Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.
If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance.
Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.
sex-hormones belong to the steroid class of compounds and are produced in the gonads, i.e., testes in the male and ovaries in the female. In fact, their activity seems to be controlled and monitored by the hormones that are produced in the interior.
sex-hormones belong to the steroid class of compounds and are produced in the gonads, i.e., testes in the male and ovaries in the female. In fact, their activity seems to be controlled and monitored by the hormones that are produced in the interior.
Here is another topic named as sex hormones of both male and female. you get all the info from this presentation about this topic. Hope you will like it and get beneficial for you.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Here is another topic named as sex hormones of both male and female. you get all the info from this presentation about this topic. Hope you will like it and get beneficial for you.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Medicinal Chemistry of Steroidal Harmons
Classification of Steroidal Harmons
Medicinal Uses
Biosynthesis of Steroidal Harmons
Mechanism of action of Steroidal Harmons
Natural and Synthetic derivatives of Steroidal Harmons and their Inhibitors
The age of adolescence marks a transformative phase in an individual's life, characterized by a myriad of physical, psychological, and social changes. In the context of Class 8 science, understanding these changes is vital for a holistic grasp of human development. In this article, we delve into the intricate aspects of reaching adolescence, providing examples and comprehensive study notes to facilitate a deeper comprehension.
For more information, visit our website; www.vavaclasses.com
Points:
Male Sex Hormone - Androgens (Mainly Testosterone)
Synthesis, Regulation & metabolism (By both Hypothalamus & Pituitory gland)
Various Action/ Physiological roles over:
1. Sex organs and secondary sex characters (Androgenic)
2. Testes
3. Skeleton and skeletal muscles (Anabolic)
4. Erythropoiesis
Anabolic Steroids & their uses
Antiandrogens (Classification, MOA & Uses)
Drugs for erectile dysfunction (MOA & Uses)
Main Male Sex Hormone is Testosterone which converts into its highly active form i.e. dihydrotestosteron (DHT).
Main Female Sex Hormones are Estrogen & Progesterone.
Hormonal control of the testicular function, with emphasis made on the role played by hormones or the endocrine system on the function of the testis and its importance in reproduction.
Testosterone Level is the hormone that turns a boy into a man. It causes hair to start growing on your face and chest. It causes your voice to deepen. It causes a whole host of other changes, both mental and physical. The male body produces this essential hormone at a specific rate and it plays a role in many sexual and developmental processes.
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
A dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment between two organisms which are identical hybrids for two traits. In other words, a dihybrid cross is a cross between two organisms, with both being heterozygous for two different traits. The individuals in this type of trait are homozygous for a specific trait. These traits are determined by DNA .
Dihybrid Cross Examples. Mendel took a pair of contradicting traits together for crossing, for example colour and the shape of seeds at a time. He chose the green wrinkled seed and round-yellow seed and crossed them. He obtained only round-yellow seeds in the F1 generation. This indicated that round shape and yellow colour of seeds are dominant.
A dihybrid cross describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits. ... From his experiment, Mendel observed that the pairs of traits in the parental generation sorted independently from one another, from one generation to the next.
We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood. Klinefelter syndrome may adversely affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone.
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a condition that occurs in males when they have an extra X chromosome. Some males with KS have no obvious signs or symptoms while others may have varying degrees of cognitive, social, behavioral, and learning difficulties. Adults with Klinefelter syndrome may also have primary hypogonadism (decreased testosterone
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood. Klinefelter syndrome may adversely affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone.
“Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a particular trait is not expressed completely over its paired allele.” What is Incomplete Dominance? Incomplete dominance is a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.
It shows that alleles of red and white coloured flowers were unable to dominate the other, thus resulting in incomplete dominance. Thus, the law of incomplete dominance says that when none of the two alleles exerts complete dominance over the other, the offspring will be a mixture of parents’ phenotypes. Aside from flowering plants, incomplete dominance takes place in human beings and animals as well. One such incomplete dominance example in human beings is that the growth of wavy hair.
