This document provides an overview of testosterone secretion, transport, and metabolism in the human body. It discusses how testosterone is secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex. It describes the levels of testosterone at different life stages and how it is transported in the bloodstream. The document outlines how testosterone is metabolized in the liver and target tissues and how it acts on receptors to influence gene expression. It also summarizes the roles of testosterone in fetal development, sexual differentiation, and development of secondary sex characteristics in adulthood.
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...SoniaBajaj10
The document discusses different types of eggs based on various classification schemes. Eggs can be classified based on the amount of yolk present as alecithal (no yolk), microlecithal (small amount of yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or macrolecithal/megalecithal (large amount of yolk). They can also be classified based on yolk distribution as isolecithal (uniform), telolecithal (concentrated at one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk at the center). Additionally, eggs are classified as mosaic (development predetermined) or regulative (development not predetermined), and as cleidoic (hard shell) or
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external anatomy including the penis and scrotum. Internally it discusses the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and accessory sex glands. Spermatogenesis and the role of hormones like testosterone are explained. Ejaculation involves emission of semen from the epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands into the urethra, then expulsion during orgasm.
Chemical nature and gross features of hormones - pptxShiniMelukunnel
This document discusses the chemical nature and properties of hormones. It begins by defining hormones as chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream. Hormones can be classified into four main categories based on their chemical composition: steroid hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, and protein hormones. The document also notes that hormones can be either lipid-soluble or water-soluble, depending on their chemical makeup. In conclusion, it restates that hormones have diverse structures and can be further divided based on the specific chemicals that make up each hormone type.
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
The male reproductive system is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. The hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH. LH acts on the testes to stimulate production of testosterone, while FSH supports sperm production. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and regulates its own production through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Precise control of these hormones is vital for normal male development, sexual function, and fertility.
Ovary: Structure and hormonal regulationN K Agarwal
Slides describe the structure of ovary, folliculogenesis, hormonal control of female reproductive cycle, mechanism of ovulation, female sex hormones and their function.
Insects breathe through a respiratory system consisting of spiracles, trachea, tracheoles, and air sacs. Air enters through openings called spiracles and travels through a network of tubes called trachea. The trachea branch into finer tracheoles where gas exchange occurs. Air sacs store oxygen and provide buoyancy. The respiratory system delivers oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide as a waste product, but is separate from the circulatory system.
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...SoniaBajaj10
The document discusses different types of eggs based on various classification schemes. Eggs can be classified based on the amount of yolk present as alecithal (no yolk), microlecithal (small amount of yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or macrolecithal/megalecithal (large amount of yolk). They can also be classified based on yolk distribution as isolecithal (uniform), telolecithal (concentrated at one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk at the center). Additionally, eggs are classified as mosaic (development predetermined) or regulative (development not predetermined), and as cleidoic (hard shell) or
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external anatomy including the penis and scrotum. Internally it discusses the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and accessory sex glands. Spermatogenesis and the role of hormones like testosterone are explained. Ejaculation involves emission of semen from the epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands into the urethra, then expulsion during orgasm.
Chemical nature and gross features of hormones - pptxShiniMelukunnel
This document discusses the chemical nature and properties of hormones. It begins by defining hormones as chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream. Hormones can be classified into four main categories based on their chemical composition: steroid hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, and protein hormones. The document also notes that hormones can be either lipid-soluble or water-soluble, depending on their chemical makeup. In conclusion, it restates that hormones have diverse structures and can be further divided based on the specific chemicals that make up each hormone type.
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
The male reproductive system is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. The hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH. LH acts on the testes to stimulate production of testosterone, while FSH supports sperm production. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and regulates its own production through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Precise control of these hormones is vital for normal male development, sexual function, and fertility.
Ovary: Structure and hormonal regulationN K Agarwal
Slides describe the structure of ovary, folliculogenesis, hormonal control of female reproductive cycle, mechanism of ovulation, female sex hormones and their function.
Insects breathe through a respiratory system consisting of spiracles, trachea, tracheoles, and air sacs. Air enters through openings called spiracles and travels through a network of tubes called trachea. The trachea branch into finer tracheoles where gas exchange occurs. Air sacs store oxygen and provide buoyancy. The respiratory system delivers oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide as a waste product, but is separate from the circulatory system.
LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
sex determination and differentiation in human with development and differentiation of gonads. this presentation helps you in understanding the concept of sex at genetic level.
