Osmopriming (NaCl)
3.77 b
5.13 b
74.00 a
25.50 a
37.45 b
Osmopriming (KNO3)
2.17 d
4.10 c
83.33 a
32.00a
46.28 a
LSD at 0.05
0.221
0.148
12.36
2.43
8.03
Control
5.15 a
6.70 a
48.33 c
16.50 c
15.25 c
Osmopriming (PEG)
3.57 c
5.01 c
64.67 b
23.50 c
25.57 b
Osmopriming (NaCl)
3.87 b
5.23 b
72.00a
27.50 b
37.45 a
Osmopriming (KNO3)
2.87 d
4.60 d
78.33 a
33.00 a
44.08 a
LSD at 0.05
0.254
0.188
11.36
2.33
9.13
Treatments
Riogrande
improved
Roma
FGP = final germination % ; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to 50%
germination; GI=germination index; GE=Energy of germination
(Farooq et al., 2005, Faisalabad)
37. Table-9 : Effect of seedling vigour of tomato cvs. Riogrande improved and
Roma.
Seedling Seeding
fresh
dry
weight
weight
(mg)
(mg)
Root
length
(cm)
Shoot
length
(cm)
7.51 a 31.41 d
45.05 d
30.88 d
1.12b
20.29 d
Riogrande Osmopriming (PEG) 7.33 a 54.00 c
improved
Osmopriming (NaCl) 5.15 b 62.19 b
Osmopriming(KNO3) 4.55 c 74.97 a
LSD at 0.05
0.593 4.342
Control
7.91 a 43.41 d
Osmopriming (PEG) 7.13 a 54.00 c
Roma
Osmopriming (NaCl) 5.45 b 62.19 d
Osmopriming(KNO3) 4.75 c 74.97 a
LSD at 0.05
0.575 4.232
54.45 c
64.52 b
77.87 a
6.112
43.05 c
54.45 c
62.52 b
76.87 a
6.112
49.77 c
69.29 b
76.75 a
5.126
34.88 d
49.77 c
64.29 b
73.75 a
5.126
1.15 b
1.17 b
1.42 a
0.221
1.12 b
1.13 b
1.02 b
1.49 b
0.213
27.77 c
30.00 b
35.05 a
0.712
21.29 d
27.77 c
30.00 b
37.05 a
0.714
Treatments
Control
FEP = final emergence % ;
MET
(days)
FEP
(%)
MET = mean emergence time.
(Farooq et al., 2005, Faisalabad)
38. Table-10: Effect of Halopriming on the germination of tomato cv Nagina & Pakit.
cultivar
Nagina
priming
Control
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
Control
Pakit
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
FGP
MGT
(days)
T50 (days)
Root
length(cm)
Shoot
length(cm)
61.33c
7.31a
6.13b
5.30c
4.93b
69.33b
7.18abc
6.52a
5.30c
5.58a
70.66b
7.00bc
6.28ab
5.50bc
5.24ab
69.33b
7.25ab
6.22b
4.20d
5.13ab
72.00b
7.24ab
6.38ab
5.56bc
5.27abc
74.66b
6.93cd
6.13b
6.06a
5.18ab
81.33a
6.58e
5.19d
5.76ab
5.20ab
71.36b
5.6531
52.00f
6.68de
0.2637
7.43a
5.80c
0.2322
6.52a
5.33c
0.4255
5.06c
5.34ab
0.5271
4.93bc
57.33e
7.20ab
6.16b
5.33bc
5.60a
62.66cd
6.93bc
6.22b
5.40b
5.23abc
66.66bd
6.96bc
6.28ab
5.23bc
4.76c
58.66de
7.43a
6.38ab
5.23bc
4.76c
68.00b
6.86c
6.23b
5.30bc
5.20abc
78.66a
6.33d
5.17d
6.00a
5.20abc
70.66b
6.90c
5.90c
5.16bc
5.33ab
4.4129
0.2998
0.2522
0.3277
0.5631
FGP = final germination % ; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to 50% germination.
(Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad)
39. Table-11: Effect of Halopriming on the fresh wt & dry wt of tomato cv Nagina &Pakit.
cultivar
Nagina
Pakit
Priming
Fresh weight(mg)
Dry weight (mg)
control
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
23.10cd
24.30bc
25.20b
24.80b
22.53d
25.00b
28.96a
24.06bc
1.3328
6.33e
7.36cd
7.80bc
8.00b
6.70e
7.00de
8.53a
7.26d
0.4908
control
Hydropriming
Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl
Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3
Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3
LSD at 0.05
22.30cd
23.30bc
24.20b
25.80b
23.53d
26.00b
27.56a
23.04bc
1.2315
6.33e
7.25bcd
7.75bc
8.10ab
6.50de
7.02de
8.66a
7.21cd
0.5013
(Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad)
40. Non-reducing sugars (mg/g of seed)
Reducing sugars (mg/g of seed)
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Total sugars (mg/g of seed)
A
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A- Control
B- Hydropriming
C- NaCl 10mM
D- NaCl 25mM
E- NaCl 50mM
F- KNO3 10mM
G- KNO3 25mM
H- KNO3 50mM
Fig-4: Effect of Halopriming on the Reducing, Non-reducing and Total sugar content of
tomato seeds cv Nagina & Pakit.
Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad
41. Application of coating substance to the seed to enhance
seed placement and performance with out altering shape
or placing chemicals on the seed coat which regulate and
improve germination.
( Copeland and Mc Donald 2001)
42.
43. SEED COATINGS
It is the coating applied to the seed that does not
obscure its shape. It may be fungicide, microbiological
treatments and micronutrients
Its major benefit is that the seed enhancement material is
directly placed on the seed as compared to the broad
casting.
FILM COATINGS
It’s a sophisticated process of applying precise
amount of active ingredients in form of thin film along
with the liquid material directly on to the seed surface
without obscuring its shape.
(Copeland and Mc Donald, 2001)
44. Advantages of seed coating
Enables accurate and even dose of chemicals and reduces
chemical wastage
Improve the appearance and dust free handling
To apply fungicides, insecticides, micronutrients directly to
seed.
Allow easy flow of seed in automatic seeding
Act as a temperature switch and water intake regulator
Disadvantages of coating
Coated seeds fetch high cost, than the bare seeds
Improper coating and improper dilution of coating
material may deteriote the whole seed lot
45. Table-12 : Effect of seed application with calcium paste on the plant growth , yield and
Chlorophyll content in pea plants grown under salinity stress (n = 10).
Parameters
Treatment
Green pod
Green seed
100-seed
yield pot-1
yield pot-1
weight (g)
(g)
(g)
Shoot
Total
SFW SDW
length
chlorophyll (g)
(g)
(cm)
Control
58.9b
18.4b
40.1c
221.7b
1.65b
7.98c 4.18c
CW
92.3a
20.6a
45.3b
24.1a
1.70b
8.67b 5.79b
CWH
98.4a
21.4a
49.9a
28.1a
1.97a
9.32a 7.70a
NaCl (150mM)
14.8e
10.7d
5.6f
12.3d
0.83d
4.16f
NaCl + CW
39.9d
13.8c
14.0e
18.4c
1.46c
6.59e 3.54d
NaCl + CWH
46.8c
17.7b
19.9d
21.8b
1.78b
7.27d 4.20c
2.57e
CW=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran at the ratio 1:5 (w/w).
CWH=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran + humic acid at the ratio 2:10:1
(w/w/w). SFW= Shoot fresh weight, SDW= Shoot dry weight
(Saad et al., 2012, Egypt)
46. Table-13 : Influence of Polykote film coating and accelerated ageing on vigour
index of cluster bean.