The phenomenon in which two true-breeding parents crossed to produce an intermediate offspring (also known as heterozygous) is called incomplete dominance. ... In incomplete dominance, the variants (alleles) are not expressed as dominant or recessive; rather, the dominant allele is expressed in a reduced ratio.
Gene interaction is a broad term used to describe the joint role of multiple genes in determining phenotypic variability. It is often studied from the molecular point of view as biomolecular interactions or from a more genetic point of view as phenotypic effects due to the role of DNA sequence variations and their influence on biological processes.
GENE INTERACTIONS: The phenomenon of two or more genes governing the development of a single character in such a way that they affect the expression of each other in various ways is known as gene interaction. When one gene affects in any way the expression of another gene, the phenomenon is called epistatis.
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
Pleiotropy describes the genetic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits. The underlying mechanism is genes that code for a product that is either used by various cells or has a cascade-like signaling function that affects various targets.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Testosterone Hormone
1. TESTOSTERONE
(SEX HORMONE)
Presented By
Dr. R. N. CHAVHAN
Assistant Professor in Zoology,
Mahatma Gandhi Arts, science and
Late N. P
. Commerce College Armori, District Gadchiroli
Testosterone
2. AGENDA
1. WHAT IS HORMONE ?
2. WHAT IS SEX HORMONE ?
3. WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE ?
4. TESTOSTERONE STRUCTURE
5. TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS
6. NORMAL LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE
7. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
8. METABOLIC EFFECTS.
9. THERAPETIC USES OF TESTOSTERONE
10. CONTROL OF TESTOSTERONE
11. ABNORMALITIES (LOW/HIGH)
12. DOSE
13. THERAPY
14. ADVERSE EFFECTS
15. BEST SUPPLEMENTS TO BOOST
16. REGULAR YOGA
17. AVOIDS THE FOODS
18. WHO NEEDS DOSES
TESTOSTERONE (SEX HORMONE)
Testosterone
3. WHAT IS SEX HORMONE ?
Generally, HORMONES are substances that are secreted by the ductless
glands, and only minute amounts are necessary to produce the various
physiological reaction in the body.
Hormones are chemical messengers that trigger necessary changes in the body.
WHAT IS HORMONE ?
Sex-hormones belong to the steroid class of compounds and
are produced in the glands, i.e., testes in the male and ovaries in
the female. In fact, their activity seems to be controlled and
monitored by the hormones that are produced in the anterior
lobe of the pituitary glands. Perhaps because of this inherent
characteristics the sex hormones are invariably termed as the
secondary sex hormones and the hormones of the anterior lobe
of the pituitary are called the primary sex-hormones.
Testosterone
4. WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE ?
Testosterone is a Principle Male Sex Hormone and an anabolic steroid.
Testosterone is a STEROID HORMONE from the androgen group.
It is found in MAMMALS, REPTILES, BIRDS and other vertebrates.
In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the TESTICLES of
males and the OVARIES of females although small amounts are also
secreted by the ADRENAL GLANDS.
TESTOSTERONE STRUCTURE
It is a type of androgen produced primarily by the testicles in cells called the Leydig cells.
Testosterone
5. TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS
The largest amounts of testosterone (> 95 %) are produced by the testes in
men, from the interstitial cells of LEYDIG between seminiferous tubules
“ about 20 % of testicular mass”.
The male generative glands also contain SERTOLI cells which require
testosterone for spermatogenesis.
It is also synthesized in far smaller quantities in women by the THECAL
CELLS of the ovaries, and by the placenta.
On an average, in adult males, levels of testosterone
are about 7-8 times as great as in adult females.
But as the metabolic consumption of testosterone in
males is greater, the daily production is about 20
times greater in men.
Females are also more sensitive to the hormone.
97 % bound to protein in Plasma
03 % free
Testosterone
6. The amount of testosterone produced by existing leydig cells is under the
control of LH which regulates the expression of 17-β hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase (HSD).
REGULATION OF TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS
When testosterone levels are low, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
is released by the hypothalamus which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland
to release FSH and LH. These later two hormones stimulate the testis to
synthesis testosterone.