The document discusses the relationship between hormones and behavior in animals. It explains that hormones secreted from endocrine glands influence moods and responses to stimuli. Animal reproductive and maternal behaviors are regulated seasonally based on changing hormone levels, such as increases in sex hormones during breeding seasons. Specific hormones like progesterone, prolactin, LH, and melatonin influence behaviors related to incubation, feeding of young, ovulation, and growth of reproductive organs. Hormones also affect aggressive behaviors, territorial markings, and development of sexual characteristics. Behaviors are regulated through the interactions of the pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal systems.
The sperm development process takes place over 78 days and involves maturation in the testes and epididymis. In the testes, sperm undergo cell division and differentiation over 64 days while gaining mobility and fertility in the epididymis over 14 days. The optimal environment for sperm maturation is provided by epididymal epithelial cells under genetic control. Sperm maturation occurs in four steps - storage and maturation in the epididymis, activation during ejaculation, capacitation as they ascend to the ovaries, and the acrosome reaction when near an egg.
Comparative Anatomy of Digestive System of VertebratesRameshPandi4
This document provides an overview of the comparative anatomy of the digestive system across different vertebrates. It describes the basic components and functions of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. The key differences in digestive anatomy are often correlated with differences in diet, such as whether the food is readily absorbed or requires extensive breakdown, and whether the food supply is constant or scattered. Examples of digestive systems from various vertebrates like fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals are then described in more detail.
This document discusses sperm capacitation, which prepares sperm to fertilize an egg. It involves physiological changes to the sperm, including changes to its motility and ability to undergo the acrosome reaction. Capacitation involves removal of decapacitation factors from the sperm surface and changes in the sperm membrane and intracellular signaling. Specifically, it involves cholesterol removal from the membrane, increased calcium, pH and cAMP levels, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation within the sperm. These changes prime the sperm for fertilization by allowing the acrosome reaction and fusion with the egg.
1. Adrenocortical hormones are classified into three groups: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.
2. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone are secreted by the zona fasciculata and act on glucose metabolism. Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone secreted by the zona glomerulosa act on electrolytes like sodium and potassium.
3. The adrenal cortex secretes sex hormones including androgens such as androstenedione and testosterone, as well as small amounts of estrogen and progesterone. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines including epinephrine, norepine
Sexual selection occurs through male competition and female choice. It leads to the evolution of extreme traits in males that give them an advantage in attracting mates but may reduce survival. Sexual dimorphism arises when males and females of a species differ in traits, often with males developing more ornamented characteristics. Runaway selection can cause traits to evolve that do not improve quality but instead fulfill female preferences, like long bright tails in some species. Sexual selection drives evolution and speciation.
Folliculogenesis is the maturation process of ovarian follicles that contain oocytes. It begins with primordial follicles at birth and progresses through primary, secondary, tertiary, and preovulatory stages over approximately 375 days. Key changes include recruitment of granulosa and theca cells, antrum formation, and growth in response to hormones like FSH and LH. By the time of ovulation, usually one follicle remains to release its oocyte while the remaining follicles die through atresia. The supply of follicles steadily declines with age until menopause due to DNA damage accumulation that impairs repair in oocytes.
Hormones control many types of animal behaviors. There are three main types of hormones: steroids like estrogen and testosterone, peptide hormones like oxytocin and prolactin, and catecholamines. Hormones influence behaviors like sexual dimorphism through different levels of sex hormones in males and females. Testosterone causes aggressive behaviors in many species that coincide with testosterone levels. Territorial behavior in males is also linked to testosterone levels. Parental behaviors are influenced by hormones like progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin. Specific examples given include testosterone influencing singing in male zebra finches, hormones regulating mating behavior in cats and parental behavior in hens, and oxytocin, prolactin and
this presentation includes morphological and biochemical changes that takes place during amphibian metamorphosis. it also includes hormonal control and coordination during metamorphosis.
scott gilbert 6th edition is a very good book for this topic.
also available on net on ncbi site
happy studying :)
Hormones play an important role in human development. The main hormones involved are growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and pituitary gonadotropic hormones. Growth hormone stimulates growth of cells and tissues. Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal growth and brain development. Testosterone promotes male sexual development and the growth spurt during puberty. Estrogens stimulate female sexual development and changes at puberty like breast growth. The pituitary also secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone which regulate the development and function of the ovaries and testes.