Film coating treatments
(T)
Control
Dry coating (3g/kg)
Slurry coating 3g/kg + 5ml of
water)
Slurry coating + Halogen
mixture(3g/kg)
Slurry coating + Bavistin (2g/kg)
Mean
S.Ed
CD (P=0.05)
days after accelerated ageing (D)
0
2
4
6
8
Mean
2737
2900
2571
2804
2014
2244
1323
1605
863
1318
1650
1959
3036
2932
2391
1713
1274
2048
3117
2958
2577
1848
1479
2179
3187
2995
T
116
238
3024
2858
D
128
261
2763
2398
T X D
244
NS
2059
1710
1619
1310
2310
2029
(Renugadevi et al., 2008, Coimbatore)
47. Table-14 : Influence of Polykote film coating and accelerated ageing on
germination of cluster bean
Film coating treatments
(T)
Control
Dry coating (3g/kg)
Slurry coating 3g/kg +
5ml of water
Slurry coating + Halogen
mixture(3g/kg)
Slurry coating + Bavistin
(2g/kg)
Mean
S.Ed
CD (P=0.05)
Days after accelerated ageing (D)
0
2
4
6
8
Mean
89(70.63) 87(68.87) 75(60.00) 60(50.77) 49(44.43) 65(53.73)
92(73.57) 92(73.57) 80(63.43) 65(53.73) 57(49.02) 73(58.69)
95(77.08) 93(74.66) 83(65.65) 66(53.33) 61(51.35) 75(60.00)
97(80.03) 94(75.82) 85(67.21) 67(54.94) 61(51.35) 77(61.34)
94(75.82) 95(77.08) 90(71.57) 73(58.69) 65(53.73) 80(63.43)
94(75.82) 92(73.57) 83(65.65) 69(56.17) 59(50.18) 74(59.34)
T
0.758
1.547
D
0.830
1.695
TXD
1.856
NS
(Figures in parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values)
(Renugadevi et al., 2008, Coimbatore)
48. Table-15 : level of contamination, percent of germination, relative speed of germination
and index of vigour as influenced by matriconditioning plus clove oil seed
treatments applied on hot pepper seed lots infected by Colletotrichum capsici.
Seed treatments
Contamination
(%)
Germination
(%)
Relative speed
of germination
(%)
Index of vigor
(%)
Untreated
50a
69c
57b
5c
Clove oil 0.06 %
6b
80a
69a
31b
Clove oil 0.1 %
4b
66c
50b
8c
Matric + clove oil
0.06 %
4b
76b
71a
47a
Matric + clove oil
0.1 %
3b
80a
74a
49a
Note : Means in the same rows suffixed with different letters are different at 5% levels
of significance according to DMRT.
(Untary, 2003, Coimbatore)
49. Seed Pelleting
It is the process of enclosing a seed with a small
quantity of inert material just large enough to facilitate
precision planting
Or
It is the mechanism of applying needed materials is
such a way that they affect the seed or soil at the seed soil
interference.
(Halmer,
2006)
Why inert material?
It creates natural water holding media and provide small
amount of nutrients to younger seedlings.
(Halmer, 2006)
50. Seed Pelleting Process
adhesive
seed
Coating of seed with adhesive
Filler material
Filler material sprinkled on
coated seeds
Pelleted seeds
Shade drying
sowing
sowing
(Halmer, 2006)
52. Types of Seed Pelleting
Type
Material Used
Innoculant
Pelleting
BiofertilizerViz., Rhizobia, PSB, Azospirillum,
Azatobactor, VAM
Protective
Coating
Biocontrol agent like Rhizobacteria bataticola,
Bacillus sp. Streptomycis sp., pesticides, fungicides.
Herbicide
Coating
Filler antidote or absorbent coating, Herbicide
antidote like 1.8 napthalic anhydride (NA)
Nutrient
Coating
Coating with micro and macronutrients eg.ZnSo4,
FeSo4, Borax
Hydrophillic
Coating
Starch graft polymers, magnesium carbonate
Oxygen
Supplier
Coating
Peroxides of zinc and calcium
(Halmer, 2006)
53. Advantages of pelleting
Increase in size and shape
Singling of seeds to prevent clogging
Precision placement
Moisture absorption
Supply of nutrients
Protection from birds/animals
Disadvantages of pelleting
Pelleted seeds fetch high cost & weights more, than
the bare seeds.
Empty pellet/ multi seed pellet if proper machine are
not used.