Hypothalamus
ANT.PITUITARY
TESTIS
TESTOSTERON
E
Testosterone is primarily synthesized in LEYDIG CELLS.
The number of leydig cells in turn is regulated by (LH)
luteinizing hormone and (FSH) follicle stimulating hormone.
Finally increasing levels of testosterone through a negative feedback
loop act on the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit the release of
GnRH and FSH/LH respectively.
Testosterone
7. Age Male (in ng/dl) Female (in ng/dl)
17 to 18 years 300-1,200 20-75
19 years and older 240-950 8-60
NORMAL LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE
According to recent guidelines from the
American Urological Association (AUA),
a testosterone level of at least 300 (ng/dL)
nanograms per deciliter is normal for a man.
A man with a
testosterone level below 300 ng/dL
should be diagnosed with Low testosterone.
Typical testosterone levels
Testosterone
8. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
A) SEXUAL FUNCTION
During intrauterine life: testosterone secreted from genital ridge.
Help in formation of male sex characters as: Formation of PENIS, scrotum, seminal vesicles,
prostrate glands, male genital ducts.
Influence the descent of testes into scrotum since Second month of pregnancy.
EARLY INFANCY: least understood, increases in first weeks the fats again helps in brain
development.
BEFORE AND AT PUBERTY: Appearance of male secondary sex characters:- Growth of
hair over pubis, Extension towards umbilicus, on face and chest, axillary, leg hair.
GROWTH OF SEX ORGANS: Testes, Scrotum, Testes, Penis, prostate.
Deepeness of voice due to hypertrophy of larynx.
MALE BODY TYPE: Narrow pelvis and wide shoulders.
Males sexual behaviour associated with adulthood like
desire to apposite sex.
Increase muscle strength.
Appearance of Adam’s apple.
Growth of jaw, braw, chin.
Testosterone
9. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
SEX DRIVE (Libido & regulates Fertility)
MALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION.
Maintains male secondary sexual characteristics.
Normal male sexual function and behaviour.
GROWTH OF PENIS.
In men, testosterone is thought to regulate a sperm production (Spermatogenesis).
IN ADULTS: Spermatogenesis
BALDNESS: Decrease hair growth at top of the head, provided genetic background.
The brain and pituitary gland control testosterone levels. Once
produced, the hormone moves through the blood to carry out its
various important functions.
Testosterone
10. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
OVERALL HEALTH EFFECTS:
In general, androgens promote protein synthesis and growth of those
tissues with androgen receptors.
Testosterone effects can be classified as anabolic and virilising.
Anabolic effects include growth of muscle mass and strength.
Increased bone density and strength, and
Stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation.
Androgenic effects include:
Maturation of the sex organs, particularly the penis and the
formation of the Scrotum in the foetus, and after birth (usually at
puberty) a deepening of the Voice, growth of the beard and axillary
hair. Many of these fall into the category of male secondary sex
characteristics.
BONE MASS
FAT DISTRIBUTION
MUSCLE SIZE AND STRENGTH (muscle mass)
RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
Testosterone
11. Metabolic effects:
Increase metabolic rate.
Anabolic to Protein: Increases muscle bulk and strength.
On CHO: Increases Glycogenesis and Increase Glucose
uptake by cells.
Reduction of CO2 and PO4
Union of epiphysis
Stimulate erythropoiesis
Degraded by conjugation in liver to excrete in urine or
in bile salts.
FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
ANDROSTENEDIONE: Hormone that serves as a precursor to
testosterone and estrogens.
INHIBIN: Hormone that inhibits the release of FSH and is thought to be
involved in sperm cell development and regulation.
Testosterone
12. EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE Converted to DHT in tissues (more active).
Testosterone is also converted to oestradiol in adipose tissue by aromatase enzyme.
Testosterone
13. GnRH:
LH secretion is stimulated by “GnRH” from hypothalamus to
the anterior Pituitary.
CONTROL
Other factors affects secretion:
Weight loss,
Zinc deficiency,
Aging dominance challenge,
Sleep, Training, Licorice, Antiandrogens.