1. The development of frog consists of copulation, spawning, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and post-embryonic development.
2. During gastrulation, epiboly, imboly, contraction of the blastopore, and involution occur, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
3. Post-embryonic development includes neurogenesis forming the neural tube, notogenesis forming the notochord, and coelom formation separating the mesoderm into three layers.
Hormones play an important role in regulating animal behavior. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence sexual, aggressive, and parental behaviors. The pituitary gland releases hormones like LH, FSH, and prolactin that affect reproductive behaviors. Thyroid hormones control metamorphosis and migration. Hormones have bidirectional relationships with behavior - hormones can influence behavior and behavioral stimuli can trigger hormone release. For example, mating stimulates LH and oxytocin release in some species. Together, the endocrine and nervous systems coordinate the complex behaviors necessary for survival and reproduction.
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Perching mechanism of bird ,different type of muscle, & MechanismSoniaBajaj10
1. Birds have specialized leg muscles called perching muscles that allow them to tightly grip branches.
2. There are two sets of perching muscles - flexor muscles and extensor muscles. The flexor muscles bend the toes to grip the branch, while the extensor muscles straighten the toes to release from the branch.
3. When a bird lands on a branch, the flexor tendons are stretched and pull the toes into a flexed position to grip the branch tightly. Its weight further increases the grip. The bird uses its extensor muscles to raise its body weight and straighten its legs to unlock its feet from the perch.
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that is produced mainly in the testes. It is synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions starting from cholesterol. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate testosterone production through releasing hormones like GnRH, LH, and FSH. Testosterone has important roles like supporting male reproductive functions and development of secondary sex characteristics. It also influences other systems and functions in the body like muscle mass, bone density, fat distribution, mood, and cognitive function. Testosterone levels vary between species and can change based on factors like age, sex, and reproductive status. Low testosterone in males can lead to issues like reduced fertility and libido, muscle loss, bone loss, and changes in
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonadshallu kotwal
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Male reproductive functions include spermatogenesis (formation of sperm), sexual acts, and regulation by hormones. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules and takes around 74 days, involving the transformation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa. Testosterone produced in the testes initiates male development and drives physiological changes during puberty like increased muscle and bone growth, body hair growth, and voice deepening. Infertility in males can result from low sperm counts, abnormal sperm morphology, obstructions in the reproductive ducts, or disorders of the testes, pituitary, or hypothalamus.
The document discusses male sex hormones, including:
1. Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes and is the primary male sex hormone.
2. Testosterone secretion is regulated by LH and inhibited by negative feedback from testosterone.
3. Testosterone is responsible for male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
sex determination and differentiation in human with development and differentiation of gonads. this presentation helps you in understanding the concept of sex at genetic level.
The document discusses the relationship between hormones and behavior in animals. It explains that hormones secreted from endocrine glands influence moods and responses to stimuli. Animal reproductive and maternal behaviors are regulated seasonally based on changing hormone levels, such as increases in sex hormones during breeding seasons. Specific hormones like progesterone, prolactin, LH, and melatonin influence behaviors related to incubation, feeding of young, ovulation, and growth of reproductive organs. Hormones also affect aggressive behaviors, territorial markings, and development of sexual characteristics. Behaviors are regulated through the interactions of the pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal systems.
The sperm development process takes place over 78 days and involves maturation in the testes and epididymis. In the testes, sperm undergo cell division and differentiation over 64 days while gaining mobility and fertility in the epididymis over 14 days. The optimal environment for sperm maturation is provided by epididymal epithelial cells under genetic control. Sperm maturation occurs in four steps - storage and maturation in the epididymis, activation during ejaculation, capacitation as they ascend to the ovaries, and the acrosome reaction when near an egg.
Comparative Anatomy of Digestive System of VertebratesRameshPandi4
This document provides an overview of the comparative anatomy of the digestive system across different vertebrates. It describes the basic components and functions of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. The key differences in digestive anatomy are often correlated with differences in diet, such as whether the food is readily absorbed or requires extensive breakdown, and whether the food supply is constant or scattered. Examples of digestive systems from various vertebrates like fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals are then described in more detail.
This document discusses sperm capacitation, which prepares sperm to fertilize an egg. It involves physiological changes to the sperm, including changes to its motility and ability to undergo the acrosome reaction. Capacitation involves removal of decapacitation factors from the sperm surface and changes in the sperm membrane and intracellular signaling. Specifically, it involves cholesterol removal from the membrane, increased calcium, pH and cAMP levels, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation within the sperm. These changes prime the sperm for fertilization by allowing the acrosome reaction and fusion with the egg.
