The document provides a detailed review and overview of carbohydrates, including their classification, structures, functions, examples of specific carbohydrates like monosaccharides and disaccharides, glycogen, starch, cellulose, acidic polysaccharides, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and notes on key aspects.

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2. REVIEW of CARBOHYDRATES

10. ANOMERIC CARBON

11. CHAIR & BOAT CONFORMATIONS

12. AMINO SUGARS

27. REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS STEP REACTION ENZYME REACTION TYPE Δ G in kJ/mol 1 Glucose + ATP  G-6-P + ADP + H + Hexokinase Phosphoryl transfer -33.5 2 G-6-P  F-6-P Phosphoglucose isomerase Isomerization -2.5 3 F-6-P + ATP  F-1,6-BP + ADP + H + Phosphofructo-kinase Phosphoryl transfer -22.2

28. STEP REACTION ENZYME REACTION TYPE Δ G in kJ/ mol 4 F-1,6-BP  DHAP + GAP Aldolase Aldol cleavage -1.3 5 DHAP  GAP Triose phosphate isomerase Isomerization +2.5 6 GAP + Pi + NAD +  1,3-BPG + NADH + H + Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Phosphorylation coupled to oxidation +2.5 7 1,3-BPG + ADP  3-phosphoglycerate +ATP Phosphoglycer-ate kinase Phosphoryl transfer +1.3 8 3-phosphoglycerate  2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyce-rate mutase Phosphoryl shift +0.8 9 2-phosphoglycerate  PEP + HOH Enolase Dehydration -3.3 10 PEP + ADP + H+  pyruvate + ATP Pyruvate kinase Phosphoryl transfer -16.7

29. CITRIC ACID CYCLE STEP REACTION ENZYME PROSTHETIC GROUP REACTION TYPE Δ G o in kJ/ mol 1 acetylCoA + oxaloacetate + HOH  citrate + CoA + H + Citrate synthase Condensation -31.4 2a Citrate  cis-aconitate + HOH Aconitase Fe-S Dehydration +8.4 2b Cis-Aconitate + HOH  isocitrate Aconitase Fe-S Hydration -2.1

30. CITRIC ACID CYCLE STEP REACTION ENZYME PROSTHETIC GROUP REACTION TYPE Δ G o in kJ/ mol 3 Isocitrate + NAD+  α -ketoglutarate + CO 2 + NADH Isocitrate Dehydro-genase Decarboxylation & oxidation - 8.4 4 α -ketoglutarate + NAD+ CoA  succinyl CoA + CO 2 + NADH α -ketogluta-rate dehydro-genase complex Lipoic acid, FAD, TPP Decarboxyla-tion & oxidation -30.1 5 Succinyl CoA + Pi + GDP  succinate + GTP + CoA Succinyl CoA synthet-ase Substrate-level phosphoryla-tion -3.3

31. CITRIC ACID CYCLE STEP REACTION ENZYME PROSTHETIC GROUP REACTION TYPE Δ G o in kJ/ mol 6 Succinate + FAD (enzyme-bound)  fumarate + FADH 2 (enzyme-bound) Succinate dehydro-genase FAD, Fe-S Oxidation 0 7 Fumarate + HOH  L-malate Fumarase Hydration -3.8 8 L-malate + NAD+  oxaloacetate + NADH + H + Malate dehydro-genase Oxidation +29.7

32. REGULATION OF TCA CYCLE Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citrate Isocitrate Α -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate - ATP, acetyl CoA & NADH - ATP & NADH + ADP - ATP, succinyl CoA & NADH Α -KGD ICD

33. BIOSYNTHETIC ROLES OF TCA CYCLE Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citrate Isocitrate Α -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate Aspartate Other amino acids, purines & pyrimidines Porphyrins, heme, chlorophyll Glutamate Other amino acids & purines Fatty acids, sterols

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