The document discusses the scientific method and how science is done. It explains that the goal of science is to investigate the natural world through careful observation and experimentation. The scientific method involves forming a hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis, recording and analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. A theory may eventually be formed if a hypothesis is supported through repeated experimentation and evidence. The document provides examples of applying the scientific method to test variables and their effects.
This is the second of a two part lesson on the scientific method. The earlier lesson was all about variables and this one focuses more on the procedures of the scientific method, at about the 5th and 6th grade level.
This is the second of a two part lesson on the scientific method. The earlier lesson was all about variables and this one focuses more on the procedures of the scientific method, at about the 5th and 6th grade level.
An exercise sheet to be used when teaching the ideas presented in "Scientific Method-Variables":
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/varviables-of-sci-method-4th
An exercise sheet to be used when teaching the ideas presented in "Scientific Method-Variables":
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/varviables-of-sci-method-4th
Science in the Open - Science Commons Pacific NorthwestCameron Neylon
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Review of Literature, Hypothesis and Conceptual framework Jimnaira Abanto
After presenting your research problem, the next part of your research paper consists of Review of related literature, hypothesis and Conceptual framework.
First Quarter-Scientific Method Powerpoint Presentation
Content Standard-Scientific ways of acquiring knowledge and solving problems
Performance Standard
perform in groups
in guided
investigations involving community- based problems using locally available materials
Most Essential Learning
Competencies
-Describe the components
of a scientific investigation (Week 1) S7MTIa-
1
OBJECTIVES
Describe the components of the scientific method
Follow the steps of the scientific method and perform experiments using it.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
a systematic process of empirical investigation
It is the key to unlock the bodies of knowledge by helping the researcher in organizing his or her thoughts and procedures and making him or her confident of the findings from the expirements
COMPONENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. Statement of the Problem
-You should have existing knowledge of the problem
This part answers the following questions:
What questions do you have about your topic?
What do you want to know?
EXAMPLE
How does fertilizer affect the growth of plants?
2. Formulation of Hypothesis
Hypothesis-simple statement that presents the possible solution to the problem. It can be tested, and it is based on knowledge and research.
Hypothesis may be stated in two ways:
a. Null Hypothesis (Ho)-states that no relationship between variables
Example: The fertilizer DOES NOT affect the growth of plants
b. Alternative hypothesis (Ha)-states a relationship between variables
Example: There is significant relationship between the growth of plants and the use of fertilizer
Ha2 : There is a negative relationship between A and B
(Less A is involved, the better B)
Ha3 There is a positive relationship between A and B.
(More B is involved, the better A)
3. Testing Hypothesis and Gathering of Data
Experiments-a set of manipulations or specific observations of nature, and it is considered the most important part of the scientific method.
Three Types of Experiments
1. Controlled Experiment-the observer tests the hypothesis by looking for changes brought by alteration to a variable
Variable- a characteristic, number, or quantity that increases or decreases over time or takes different values in different situations.
a. Controlled variables-variables that are kept constant.
b. Independent variables-factors that you change or alter during the experiment.
c. Dependent variables-variables that you observe. and they are considered the response to an independent variable
2. Natural experiments or quasi-experiments-Here, the observer does not manipulate any variable but simply collects all the possible data to determine the factors affecting a particular phenomenon.
3. Field experiment-named to draw a contrast with laboratory experiments. It examines the real world using scientific method.
Example: Political sciences, economics, and psychology
Prediction
a forecast of future events based on past observations.
Example: The plants will grow faster and strong
This lecture looks at:
- An explanation of each of the steps in the research process flowchart
- Types of data
- Generating and testing theories
- Measurement error
- Validity
- Reliability
The Nature of Science and Experimental Design- Part 3Instruction.docxcherry686017
The Nature of Science and Experimental Design- Part 3
Instructions: Complete the following activities prior to attending lab. TYPE YOUR ANSWERS, print it, and turn it in by the beginning of lab on Thursday. This is individual work, answers should all be independently constructed.