1. Adrenocortical hormones are classified into three groups: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.
2. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone are secreted by the zona fasciculata and act on glucose metabolism. Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone secreted by the zona glomerulosa act on electrolytes like sodium and potassium.
3. The adrenal cortex secretes sex hormones including androgens such as androstenedione and testosterone, as well as small amounts of estrogen and progesterone. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines including epinephrine, norepine
Sexual selection occurs through male competition and female choice. It leads to the evolution of extreme traits in males that give them an advantage in attracting mates but may reduce survival. Sexual dimorphism arises when males and females of a species differ in traits, often with males developing more ornamented characteristics. Runaway selection can cause traits to evolve that do not improve quality but instead fulfill female preferences, like long bright tails in some species. Sexual selection drives evolution and speciation.
Folliculogenesis is the maturation process of ovarian follicles that contain oocytes. It begins with primordial follicles at birth and progresses through primary, secondary, tertiary, and preovulatory stages over approximately 375 days. Key changes include recruitment of granulosa and theca cells, antrum formation, and growth in response to hormones like FSH and LH. By the time of ovulation, usually one follicle remains to release its oocyte while the remaining follicles die through atresia. The supply of follicles steadily declines with age until menopause due to DNA damage accumulation that impairs repair in oocytes.
Hormones control many types of animal behaviors. There are three main types of hormones: steroids like estrogen and testosterone, peptide hormones like oxytocin and prolactin, and catecholamines. Hormones influence behaviors like sexual dimorphism through different levels of sex hormones in males and females. Testosterone causes aggressive behaviors in many species that coincide with testosterone levels. Territorial behavior in males is also linked to testosterone levels. Parental behaviors are influenced by hormones like progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin. Specific examples given include testosterone influencing singing in male zebra finches, hormones regulating mating behavior in cats and parental behavior in hens, and oxytocin, prolactin and
this presentation includes morphological and biochemical changes that takes place during amphibian metamorphosis. it also includes hormonal control and coordination during metamorphosis.
scott gilbert 6th edition is a very good book for this topic.
also available on net on ncbi site
happy studying :)
Hormones play an important role in human development. The main hormones involved are growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and pituitary gonadotropic hormones. Growth hormone stimulates growth of cells and tissues. Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal growth and brain development. Testosterone promotes male sexual development and the growth spurt during puberty. Estrogens stimulate female sexual development and changes at puberty like breast growth. The pituitary also secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone which regulate the development and function of the ovaries and testes.
1. The development of frog consists of copulation, spawning, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and post-embryonic development.
2. During gastrulation, epiboly, imboly, contraction of the blastopore, and involution occur, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
3. Post-embryonic development includes neurogenesis forming the neural tube, notogenesis forming the notochord, and coelom formation separating the mesoderm into three layers.
Hormones play an important role in regulating animal behavior. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence sexual, aggressive, and parental behaviors. The pituitary gland releases hormones like LH, FSH, and prolactin that affect reproductive behaviors. Thyroid hormones control metamorphosis and migration. Hormones have bidirectional relationships with behavior - hormones can influence behavior and behavioral stimuli can trigger hormone release. For example, mating stimulates LH and oxytocin release in some species. Together, the endocrine and nervous systems coordinate the complex behaviors necessary for survival and reproduction.
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Perching mechanism of bird ,different type of muscle, & MechanismSoniaBajaj10
1. Birds have specialized leg muscles called perching muscles that allow them to tightly grip branches.
2. There are two sets of perching muscles - flexor muscles and extensor muscles. The flexor muscles bend the toes to grip the branch, while the extensor muscles straighten the toes to release from the branch.
3. When a bird lands on a branch, the flexor tendons are stretched and pull the toes into a flexed position to grip the branch tightly. Its weight further increases the grip. The bird uses its extensor muscles to raise its body weight and straighten its legs to unlock its feet from the perch.
