The document discusses the scientific method, which involves asking a question and conducting experiments to test hypotheses. It describes the typical steps of the scientific method, including developing a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It also defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, and how to properly identify these variables and control constants in an experiment. The overall purpose is to provide an organized process for conducting scientific research and experiments to find answers about the natural world.

1. The
Scientific
Method
The Steps to Success

2. The Scientific Method
∗What is the scientific
method?
∗It is a process that
is used to find
answers to
questions about
the world around
us.

3. ∗ Is there only one “scientific method”?
∗ No, there are several versions of the
scientific method.
∗ Some versions have more steps, while
others may have only a few.
∗ However, they all begin with the
identification of a problem or a question to
be answered based on observations of the
world around us.

4. ∗They provide an
organized
method for
conducting and
analyzing an
experiment.

5. ∗ What is a hypothesis?
∗ It is an educated
guess based on
observations and
your knowledge of
the topic.
∗ You state it as a
possible answer to
a question.

6. ∗ Stated in the “If…..,
then….” format
∗ Example: IF I water
three plants with
different sodas,
THEN the plant that
receives Sprite will
grow the tallest.

7. ∗What is data?
∗It is information
gathered during
an experiment.
∗It is organized
into a data table
and displayed
visually as a
graph.

8. Graphs
∗ BAR GRAPHS: can be used to show
how something changes over time
or to compare items.
∗ have an x-axis (horizontal) and a
y-axis (vertical)
∗ the x-axis has time period or
what is being measured
∗ the y-axis has numbers for the
amount of stuff being measured.
∗ good when you're plotting data
that spans many years (or days,
weeks...), has really big changes
from year to year (or day to
day...), or when you are
comparing things.

9. ∗ LINE GRAPHS: can be used to
show how something changes
over time
∗ x-axis has numbers for the
time period
∗ y-axis has numbers for what is
being measured.
∗ can be used when you're
plotting data that has peaks
(ups) and valleys (downs), or
that was collected in a short
time period.
∗ Used for two sets of numerical
data (ex: time and temp)

10. ∗ 1. Choose a problem: State the
problem as a question.
∗ 2. Research your problem: Read, get
advice, and make observations.
∗ 3. Develop a hypothesis: Make a
prediction about what will happen.
∗ 4. Design an experiment: Plan how you
will test your hypothesis.
Steps of the Scientific Method

11. ∗ 5. Test your hypothesis: Conduct the
experiment and record the data.
∗ 6. Organize your data: Create a chart or
graph of your data.
∗ 7. Draw conclusions: Analyze your data
and summarize your findings.

14. Identifying
Variables
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Controlled Variables (Constants)

15. ∗Independent
Variable – something
that is changed by
the scientist
∗What is tested
∗What is
manipulated
(changed)
3 Kinds of Variables

16. ∗Dependent Variable – something that
might be affected by the change in the
independent variable
∗ What is observed
∗ What is measured
∗ The data collected during the investigation
(repeated trials)
∗ Trials- each time you conduct the
experiment. You MUST have repeated trials
∗ “the numbers”

17. Example:

18. ∗Controlled Variable – a variable that is
not changed
∗Also called CONSTANTS
∗Allow for a “fair test”
∗Everything in the experiment except
for the IV should be kept constant

19. ∗ Give a detailed explanation of how you will
conduct the experiment to test your hypothesis
∗ Be clear about the variables (elements you
change) versus your constants (elements that do
not change)
∗ A control is the group that you use as a
comparison to see if change has occurred.
∗ Example: In a medicine study, the group of
people who don’t get the medicine are the
control group
Procedure

20. ∗ Be very specific about how you
will measure results to prove or
disprove your hypothesis. You
should include a regular timetable
for measuring results or
observing the projects (such as
every hour, every day, every
week)

21. ∗ Conclusion: your results or findings based on
data collected during the experiment
∗ Answer your problem/purpose statement
∗ What does it all add up to? What is the value of
your project?
∗ What further study do you recommend given the
results of your experiment? What would be the
next question to ask?
∗ If you repeat this project, what would you
change?
Conclusion

22. For Example:
Students of different ages were
given a jigsaw puzzle to put
together. The scientist wanted to
see if the students’ ages affected
how long it took to put the puzzle
together.

23. ∗Independent Variable (IV):
∗Ages of the students
∗Different ages were tested by the scientist
∗Dependent Variable (DV):
∗The time it took to put the puzzle
together
∗The time was observed and measured by
the scientist
Identify the Variables in this
Experiment:

24. ∗ (1) Same puzzle
∗ All of the participants were tested with the
same puzzle.
∗ It would not have been a fair test if some
had an easy 30 piece puzzle and some had a
harder 500 piece puzzle.
∗ Other constants: (2) same location, (3) same
stopwatch, (4) same person timing the
experiment
What were the constants?

25. ∗ An investigation was done with an
electromagnetic system made from a battery
and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes
of nails were used. The number of paper clips
the electromagnet could pick up was measured.
Another Example:

26. ∗IV: Sizes of nails
∗These were changed by the scientist
∗DV: Number of paper clips picked up
∗The number of paper clips observed and
counted (measured)
∗Constants: Battery, wire, type of nail
∗None of these items were changed
What are the Variables?

27. Let’s Practice!
∗If I use a heavier bowling
ball, then the ball will
travel faster down the
lane.
∗IV: weight of bowling ball
∗DV: speed it traveled
down lane

28. ∗ 2) If I use different brands of
paper towels, then Bounty
will absorb more water per
minute than Sparkle or
Quilted.
∗ IV: brand of paper towel
∗ DV: amount of water
absorbed per minute

29. ∗3) If I put 3 spider plants in
different locations, then the
plant in the sunlight will grow
taller in a one-week period
than the plants in the closet
and basement.
∗IV: location of the plants
∗DV: height of plants