54. Table-16: Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on growth
& yield component of cowpea
Seed
TREATMENT Days to 50% Plant Height
No. of
No. Of
Seed yield/ ha
yield/plant
(S)
flowering Harvest (cm) pods / plant seeds/pod
(Kg)
(g)
S1
22.04
43.62
27.92
12.33
30.91
1478.6
S2
22.90
43.76
29.10
12.49
31.80
1536.30
S3
23.70
44.67
29.80
12.37
31.68
1529.30
S4
24.05
45.29
22.30
12.25
25.04
1370.00
S5
24.10
45.40
24.01
11.84
26.84
1347.70
S6
23.45
45.29
22.80
11.80
26.29
1258.70
S7
24.05
45.43
22.65
11.73
26.79
1240.30
S0
26.16
41.15
18.57
10.94
18.51
1119.00
23.56
44.51
24.67
11.97
27.26
1360.00
Mean
0.62
0.35
0.70
0.23
0.72
0.86
S.Em±
1.95
1.34
2.15
0.69
2.16
3.40
CD @ 5%
S1 : ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed
S4 = S1 + S2,
S7 = S1 + S2 + S3
S2 : Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds
S5 = S1 + S3
S0 = Control(without pelleting)
S3 : Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds, S6 = S2 + S3
(Masuthi et al., 2009, Dharwad)
60. Table-21: Percent germination and index of vigor as affected by priming or
matriconditioning plus biological agents as seed treatments applied on hot
pepper seed lots infected by Colletotrichum capsici
Bio control agents
Germination (%)
Index of vigor (%)
Priming
Matriconditioning
Priming
Matriconditioning
Untreated
71 bA
65 aB
56 dA
54 abB
Bacillus sp.
79 aA
60 abB
72 bcA
58 aB
P. fluorescence
72 bA
57 bB
67 cA
49 bcB
T. harzianum
78 aA
60 abB
81 aA
56 aB
T. psudokonongii
78 aA
61 abB
75 abA
54 abB
Gliocladium sp
67 bA
51 cB
70 bcA
43 cB
Note : Means in the same rows suffixed with different letters or in the same column
with different lowercase are different at 5% levels of significance according to DMRT.
(Kumalasari et al., 2005, Andhra Pradesh)
61. Advantages of Seed Quality Enhancement Technology
Reduced seed rate
Early emergence and reduced time of emergence under
stress conditions
Supply of growth regulators/nutrients/beneficial microbes
Better nursery management
Helps
seedling
to
dominate
weeds
in
competition
for
nutrition
Field stand and uniformity
Minimum exposure to toxicant
Direct seeding of
seeds.
High turnover
conventionally transplanted vegetable
63. Conclusion
It doesn’t END here
High germination and vigour are
not the only determinants
There is lot more to do,
a long way to go..
64. Conclusion
• Advances in polymer technology
• Seed testing research (Products in
pipeline)
– X ray, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Q2 technology,
Ethanol assay
– Molecular technology: Flow cytometry, Luminex®
MAPS, Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics
– Electrification
• Of course good seeds are produced in
field (breeding), enhancement is by seed
technologists
Editor's Notes
Prospects and Retrospectes of oil palm cultivation in India
Seed quest, 2009
Author
Feisterritzer, 1975
Principle involved in seed hydration
TIME
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
Table 1: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality
enhancement in Brinjal
( Bradford, 1986 )
Photos
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
2hr-Soaking
‘Guangxi 5’
Water uptake ( g/ g. seed )
Figures not sharing the same letters in a column differ significantly at p 0.05; FGP = final germination percentage; GI = germination index; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to
50% germination.
A
( Copeland and Mc Donald 2001)
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
CW=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran at the ratio 1:5 (w/w). CWH=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran + humic acid at the ratio 2:10:1 (w/w/w).
SFW= Shoot fresh weight, SDW= Shoot dry weight
ADHESIVE
Toxicity of chemicals
Limited O2 supply to seed
Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed
Polykote @ 3g/kg of seeds, Halogen mix @ 3g/kg of seeds.
carbendazim @ 2g/kg of seeds, DAP @ 2g/kg of seeds