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that is produced mainly in the testes. It is synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions starting from cholesterol. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate testosterone production through releasing hormones like GnRH, LH, and FSH. Testosterone has important roles like supporting male reproductive functions and development of secondary sex characteristics. It also influences other systems and functions in the body like muscle mass, bone density, fat distribution, mood, and cognitive function. Testosterone levels vary between species and can change based on factors like age, sex, and reproductive status. Low testosterone in males can lead to issues like reduced fertility and libido, muscle loss, bone loss, and changes in
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonadshallu kotwal
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Male reproductive functions include spermatogenesis (formation of sperm), sexual acts, and regulation by hormones. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules and takes around 74 days, involving the transformation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa. Testosterone produced in the testes initiates male development and drives physiological changes during puberty like increased muscle and bone growth, body hair growth, and voice deepening. Infertility in males can result from low sperm counts, abnormal sperm morphology, obstructions in the reproductive ducts, or disorders of the testes, pituitary, or hypothalamus.
The document discusses male sex hormones, including:
1. Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes and is the primary male sex hormone.
2. Testosterone secretion is regulated by LH and inhibited by negative feedback from testosterone.
3. Testosterone is responsible for male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
Function of male and female reproductive system.pptJohnrylFrancisco
The male and female reproductive systems develop during fetal development due to the influence of sex hormones like testosterone. In males, testosterone causes the development of male sex organs and suppresses female development. In females, the absence of testosterone allows female development. At puberty, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland stimulate testosterone production in males, leading to secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. In females, the pituitary stimulates estrogen and progesterone production, initiating menstrual cycles and secondary sex characteristics. The male reproductive system includes testes, ducts, and glands that work together to produce and deliver sperm for reproduction.
Function of male and female reproductive system.pptyourmomond
The male and female reproductive systems develop during fetal development due to the influence of sex hormones like testosterone. In males, testosterone causes the development of male sex organs and suppresses female development. In females, the absence of testosterone allows female development. At puberty, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland stimulate testosterone production in males, leading to secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. In females, the pituitary stimulates estrogen and progesterone production, initiating menstrual cycles and secondary sex characteristics. The male reproductive system includes testes, ducts, and glands that work together to produce and deliver sperm for reproduction.
The testes have two main functions: producing gametes and synthesizing male sex hormones. Located in the scrotum, each testis contains coiled seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and Leydig cells that secrete testosterone and other androgens. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and regulates male reproductive development, secondary sex characteristics, muscle and bone growth, and other metabolic processes through gene expression in target tissues. Testosterone secretion is controlled by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.
If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance.
Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.
This document discusses human physiology, specifically the male and female reproductive systems. It covers topics like spermatogenesis, the male and female sexual acts, hormones that regulate reproduction, and some medical issues related to reproduction. Some key points:
- Spermatogenesis is the process where sperm are produced in the testes through meiosis and maturation.
- The female cycle is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries which cause changes in the ovaries and uterus each month.
- Both male and female sexual acts involve arousal, erection/lubrication, and orgasm/climax, which can facilitate fertilization.
- Factors like infertility, ectopic
Male reproductive system by Pandian M, tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
Adolescence
General Physical Changes
Stages of spermatogenesis
Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
Capacitation
Factors affecting spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
Disorders of sexual development / applied
Testosterone is a steroid hormone secreted primarily by the Leydig cells in the testes. It is produced through stimulation of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland by LH and FSH, and regulates several functions including development of male sex organs, muscle and bone growth, hair growth, and sex drive. Excess testosterone provides negative feedback to inhibit further production through the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine.
Human Reproduction System
Male reproductive system
Sperm
Female reproductive system
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Male hormones
Female hormones
The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle
Menopause
The female reproductive system has several key functions: formation of egg cells, reception of sperm, provision of an environment for fertilization and fetal development, childbirth, and lactation. The female reproductive organs include the ovaries, which produce egg cells and hormones, and the uterus, which nourishes a developing fetus. At birth, the sex of an individual is determined by the chromosomes inherited - XX for female and XY for male. Fertilization occurs when an egg is fused by a sperm cell in the fallopian tubes. The placenta functions to exchange nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and developing fetus. Childbirth is stimulated by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins that trigger powerful uterine contractions
Puberty is the stage of physical maturation where the body becomes capable of reproduction. It is triggered by increased pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus, stimulating the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. This activates the gonads to produce sex hormones. In males, testes enlarge and sperm production begins. In females, ovaries enlarge and the first period occurs around age 12. Secondary sex characteristics like growth of body hair also develop under the influence of sex hormones. The process normally takes 2-5 years to complete.