Part 3. Constants and Controls
Read the material below and answer the questions that follow.
A control is any means used to eliminate or minimize factors that might confound or obscure the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in a scientific investigation. We provided just one example in the previous paragraph, but every good study has several or dozens of controls built into it. Consider the following:
A microbiologist wants to investigate the relationship between antibiotic resistance and antibiotics in animal feed. She hypotheses that antibiotic resistance increases in animals given antibiotics in their food. Specifically, she predicts that " If animals have increasing levels of antibiotics in their feed, then there will be an increase in antibiotic resistant microbes." The dependent variable, number of antibiotic resistant microbes, can be measured in several ways. For example, the microbiologist can determine the different species of antibiotic resistant species, estimate the actual number of antibiotic resistant microbes in a population, etc. In carrying out the experiment, the amount of antibiotics put into the food (independent variable) is varied systematically. All other potential variables, such as species and breed of experimental animals, type of food, type of housing, water quality, temperature in the environment, etc. must be standardized. If they are not controlled, these nuisance variables may effect the outcome of the experiment and confound the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. The means of standardizing or eliminating nuisance variables are called controls.
To check your understanding of controls, suggest how each of the following potential nuisance variables could be controlled.
1. species tested _________________________________________________________
2. breed of species tested __________________________________________________
3. diet _________________________________________________________________
4. water quality __________________________________________________________
5. temperature in the living quarters __________________________________________
6. amount of space for each animal ___________________________________________
Controltreatment groups are another form of control that is used in most scientific investigations to protect the researcher from drawing an erroneous conclusion. Control treatment groups come in two forms- negative controls and positive controls.
A negative control group is the “classic” control that most people think of: the independent variable is eliminated or set to a standard value, providing a comparison to the other treatment groups. An e ...
New work.POST ON National Security and DiplomacyIt is nat.docxhenrymartin15260
New work.
POST: ON National Security and Diplomacy
It is national interest that traditionally drives security policy within a nation and how it is articulated to other nations in the international community (diplomacy). Using the 2010 and the new 2015 National Security Strategy of the Obama Administration list and analyze the core national security interests of the United States. What are the key changes in it - be aware they probably won't jump out at you.
I look forward to reading your posts and providing feedback on your topics!
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least one page. Please respond to at least 2 other post Responses should be a minimum of (300-400) words and include direct questions.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
OBJECTIVES
After completing this exercise, the student will be able to:
· Define and differentiate between scientific method, hypothesis, prediction, observation, experiment, controls, conclusion, theory
· Understand the nature of scientific knowledge
· Outline and explain the steps of the scientific method process
· To formulate a hypothesis and develop conclusions based on data from previous experiments
INTRODUCTION
Science can be defined as a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge. We, as humans, have many senses that we rely on to interpret our surroundings and other inhabitants of the world around us. However, sometimes these senses can “fool” us and we must rely on technical equipment and tools to conduct experiments and enhance/expand our existing senses. Science is based upon facts and evidence rather than beliefs or superstitions.
To understand Biology and science, you must first examine how scientific knowledge is obtained. Science is a process that involves several steps. We will now explore these steps:
1. The process begins with making an observation about nature or some research done previously on a topic.
Example: Studies suggest that using Hydro-T plant food will make my tomatoes grow twice as fast and big.
2. The next step is to formulate a question about the observation.
Example: Does a weekly dose of 1 cup of Hydro-T plant food really enhance my yield of tomatoes and stimulate the plant’s growth?
3. Next, a hypothesis is needed. This is just merely an educated guess to answer the question you proposed in #2 above. Or put another way, a tentative explanation of the observed phenomenon. The hypothesis MUST be testable! Before stating your hypothesis, you should gather as much data from as many sources as possible. Also, please note: Hypotheses are NOT always correct, and often times you must formulate alternative hypotheses.
