Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
Adolescence
General Physical Changes
Stages of spermatogenesis
Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
Capacitation
Factors affecting spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
Disorders of sexual development / applied
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- pdf
https://nabeelbeeran.blogspot.com/
https://youtu.be/4vgskc6LFzM
Sexual growth & development
Puberty
Male & Female Reproductive System
Testosterone
Menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Placenta
Pregnancy, Parturition & Lactation
Prgnancy Tests
Contraception
IUDs
Guyton
Ganong
Indu Khurana
G K Pal
A K Jain
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- pdf
https://nabeelbeeran.blogspot.com/
https://youtu.be/4vgskc6LFzM
Sexual growth & development
Puberty
Male & Female Reproductive System
Testosterone
Menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Placenta
Pregnancy, Parturition & Lactation
Prgnancy Tests
Contraception
IUDs
Guyton
Ganong
Indu Khurana
G K Pal
A K Jain
Female reproductive functions can be divided into two major phases:
preparation of the female body for conception and pregnancy and
(2) the period of pregnancy itself.
This lecture is concerned with preparation of the female body for pregnancy, and presents the physiology of pregnancy and childbirth
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
External structure of the testes
Internal structure of the testes
Location of the testes
Vascular supply to the testes
Innervations of the testes
Age – related changes of the testes
Varicocele
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
Female reproductive functions can be divided into two major phases:
preparation of the female body for conception and pregnancy and
(2) the period of pregnancy itself.
This lecture is concerned with preparation of the female body for pregnancy, and presents the physiology of pregnancy and childbirth
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
External structure of the testes
Internal structure of the testes
Location of the testes
Vascular supply to the testes
Innervations of the testes
Age – related changes of the testes
Varicocele
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 004 005 Spermatogenesis Oogenesis permatogenesis ...AHMED ASHOUR
Gametogenesis is the process by which specialized cells, called gametes, are produced in sexually reproducing organisms. Gametes are reproductive cells that carry genetic material and are involved in the formation of offspring during fertilization. In humans, gametogenesis occurs in the gonads—testes in males and ovaries in females—and involves the production of sperm and eggs, respectively.
Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.Pandian M
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE INJURIES
INJURY OF THE NERVE CELL BODY
INJURY OF THE NERVE CELL PROCESS
CHANGES IN THE DISTAL SEGMENT OF THE AXON
CHANGES IN THE PROXIMAL SEGMENT OF THE AXON
CHANGES IN THE NERVE CELL BODY
RECOVERY OF THE NEURONS FOLLOWING INJURY
REGENERATION OF AXONS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES
REGENERATION OF AXONS IN THE CNS
COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
SERUM
FUNCTIONS
NUTRITIVE FUNCTION
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
STORAGE FUNCTION
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. SLO
• Male reproductive functions
• The male reproductive tract
• Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
• Adolescence
• General Physical Changes
• Stages of spermatogenesis
• Structure of the human spermatozoon.
• Pathway for the passage of sperms
• SEMEN
• Composition & function
• Capacitation
• Factors affecting spermatogenesis
• Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
• Functions of testosterone
• Disorders of sexual development / applied
3. Male reproductive functions can be divided into three
major subdivisions:
(1) spermatogenesis, which means the formation of
sperm;
(2) Performance of the male sexual act; and
(3) Regulation of male reproductive functions by the
various hormones.
-Guyton & hall
4. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
It consists of glands with their ducts & supporting
structure.
I. The glands include:
1. A pair of testes
2. A pair of seminal vesicles
3. A pair of bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands and
4. One prostate gland
5. II. Ducts of testes:
1. A pair of epididymis
2. A pair of vas deferens
3. A pair of ejaculatory ducts, and
4. One urethra.
III. Supporting structures are divided into:
1. Internal: a pair of spermatic cords &
2. External: scrotum & penis.
6. testes are located in
the dangling scrotum is to
maintain the temperature
7.
8.
9. ADOLESCENCE
• Puberty
• Burst of hormones activate maturation of the gonads:
testes
• Begins: 9 – 14 yrs of age
• Abnormally early = precocious puberty
• Delayed = eunuchoidism
10. GENERAL PHYSICAL CHANGES
•Enlargement of the external and internal
genitalia
•Voice changes
•Hair growth
•Mental changes
•Changes in body conformation and skin
•Sebaceous gland secretions thicken/increase
acne
11. TESTES
• Each testis is an oval structure about 5 cm long and 3 cm in diameter
• Covered by: tunica albuginea
• Located in the dangling scrotum
• There are about 250 lobules in each testis.
• Each contains 1 to 4 -seminiferous tubules that converge to form a single
straight tubule, which leads into the rete testis.
• Short efferent ducts exit the testes.
• Interstitial cells (cells of leydig), which produce male sex hormones, are
located between the seminiferous tubules within a lobule.
14. 1. STAGE OF PROLIFERATION
• Each spermatogonium contains diploid number (23 pairs) of
chromosomes.
• The 23 pairs include 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one
pair of sex chromosomes.
• During this state spermatogonia divide by mitosis, without any
change in chromosomal number.
• The last generation enters the stage of growth as primary
spermatocyte.
15.
16. 2. Stage of growth
• In this stage, the primary spermatocyte grows into a large cell.
• Apart from growth, there is no other change in spermatocyte
during this stage.
3. Stage of Maturation
After reaching the full size, each primary spermatocyte quickly
undergoes meiotic or maturation division,
which occurs in two phases: first phase and second phase
17. FIRST PHASE:
•Each primary spermatocyte divides into two
secondary spermatocytes.
•The significance of the first meiotic division is each
secondary spermatocyte receives only the haploid or
half the number of chromosomes.
•23 chromosomes include 22 autosomes and a x or a y
chromosome.