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. It involves the transformation of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa through mitosis and meiosis. The document outlines the key steps of spermatogenesis, hormonal regulation, factors that influence it, abnormalities that can occur, and importance of semen analysis. Testosterone is the principal hormone produced by Leydig cells that drives male characteristics and spermatogenesis. It regulates secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, muscle and bone growth, and brain function. Disorders of the testes can impair spermatogenesis and testosterone production.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus and develop into a fetus. The female reproductive cycle and hormones that regulate it, including estrogen and progesterone, precisely coordinate female fertility and pregnancy.
This document discusses puberty and the anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It provides detailed information on:
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. UTTAM MEMORIAL COLLAGE RAIGARH (C.G.)
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
MSC ZOOLOGY 2nd sem
(2022-2023)
PAPER II – GAMETE BIOLOGY & REPRODUCTIVE
PHYSIOLOGY IN HUMAN BEING
TOPIC- SECRETION,TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF TESTIS
HORMONE
Guided by – VIJAYA PATEL
Submitted by –RAKESH PATEL
2. SYNOPSIS
• INTRODUCTION
• TESTOSTERONE SECRETION IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF
LIFE
• SOURCE OF SECRETION OF ANDROGENS
• METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE
• MODE OF ACTION OF TESYOSTERONE
• FUNCTION OF TESTES HORMONE
• REGULATION OF TESTOSTERONE SECRETION
• PRODUCTION OF FEMALE SEX HORMONE IN TESTES
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
3. INTRODUCTION
• The testes synthesize two important products; SPERMS needed for
male fertility. TESTOSTERONE needed for the development and
maintenance of many physiological function. The synthesis of both
product is regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
• Testes secrete male sex hormones, which are collectively called the
androgens. Androgens secreted by testes are:
• 1. Testosterone
• 2. Dihydrotestosterone
• 3. Androstenedione.
• Among these three androgens, testosterone is secreted in large
quantities. However, dihydrotestosterone is more active.
• Female sex hormones, namely estrogen and progesterone are also
found in testes. Two more hormones activin and inhibin are also
secreted in testes. However, these two hormones do not have
androgenic actions.
4. Source of Secretion of Androgens
• Androgens are secreted in large quantities by testes and in small
quantity by adrenal cortex.
Testes:-
• In testes, androgens are secreted by the interstitial cells of Leydig,
which form 20% of mass of adult testis.
• Leydig cells are numerous in newborn male baby and in adult
male. But in childhood, these cells are scanty or non existing. So,
the secretion of androgens occurs in newborn babies and after
puberty.
5.
6. Adrenal cortex
• Androgens secreted by zona reticularis of adrenal
cortex are testosterone, androstenedione and
dehydroepiandrosterone. Adrenal androgens do
not have any significant physiological actions
because of their small quantity. In abnormal
conditions, the hypersecretion of adrenal
androgens results in sexual Disorders
7. TESTOSTERONE SECRETION
IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF LIFE
• Testosterone secretion starts at 7th
week of fetal life by fetal genital ridge.
Fetal testes begin to secrete
testosterone at about 2nd to 4th month
of fetal life. In fetal life, testosterone
secretion from testes is stimulated by
human chorionic gonadotropins,
secreted by placenta. But in childhood,
practically no testosterone is secreted
approximately until 10 to 12 years of
age. Afterwards, the testosterone
secretion starts and it increases rapidly
at the onset of puberty and lasts
through most of the remaining part of
life. The secretion starts decreasing
after 40 years and becomes almost
zero by the age of 90 years
9. Plasma Level and Transport
• Plasma level of testosterone in an adult male
varies between 300 and 700 ng/dL. In adult
female, the testosterone level is 30 to 60 ng/dL.
• Two thirds of testosterone is transported in plasma
by gonadal steroid-binding globulin. It is β-
globulin in nature and it is also called sex
steroid-binding globulin. The remaining one
third of testosterone is transported by albumin.
10. Metabolism
• In many target tissues, testosterone is converted into
dehydrotestosterone, which is the most active androgen. In
some of the tissues such as adipose tissue, hypothalamus
and liver, testosterone is converted into estradiol. Major
portion of testosterone is degraded in liver. It is converted
into inactive forms of androsterone and
dehydroepiandrosterone. Both are metabolized mainly in
liver. Approximataly 50% of testosterone is metabolized via
conjugation into testosterone glucuronide and testosterone
sulfate by giucuronosyl transferases and sulfatransferases
respectively These two substances are later conjugated and
excreted through urine. And also bile.