Example: Under normal conditions, supplementing my tomato plants weekly with 1 cup of Hydro-T plant food will make them grow bigger and faster.
4. A prediction is made next based upon your hypothesis. The prediction is a way to put your hypothesis to a test. It is usually phrased in an “If…then….” manner. If the prediction is found out to be.
13
The Scien Þc Method
Lab 1
14
Lab 1 : Scien Þc Method
15
Introduc on
What is science? You have likely taken several classes throughout your career as a student, and know
that it is more than just chapters in a book. Science is a process that uses evidence to understand the
history of the natural world and how it works. It is constantly changing as we understand more about
the natural world, and con nues to advance the understanding of the universe. Science begins with ob-
serva ons that can be measured in some way so that data can be collected in a useful manner by follow-
ing the scien Þc method.
Have you ever wondered why the sky is blue or why a plant grows toward a window? If so, you have al-
ready taken the Þrst step down the road of discovery. No ma er what the ques on, the scien Þc meth-
od can help Þnd an answer (or more than one answer!). Following the scien Þc method helps to insure
scien sts can minimize bias when tes ng a theory. It will help you to collect and organize informa on in
a useful way, looking for connec ons and pa erns in the data. As an experimenter, you should use the
scien Þc method as you conduct the experiments throughout this manual.
Concepts to explore:
Testable observa ons
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Experimental approach
Variables
Controls
Data collec on
Analysis
Figure 1: The process of the scien Þc method
Lab 1 : Scien Þc Method
16
The scien Þc method process begins with the formula on of a
hypothesis – a statement of what the experimenter thinks will
happen in certain situa ons. A hypothesis is an educated guess –
a proposed explana on for an event based on observa on(s). A
null hypothesis is a testable statement, that if proven true means
the hypothesis was incorrect. Both statements must be testable,
but only one can be true. Hypotheses are typically wri en in an if/
then format, such as:
Hypothesis:
If nutrients are added to soil, then plants grown in it will
grow faster than plants without added nutrients in the soil.
Null hypothesis:
If nutrients are added to the soil, then the
plants will grow the same as plants in soil
without added nutrients.
There are o en many ways to test a hypothesis.
When designing an experiment to test a hypothesis
there are three rules to follow:
1. The experiment must be replicable.
2. Only test one variable at a me.
3. Always include a control.
Variables are deÞned and measurable components of an experiment. Controlling the variables in an
experiment allows the scien st to quan tate the changes that occur so that results can be measured
and conclusions drawn. There are three types of variables:
Independent Variable: The variable that the scien st changes to a predetermined value
in order to test the hypothesis. There can only be one independent variable in each
experiment in order to pinpoint the change that a ects the outcome of the exper.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
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- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
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2. Page 2
What is Science?
The goal of science is to investigate
and understand the natural world, to
explain events in the natural world, and
to use those explanations to make
useful predictions.
1. Science deals only
with the natural world.
2. Scientists:
collect and organize
information in a careful,
orderly way, looking for
patterns and connections
between events.
3. Scientists propose
___________ that can
be ______ by
examining evidence.
explanations
tested
4. Science is an organized way
of using evidence to learn about
the natural world.
4. Science is an organized way
of using evidence to learn about
the natural world.
3. Page 3
How is Science Done?How is Science Done?
Science begins with
an _____________.
This is the process of
gathering information
about events or
processes in a careful,
orderly way.
observation
Data is the information gathered from making
observations.
4. Page 4
There are two types of data:
Quantitative data are: numbers and are
obtained by counting
or measuring.
Qualitative data are:
descriptions
and involve
characteristics
that cannot be
counted.
6. Page 6
Scientific Methods
The scientific method is:
A series of steps used by scientists to
solve a problem or answer a question.
The Steps to the Scientific Method
1.Observation / Asking a Question
2.Form a Hypothesis
3.Design a Controlled Experiment
4.Record and Analyze Results
5.Draw Conclusions
7. Page 7
Step 1:
Observation / Asking a
Question
Step 2: Form a Hypothesis
A problem or a question
must first be identified.