18. SECOND PHASE:
• During this phase, each secondary spermatocyte undergoes
second meiotic division,
• Resulting in two smaller cells called spermatids.
• Each spermatid has haploid number of chromosomes.
The entire period of spermatogenesis, from spermatogonia to
spermatozoa, takes about 74 days.
19.
20. 4. STAGE OF TRANSFORMATION
•There is no further division.
•Spermatids are transformed into matured
spermatozoa (sperms),
•By means of spermeogenesis and released by
spermination.
29. “CAPACITATION” OF SPERMATOZOA IS
REQUIRED FOR FERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM
• When they are first expelled in the semen, they are unable to
fertilize the ovum.
• However, on coming in contact with the fluids of the female
genital tract, multiple changes occurs.
• That activate the sperm for the final processes of fertilization.
• These collective changes are called capacitation of the
spermatozoa, which normally requires from 1 to 10 hours.
30. FUNCTIONS OF SEMINAL FLUID
• Nutrition to sperms:-
Fructose and other nutritive substances in seminal fluid
are utilized by sperms after being ejaculated into the female
genital tract.
• Clotting of semen:-
Immediately after ejaculation, semen clots because of the
conversion of fibrinogen from seminal fluid into fibrin.
31. • Fertilization:-
Prostaglandin of seminal fluid enhances fertilization of
ovum by:
1. Increasing the receptive capacity of cervical mucosa for
sperms
2. Initiating reverse peristaltic movement of uterus and
fallopian tubes. This in turn, increases the rate of transport of
sperms in female genital tract during coitus (oxytocin is also
responsible for this process).
32. PROSTATE GLAND
• Human prostate gland weighs about 40 g.
• It consists of 20 to 30 separate glands, which open separately
into the urethra.
• These glands are tubuloalveolar in nature.
• Prostate fluid is a thin, milky and alkaline fluid.
• It forms 30% of total semen.
Functions of prostatic fluid:-
1. Maintenance of sperm motility, 2. Clotting of semen& 3.Lysis of
coagulum
35. 1. Role of sertoli cell in spermatogenesis:
Sertoli cells influence spermatogenesis by:
I. Supporting and nourishing the germ cells
II. Providing hormonal substances necessary for
spermatogenesis
III. Secreting androgen-binding protein (ABP), which
is essential for testosterone activity, particularly on
spermatogenesis
IV. Releasing sperms into the lumen of seminiferous
tubules (spermination).
36. 2. Role of hormones in spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is influenced by many hormones,
(Which act either directly or indirectly)
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis are:
I. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
II. Testosterone
III. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
V. Growth hormone (GH)
VI. Inhibin
VII. Activin.
38. 3. ROLE OF OTHER FACTORS IN
SPERMATOGENESIS
I. Increase in body temperature- prevents spermatogenesis.
• Normally, the temperature in scrotum is about 2°c less than the
body temperature.
• It is very common in cryptorchidism (undescended testes).
II. Diseases: infectious diseases such as mumps cause
degeneration of seminiferous tubules and stoppage of
spermatogenesis.
41. PENILE ERECTION—ROLE OF THE
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES.
• The degree of erection is proportional to the degree of stimulation,
whether psychic or physical.
• Erection is caused by parasympathetic impulses from the sacral
portion of the spinal cord pelvic nerves to the penis.
• Release nitric oxide and/or vasoactive intestinal peptide in addition to
acetylcholine
• Nitric oxide - activates the enzyme guanylyl cyclase, causing increased
formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP). Relaxes the
arteries in penis.
43. EMISSION AND EJACULATION ARE FUNCTIONS OF
THE
SYMPATHETIC NERVES
• When the sexual stimulus becomes extremely intense the reflex
centers of the spinal cord,
• Begin to emit sympathetic impulses that leave the cord at T12
to L2 and
• Pass to the genital organs through the hypogastric and pelvic
sympathetic nerve plexuses to initiate emission, the forerunner
of ejaculation.
51. Abnormalities of sexual development occur due to:
• Defect in sex chromosomes leading to genetic
abnormalities.
• Hormonal abnormalities leading to defect in gonadal
and genital differentiation
•There are :
1.Cryptorchidism and
2.Klinefelter syndrome(xxy)
3.Superfemale (XXX)
53. KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
• Individual with XXY pattern of chromosomes
• (Klinefelter syndrome) is an abnormal male due to presence
of Y chromosome.
• It is the most common sex chromosome Disorder, has an
incidence of 1 in 500 males.
55. KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
• Disorder of gonadal development
• Non – dysfunction in male germ cells is thought to account for
50% of the cases
• By screening for sex chromatin positive – phenotypic males,
the syndrome has been found in 1 in 400 or 500 new born’s
• Dominants chromosomal feature in almost all patients is at
least an XXY chromosome pattern
56. • Classic form of K syndrome is characterized by small, firm
testes with hyalinization of seminiferous tubules -
• Azoospermia
• Gynecomastia
• Elevated serum and urinary gonadotropin
• Mental retardation
• Impairment of social and mental function.
57.
58. Other’s causes:
• Mumps orchitis
• Cryptorchidism (failure of testes to descend into scrotum)
• Testicular damage from radiation or chemotherapy.
Treatment:
• Steroid replacement therapy
• Maintain only secondary sexual characters only normal
growth of public/axillary hair sexual function – no fertility.
59. WHY DOES ONLY ONE SPERM ENTER
THE OOCYTE?
• CA2++ IONS.
• MULTIPLE CORTICAL GRANULES TO BE
RELEASED BY EXOCYTOSIS FROM THE
OOCYTE INTO THE PERIVITELLINE
SPACE.
60. REFERENCES
• TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
• GUYTON & HALL
• HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
• VANDER
• TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
• INDUKURANA
• PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• TOTORA
• NET SOURCE