11.
12. MODE OF ACTION OF TESTOSTERONE
(utilization)
• Testosterone combines with receptor proteins. The testosterone-
receptor complex migrates to nucleus, binds with a nuclear protein
and induces the DNA-RNA transcription process. In 30 minutes, the
RNA polymer is activated and the concentration of RNA increases.
The quantity of DNA also increases. So, the testosterone primarily
stimulates the protein synthesis in the target cells, which are
responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters.
Testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the
target cells of some accessory sex organs such as epididymis and
penis. DHT combines with receptor proteins and the DHT-receptor
complex induces the DNA-RNA transcription process. DHT
receptor complex is more stable than testosterone receptor complex.
In brain, testosterone is converted into estrogen(estradiole)
13. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
• In general, testosterone is
responsible for the
distinguishing characters of
masculine body. It also plays
an important role in fetal
life.
• Functions of Testosterone
in Fetal Life
• Testosterone performs three
functions in fetus:
1. Sex differentiation in fetus
2. Development of accessory
sex organs
3. Descent of the testes.
14. 1. Sex differentiation in fetus
• Sex chromosomes are responsible for the determination of sex of the fetus ,
whereas testosterone is responsible for the sex differentiation of fetus.
• Fetus has two genital ducts:
i. Müllerian duct, which gives rise to female accessory sex organs such as
vagina, uterus and fallopian tube
ii. Wolffian duct, which gives rise to male accessory sex organs such as
epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles.
• If testosterone is secreted from the genital ridge of the fetus at about 7th
week of intrauterine life, the müllerian duct system disappears and male sex
organs develop from Wolffian duct.
• In addition to testosterone, müllerian regression factor (MRF) secreted
by Sertoli cells is also responsible for regression of müllerian duct.
• In the absence of testosterone, Wolffian duct regresses and female sex
organs develop from müllerian duct.
15. • Testosterone is also essential for the growth of the external genitalia.
penis and scrotum and other accessory sex organs, namely genital ducts,
seminal vesicles and prostate.
• 3. Descent of testes
• Descent of testes is the process by which testes enter scrotum from
abdominal cavity. Initially, testes are developed in the abdominal cavity
and are later pushed down into the scrotum through inguinal canal, just
before birth. The process by which testes enter the scrotum is called the
descent of testes. Testosterone is necessary for descent of testes
2. Development of accessory sex organs
and external genitalia
16. Functions of Testosterone in Adult Life
• Testosterone has two important functions in adult:
1. Effect on sex organs
2. Effect on secondary sexual characters.
• Testosterone increases the size of penis, scrotum and
the testes after puberty. All these organs are enlarged
at least 8 times between the onset of puberty and the
age of 20 years, under the influence of testosterone.
17. 2. Effect on secondary sexual characters
• Secondary sexual
characters are the
physical and behavioral
characteristics that
distinguish the male
from female. These
characters appear at the
time of puberty in
humans. Testosterone is
responsible for the
development of
secondary sexual
characters in males.
18. Secondary sexual characters in males
i. Effect on muscular growth One of the most important
male sexual characters is the development of musculature
after puberty. Muscle mass increases by about 50%, due to the
anabolic effect of testosterone on proteins. Testosterone
accelerates the transport of amino acids into the muscle cells,
synthesis of proteins and storage of proteins. Testosterone also
decreases the breakdown of proteins.
ii. Effect on bone growth
• After puberty, testosterone increases the thickness of bones by
increasing the bone matrix and deposition of calcium. It is
because of the protein anabolic activity of testosterone.
Deposition of calcium is secondary to the increase in bone
matrix.
19. iv. Effect on skin
• Testosterone increases the thickness of skin and ruggedness
of subcutaneous tissue. These changes in skin are due to the
deposition of proteins in skin. It also increases the quantity
of melanin pigment, which is responsible for the deepening
of the skin color.
• Testosterone enhances the secretory activity of sebaceous
glands. So, at the time of puberty, when the body is exposed
to sudden increase in testosterone secretion, the excess
secretion of sebum leads to development of acne on the
face. After few years, the skin gets adapted to testosterone
secretion and the acne disappears.
20. iii. Effect on shoulder and pelvic bones
• Testosterone causes broadening of shoulders and it
has a specific effect on pelvis, which results in:
• a. Lengthening of pelvis
• b. Funnel-like shape of pelvis.