How much water can a root
hair absorb?
Why does a plant stem bend
toward the light?
What effect does
temperature have on heart
rate?
Hypothesis
A possible
explanation to the
question or problem.
It is simply a prediction and has
not yet been proven or disproven.
It must be stated in a
way that is testable.
A statement is
considered “testable”
if evidence can be
collected that either
does or does not
support it.
8. Page 8
Step 3: Designing a Controlled
Experiment
1. The factors in an experiment that can be changed are called
variables. Some example of variables would be: changing the
temperature, the amount of light present, time, concentration of
solutions used.
2. A controlled experiment works with one variable at a time. If
several variables were changed at the same time, the scientist
would not know which variable was responsible for the observed
results.
3. In a “controlled experiment” only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be
unchanged or “controlled”.
4. An experiment is based on the comparison between a ____________ with an
________________.
control group
experimental group
a) These two groups are identical except for one factor.
b) The control group serves as the comparison. It is the same as
the experiment group, except that the one variable that is
being tested is removed.
c) The experimental group shows the effect of the variable that is
being tested.
9. Page 9
Example: In order to test the
effectiveness of a new vaccine, 50
volunteers are selected and divided
into two groups. One group will be
the control group and the other will be
the experimental group. Both groups
are given a pill to take that is identical
in size, shape, color and texture.
Describe the control group.
Describe the experimental group.
What variables are kept constant?
What variable is being changed?
Even though the volunteers are given
identical looking pills, the control group will
not actually receive the vaccine.
This group will receive the vaccine.
The size, shape, color, and texture
of the pill.
Whether or not the pill contains the
vaccine.
10. Page 10
There are two variables in an experiment:
a) The independent
variable is the
variable that is
deliberately
changed by the
scientist.
a) The independent
variable is the
variable that is
deliberately
changed by the
scientist.
b) The dependent variable is the
one observed during the
experiment. The dependent
variable is the data we collect
during the experiment. This
data is collected as a result of
changing the independent
variable.
c) In the above
example, what is the
independent
variable?
It is the addition of the
vaccine to the pills
that were given to the
volunteers.
d) In the above
example, what is
the dependent
variable?
The observed
health of the people
receiving the pills.
11. Page 11
Step 4: Recording and Analyzing Results
1. The data that has been collected must be
organized and analyzed to determine whether the
data are reliable.
2. Does the
data support
or not
support the
hypothesis?
12. Page 12
Step 5: Drawing Conclusions
The evidence from the experiment is used to
determine if the hypothesis is proven or disproven.
Experiments must be
repeated over and
over. When repeated,
the results should
always be the same
before a valid
conclusion can be
reached.
13. Page 13
Forming a Theory
A theory may
be formed
after the
hypothesis
has been
tested many
times and is
supported by
much
evidence.
Theory:
A broad and
comprehensive
statement of
what is thought
to be true.
A theory is
supported by
considerable
evidence.
14. Page 14
You want to determine the effects
of a certain fertilizer on the
growth of orchids grown in a
greenhouse. Materials that are
available to you include:
greenhouse, 100 orchid plants,
water, fertilizer, and soil. You
want to know if the orchids will
grow best with a weak
concentration of fertilizer, a
medium concentration of
fertilizer, or a high concentration
of fertilizer. How will you design
an experiment to test different
concentrations of this fertilizer?
State your hypothesis:
Possible answer:
I predict that the
orchids will grow best
with a medium
concentration of
fertilizer.
15. Page 15
Here is one possibility:
The 100 plants will be
divided into 4 groups as follows:
The plants will be
watered daily.
Over a period of a
month, the plants
will be measured
to see which ones
grew the tallest.
Group 1: 25 plants will receive plain water.
Group 2: 25 plants will receive a weak
concentration of fertilizer.