LH- Luteinizing hormone:
The hormone secretion is stimulated by LH.
Negative feedback mechanism:
Mainly by the testosterone on the hypothalamus and
weaker effect on the anterior Pituitary gland.
Testosterone
14. Chronic, or ongoing, low
testosterone may lead to
Osteoporosis,
Mood swings,
Reduced energy, and
Testicular shrinkage.
Testosterone
16. Testosterone
ABNORMALITIES (LOW/HIGH) TESTOSTERONE IMBALANCE
LOW TESTOSTERONE: When a man has LOW testosterone, or hypogonadism, he may experience:
REDUCED SEX DRIVE
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED)
LOW SPERM COUNT
Enlarged or swollen breast tissue
Abnormalities: HYPOGONADISM in Male
During foetal life: When the testes are of
functioning, none of male characteristics appear,
instead female organs are formed.
If boy loses his testes before puberty.
A state of eunichism: infantile sex organs and sex
characters.
Slightly tall because of slower union of epiphysis
If a man is castrated after puberty:
1) Secondary sexual characters aren’t affected.
2) Decreased sexual desire and sterility.
3) Accessory sexual organs are gradually dysfunctioned.
4) FSH & LH are increased due to –ve feedback
mechanism.
17. Testosterone
B-adiposogenital syndrome, Frolich’s syndrome, hypothalamic eunuchism
Hypogonadism due to genetic inability of hypothalamus to secrete
normal amount of GnRH & abnormality of feeding of centre of
hypothalamus leads to obesity with eunuchism
18. The following are symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism:
Diminished erectile quality, particularly at night
Decreased libido
Mood changes
Reduced cognitive function
Fatigue, depression, and anger
A decrease in muscle mass and strength
Decreased body hair
Skin changes
Decreased bone mass and bone mineral density
Increase in abdominal fat mass
Testosterone
19. As well as sexual dysfunction, late-onset hypogonadism has also been associated with
metabolic disease and cardiovascular disease.
The degree to which testosterone levels decline varies between men, but a growing number
of men experience the effects of reduced testosterone levels. Life expectancy has increased,
and many men now live beyond the age of 60 years.
As a result, a higher number of men see the effects of age-related testosterone depletion.
Treatment: Administering treatment for hypogonadism as the result of a disease differs from treating
late-onset hypogonadism in older men.
Testosterone
20. Testosterone levels and aging: - Testosterone levels naturally decrease as a
man ages. The effects of gradually lowering testosterone levels as men age
have received increasing attention in recent years. It is known as late-onset
hypogonadism.
After the age of 40, the concentration of circulating testosterone falls by
about 1.6 percent every year for most men. By the age of 60, the low levels of
testosterone would lead to a diagnosis of hypogonadism in younger men.
About 4 in 10 men have hypogonadism by the time they reach 45 years old. The number of cases in which
older men have been diagnosed as having low testosterone increased 170 percent since 2012.
Low testosterone has been associated with
increased mortality in male veterans.
Late-onset hypogonadism has become a
recognized medical condition, although
many of the symptoms are associated with
normal aging.
22. TESTOSTERONE IMBALANCE : High or low levels of testosterone can lead to dysfunction in the parts of the body
normally regulated by the hormone.
LOSS OF BODY HAIR
LOSS OF MUSCLE BULK
LOSS OF STRENGTH
INCREASED BODY FAT
Testosterone OVER time, these symptoms may develop in the following ways:
23. Testosterone
GROWTH AND SWELLING OF THE CLITORIS
CHANGES IN BODY SHAPE
REDUCTION IN BREAST SIZE
OILY SKIN
ACNE
FACIAL HAIR GROWTH AROUND THE BODY, LIPS, AND CHIN
Too much testosterone, on the other hand, can lead to the triggering of puberty before the age of 9 years. this
condition would mainly affect younger men and is much rarer.