• c. Narrowing of pelvic outlet.
• Thus, pelvis in males is different from that of
females, which is broad and round or oval in shape
21. v. Effect on hair distribution
• Testosterone causes male type of hair distribution on
the body, i.e. hair growth over the pubis, along linea
alba up to umbilicus, on face, chest and other parts of
the body such as back and limbs. In males, the pubic
hair has the base of the triangle downwards where as
in females it is upwards. Testosterone decreases the
hair growth on the head and may cause baldness, if
there is genetic background.
22. vi. Effect on voice
• At the time of adolescence, the boys have a cracking
voice. It is because of the testosterone effect, which
causes:
• a. Hypertrophy of laryngeal muscles
• b. Enlargement of larynx and lengthening
• c. Thickening of vocal cords.
• Later, the cracking voice changes gradually into a
typical adult male voice with a bossing sound.
23. vii. Effect on basal metabolic rate
• At the time of puberty and earlier part of adult life, the
testosterone increases the basal metabolic rate to about
5% to 10% by its anabolic effects on protein
metabolism.
viii. Effect on electrolyte and water balance Testosterone
increases the sodium reabsorption from renal tubules,
along with water reabsorption. It leads to increase in
ECF volume.
ix. Effect on blood
• Testosterone has got erythropoietic action. So, after
puberty, testosterone causes mild increase in RBC count.
It also increases the blood volume by increasing the
water retention and ECF volume.
24. REGULATION OF
TESTOSTERONE SECRETION
• In Fetus
• During fetal life, the testosterone
secretion from testes is stimulated by
human chorionic gonadotropin, which
has the properties similar to those of
luteinizing hormone. Human chorionic
gonadotropin stimulates the
development of Leydig cells in the fetal
testes and promotes testosterone
secretion.
• In Adults
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) or
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
(ICSH) stimulates the Leydig cells and
the quantity of testosterone secreted is
directly proportional to the amount of
LH available. Secretion of LH from
anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by
luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
(LHRH) from hypothalamus.
25. Feedback Control
• Testosterone regulates its own secretion by negative
feedback mechanism. It acts on hypothalamus and
inhibits the secretion of LHRH. When LHRH
secretion is inhibited, LH is not released from
anterior pituitary, resulting in stoppage of testosterone
secretion from testes. On the other hand, when
testosterone production is low, lack of inhibition of
hypothalamus leads to secretion of testosterone
through LHRH and LH
26. PRODUCTION OF FEMALE
SEX HORMONES IN MALES
• There is also produce a female sex hormone in testse:-
• Estrogen Small amount of estrogen is produced in
males. Estrogen level in plasma of normal adult male is
12 to 34 pg/mL. Estrogens have three sources of
production in males. Adrenal cortex , testes and About
80% of estrogen is formed from androgens in other
organs, particularly liver
• Progesterone
• Progesterone is also produced from androgens in males
• though the quantity is very less. Plasma progesterone
• level in normal adult male is 0.3 ng/mL.
27. Other endrogens
• INHIBIN Inhibin is a peptide hormone and serves
as a transforming growth factor. It is secreted by
Sertoli cells. In females, it is secreted by granulosa
cells of ovarian follicles. Its secretion is stimulated
by FSH.
• Inhibin plays an important role in the regulation of
spermatogenesis by inhibiting FSH secretion
through feedback mechanism. FSH secreted from
anterior pituitary induces spermatogenesis by
stimulating Sertoli cells. It also stimulates the
secretion of inhibin from Sertoli cells. So, when the
rate of spermatogenesis increases, there is a
simultaneous increase in inhibin secretion also.
Inhibin in turn, acts on anterior pituitary and
inhibits the secretion of FSH, leading to decrease
28. • Activin
• Activin is also a peptide hormone secreted in gonads
along with inhibin. The exact location of its secretion
in testis is not known. It is suggested that activin is
secreted by Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Activin has
opposite actions of inhibin. It increases the secretion
of FSH and accelerates spermatogenesis
29. Conclusion
• Testes are twin endocrine glands that release
testosterone (ANDROGEN) a hormone which is
necessary for the development of male physical
hormone characteristic. in adult testosterone maintain
libido, muscles strength, and bone density.
• Reference 1) k-sembulingam-essentials-of-medical-
physiology-6th-edition
• 2) Animal Physiology (Torttora)
• 3) internet