Section ii Chap 1 Chemistry of LIfe
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The document summarizes the basic chemistry concepts of life including composition of organic and inorganic substances in the body, elements and minerals, water, organic molecules like hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids. It describes the structures, functions and examples of these biomolecules. The key topics covered are the four major macromolecules that make up all living things - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
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- 1. Section II - Cytology Chapter 1 The Chemistry of Life
- 3. The Naturally Occurring Elements in the Body ELEMENTS SYMBOL % Wt. In the BODY Oxygen O 65 Carbon C 19 Hydrogen H 10 Nitrogen N 3 Calcium Ca 2 Phosphorus P 1 Potassium K 0.5 Sulfur S 0.3 Sodium Na 0.2 Chlorine Cl 0.2 Magnesium Mg 0.1 Manganese Mn 0.1 Iron Fe 0.1 Copper Cu 0.1 Iodine I 0.1
- 4. Different Macrominerals Minerals Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Chlorine (Cl) Sulfur (S) Phosphorus (P) Calcium (ca) Magnesium (mg) Maintains the proper osmotic balance in the body, and for nerve stimulation Muscular relaxation and maintains irritability of the nerves Maintains proper osmotic balance in the body and synthesis of Hydrochloric acid in the stomach Bone formation, Important constituent of Nucleic Acid and plasma membrane and energy reservoir Protein synthesis and detoxification reaction Bone & teeth formation, blood clotting, and muscular contraction Important in CHO and protein synthesis and a co-factor in some oxidation reaction Functions in the Body
- 5. Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) Selenium (Se) Iodine (I) Manganese (Mn) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Fluorine (F) Different Trace Elements Synthesis of Hemoglobin, associated with the cytochromes of the cell Important in fat metabolism Proper functioning of the Thyroid gland Red blood cell production, Components of Vit. B12 Formation of Urea, important in Kreb’s cycle, activates many enzymes Synthesis of melanin, component of many enzymes Component of bone and teeth, prevents tooth decay Functions in the Body Minerals Wound healing and fertilization.
- 9. Hydrocarbon Alkane Single bond C n H 2n + 2 Alkene Double bond C n H 2n Alkyne Triple Bond C n H 2n - 2 Alkadiene 2 (=) C n H 2n – 2 Methane Ethane Ethene Ethyne Propane Propene Propyne Propadiene Butane Butene Butyne Butadiene Pentane Pentene Pentyne Pentadiene Hexane Hexene Hexyne Hexadiene Heptane Heptene Heptyne Heptadiene
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- 19. Hexose GLUCOSE GALACTOSE FRUCTOSE
- 21. GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE MANNOSE GALACTOSE H – C = O H - C – OH HO - C – H H - C – OH H - C – OH H – C - OH H H H – C – OH C = O HO - C – H H - C – OH H - C – OH H – C - OH H H – C = O HO - C – H HO - C – H H - C – OH H - C – OH H – C - OH H H – C = O H - C – OH HO - C – H HO - C – H H - C – OH H – C - OH H
- 25. PROTEIN TYPE FUNCTION EXAMPLES Structural Support Collagen, elastin and keratin Storage Stores a.a. Albumin in egg white, casein in milk Transport Transport of subs Hemoglobin Hormonal Coordinates activities Insulin, adrenalin, glucagons Receptor Response to stimuli Receptors w/in the nerve cell Contractile Movement Actin and myosin for muscular contraction Defensive Protection & immunity Different antibodies Enzymatic Hasten chem’l rxn Digestive enzymes
- 28. 10 ESSENTIAL AA
- 33. Difference of Fat Glycerol and Long chain saturated f.a. (C 7 -C 17 ) Solid at room temperature Oil Glycerol and Long chain unsaturated f.a. or short chain saturated f.a. (C 3 -C 5 ) Liquid at rm temperature Wax Monohydric alcohol and long chain f.a. Solid a room temperature
- 36. Phospholipids
- 41. RNA vs DNA Sugar Base Structure Function Phosphate Ribose Deoxyribose A, U, C, G A, T, C, G Single Stranded Double Stranded Synthesis of Protein Carrier of genetic material PO 4 -3 PO 4 -3