Group 3: 25 plants will receive a medium
concentration of fertilizer.
Group 4: 25 plants will receive a high
concentration of fertilizer.
16. Page 16
Control Group Experimental Group
What is the control
group in this
experiment?
The control group
consists of the 25 plants
that are receiving plain
water.
What is the experimental
group in this experiment?
The experimental group
consists of the 75 plants
that are receiving various
concentrations of
fertilizer.
17. Page 17
In a “controlled experiment”, all variables must be kept constant
except the one variable that is being changed.
In a “controlled experiment”, all variables must be kept constant
except the one variable that is being changed.
What variables must be kept
constant in this experiment?
All plants must receive the same amount of
fluid each day.
All plants are grown in pots of equal size.
All plants are grown at the same temperature.
All plants receive the same amount of sunlight.
What variable is being changed in this experiment?
The variable being changed is the amount of fertilizer
received by each group of plants.
What variable is being changed in this experiment?
The variable being changed is the amount of fertilizer
received by each group of plants.
18. Page 18
Group 1 (Control Group): Grew to an average height of 15 cm.
Group 2 (Weak conc.): Grew to an average height of 35 cm.
Group 3 (Medium conc.): Grew to an average height of 28 cm.
Group 4 (High conc.): Grew to an average height of 10 cm.
Is your hypothesis supported or disproved by
these results?
We hypothesized that the orchids would grow
best with a medium concentration of fertilizer.
The results do not support this.
The results disprove our hypothesis.
Is your hypothesis supported or disproved by
these results?
We hypothesized that the orchids would grow
best with a medium concentration of fertilizer.
The results do not support this.
The results disprove our hypothesis.
19. Page 19
Group 1 (Control Group): Grew to an average height of 15 cm.
Group 2 (Weak conc.): Grew to an average height of 35 cm.
Group 3 (Medium conc.): Grew to an average height of 28 cm.
Group 4 (High conc.): Grew to an average height of 10 cm.
What is your conclusion based on these
results?
Orchids grow best with a weak
concentration of fertilizer.
At medium to high concentrations, plant
growth is inhibited.
What is your conclusion based on these
results?
Orchids grow best with a weak
concentration of fertilizer.
At medium to high concentrations, plant
growth is inhibited.
20. Page 20
Analysis Questions
Why is it important to have a large sample
size in any experiment?
It is important to test a large
sample in order to get a true
picture of the results of the
experiment. If the sample size is
too small, an inaccurate conclusion
may be reached. Results obtained
by testing a large number of
individuals would be much more
accurate than if only a few
individuals had been tested.
21. Page 21
Analysis Questions
Why is it important to repeat the
experiment many times?
Experiments should be
repeated to see if the
same results are
obtained each time. This
gives validity to the test
results.
22. Page 22
Analysis Questions
What is the importance of the control?
The control shows what will
happen when the
experimental factor is omitted.
Without the control, there
would be no basis for
comparison and you would
not know how the
experimental factor affected
the results.
23. Page 23
Analysis Questions
How is a theory different than a
hypothesis?
A hypothesis is an “educated
guess” that is testable through
observations and experimentation.
A theory is a broad statement of
what is believed to be true based
on many experiments and
considerable amounts of data.
24. Page 24
Analysis Questions
Why is it so important that a scientist
accurately describes the procedure
used in the experiment?
It allows other scientists to
repeat the experiment and verify
the results.
25. Page 25
Analysis Questions
What is the difference between the
independent and the dependent
variables in an experiment?
The independent variable is the
variable that is deliberately changed
by the scientist. The dependent
variable is the one observed during
the experiment. The dependent
variable is the data we collect during
the experiment.
26. Page 26
Analysis Questions
In a “controlled experiment”, why must
all of the variables, except one, be kept
constant throughout the experiment?
If several variables were
changed at the same time, the
scientist would not know which
variable was responsible for the
observed results.