IN WOMEN, HOWEVER, HIGH TESTOSTERONE LEVELS CAN LEAD TO MALE PATTERN
BALDNESS, A DEEP VOICE, AND MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES, AS WELLAS:
Testosterone imbalances can be detected with a blood test and treated accordingly.
Recent studies have also linked high testosterone
levels in women to the risk of uterine fibroids.
24. Sex verification in sports (also known as gender verification, or loosely as gender determination or a sex test)
Caster Semenya
In August 2009, South African athlete Caster Semenya was subjected to mandatory
sex verification testing at the request of the IAAF.
•On 6 July 2010, the IAAF confirmed that Semenya was cleared to continue competing as a woman.
•The results of the gender testing were never officially released for privacy reasons.
•In 2018, the IAAF announced new rules that once again prevented Semenya from running, rules that are thought to
have been designed specifically to target Semenya.
•South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya won
the 800 meters at the 2009 World Championships in
Athletics in Berlin.
•After her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it was
announced that she had been subjected to gender testing.
•The IAAF confirmed that Semenya had agreed to a sex-testing
process that began in South Africa and would continue
in Germany.
Dutee Chand was born a woman, raised as a
woman and identifies as a woman. But winning a
gold medal led to a legal challenge over whether
she could compete as a woman – and humiliating
"gender verification" tests.
25. Testicular injury, such as castration
Infection of the testicles
Medications, such as opiate analgesics
Chronic diseases, including:- type 2 diabetes, kidney and liver disease, obesity, and HIV/AIDS.
CAUSES CAN INCLUDE:
GENETIC DISEASES, SUCH AS :-
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME,
PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME,
HEMOCHROMATOSIS,
KALLMAN SYNDROME, AND
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
Disorders that affect the hormones, such as pituitary tumors or high prolactin levels
Testosterone
26. Testosterone
SKIN GELS AND PATCHES
INJECTIONS
TABLETS THAT ARE ABSORBED THROUGH THE GUMS
INCREASED RED BLOOD CELL COUNT
PROSTATE AND BREAST ENLARGEMENT
ACNE
IN RARE CASES,
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES DURING SLEEP
INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE,
ALTHOUGH THIS IS SUBJECT TO DEBATE
The treatment can be administered by:
These can, however, trigger side effects, including:
27. Testosterone Testosterone replacement therapy is used to help treat people with abnormally
low levels of testosterone. These abnormally low levels usually affect normal
body functions, which can contribute to decreased muscle mass and a lower
sex drive, among other effects. For this treatment, testosterone medication is
prescribed.
1. Exercise and Lift Weights.
2. Eat Protein, Fat and Carbs
3. Minimize Stress and Cortisol Levels.
4. Get Some Sun or Take a Vitamin D Supplement.
5. Take Vitamin and Mineral Supplements.
6. Get Plenty of Restful, High-Quality Sleep.
What is the best treatment for low testosterone?
Here are 8 evidence-based ways to increase testosterone levels
naturally.
28.
29. Testosterone
The Endocrine Society recommends offering testosterone therapy to people with
symptoms of testosterone deficiency. In men over 65, treatment should only be
initiated on an individual basis and after consultation with the person regarding risks
and benefits.
People worried about their testosterone levels might choose to avoid the following foods.
Soy products. Soy foods, such as tofu, edamame, and soy protein isolates, contain
phytoestrogens.
Dairy products.
Alcohol.
Mint.
Bread, pastries, and desserts.
Licorice root.
Certain fats.
Who needs testosterone?
31. Testosterone
Best Supplements to Boost Testosterone Levels:
1. D-Aspartic Acid.
2. Vitamin D.
3. Tribulus Terrestris.
4. Fenugreek.
5. Ginger.
6. DHEA.
7. Zinc.
8. Ashwagandha
32. Fast facts on testosterone
Testosterone regulates a number of processes in the male body.
Levels of testosterone tend to drop as men age.
Prohormone supplements do not have any effect on testosterone
levels.
Testosterone supplements are prescribed only for
specified conditions, and not to counteract the
natural, age-related drop in testosterone levels.
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is also
available. However, this can carry side effects and
risks.
Testosterone
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