Here are the identified variables for each hypothesis:
1) IV: weight of bowling ball
DV: speed it traveled down lane
2) IV: brand of paper towel
DV: amount of water absorbed per minute
3) IV: location of the plants
DV: height of plants
The document discusses the scientific method, which is a process used to answer questions about the world through experiments and observations. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, designing and conducting an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Key parts of the scientific method include formulating hypotheses, identifying independent, dependent, and controlled variables, developing procedures, and organizing and presenting results. The document provides examples of experiments and identifies the variables involved.
The document discusses the scientific method, which involves asking a question and conducting an experiment to test a hypothesis. It describes the typical steps of the scientific method, including developing a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It also defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, and controlled or constant variables. The scientific method provides an organized process for conducting experiments and investigations to find answers about the natural world.
The document discusses the scientific method, which involves asking a question and conducting experiments to test hypotheses. It describes the typical steps of the scientific method, including developing a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It also defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, and how to properly identify these variables and control constants in an experiment. The overall purpose is to provide an organized process for conducting scientific research and experiments to find answers about the natural world.
Here are the variables for the experiments:
1) IV: Weight of bowling ball
DV: Speed it travels down the lane
2) IV: Brand of paper towel
DV: Amount of water absorbed per minute
3) IV: Location of the plants
DV: Height of the plants
The constants would include things like the type of ball, lane conditions, amount of water, measurement tools, type of plants, etc. depending on the specific experiment.
Here are the variables for the experiments:
1) IV: Weight of bowling ball
DV: Speed it travels down the lane
2) IV: Brand of paper towel
DV: Amount of water absorbed per minute
3) IV: Location of the plants
DV: Height of the plants
The constants would include things like the type of ball, lane conditions, amount of water, measurement tools, type of plants, etc. depending on the specific experiment.
This document provides an overview of the scientific method. It explains that science is the process of observing natural events to discover facts and form principles that can be tested. The scientific method is then described as the step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, which includes asking a question, researching, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experimentation, gathering data, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and communicating results. Each step of the scientific method is then defined in more detail.
2. Introduction to Science The Scientific Method (Presentation) Author Plainv...ZainSabri92
This document provides an introduction to science and the scientific method. It defines science as using observation and experimentation to discover facts and formulate principles or laws that can be tested. Physical science is defined as the study of non-living matter, including chemistry which examines how matter interacts, and physics which examines energy and its effects on matter. The scientific method is then described as a step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, involving stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusions. The key aspects of experiments like variables, controls, and qualitative and quantitative observations are also outlined.
The scientific method is a systematic process used by scientists to study problems through observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion drawing to develop theories supported by data. It involves making observations, stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion about whether the hypothesis was supported. The steps of the scientific method provide a consistent, reproducible approach to solving problems and advancing scientific understanding.
The document discusses the scientific method, which is a process used to answer questions about the world through experiments and observations. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, designing and conducting an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Key parts of the scientific method include formulating hypotheses, identifying independent, dependent, and controlled variables, developing procedures, and organizing and presenting results. The document provides examples of experiments and identifies the variables involved.
The document discusses the scientific method, which involves asking a question and conducting an experiment to test a hypothesis. It describes the typical steps of the scientific method, including developing a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It also defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, and controlled or constant variables. The scientific method provides an organized process for conducting experiments and investigations to find answers about the natural world.
The document discusses the scientific method, which involves asking a question and conducting experiments to test hypotheses. It describes the typical steps of the scientific method, including developing a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It also defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, and how to properly identify these variables and control constants in an experiment. The overall purpose is to provide an organized process for conducting scientific research and experiments to find answers about the natural world.
Here are the variables for the experiments:
1) IV: Weight of bowling ball
DV: Speed it travels down the lane
2) IV: Brand of paper towel
DV: Amount of water absorbed per minute
3) IV: Location of the plants
DV: Height of the plants
The constants would include things like the type of ball, lane conditions, amount of water, measurement tools, type of plants, etc. depending on the specific experiment.
Here are the variables for the experiments:
1) IV: Weight of bowling ball
DV: Speed it travels down the lane
2) IV: Brand of paper towel
DV: Amount of water absorbed per minute
3) IV: Location of the plants
DV: Height of the plants
The constants would include things like the type of ball, lane conditions, amount of water, measurement tools, type of plants, etc. depending on the specific experiment.
This document provides an overview of the scientific method. It explains that science is the process of observing natural events to discover facts and form principles that can be tested. The scientific method is then described as the step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, which includes asking a question, researching, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experimentation, gathering data, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and communicating results. Each step of the scientific method is then defined in more detail.
2. Introduction to Science The Scientific Method (Presentation) Author Plainv...ZainSabri92
This document provides an introduction to science and the scientific method. It defines science as using observation and experimentation to discover facts and formulate principles or laws that can be tested. Physical science is defined as the study of non-living matter, including chemistry which examines how matter interacts, and physics which examines energy and its effects on matter. The scientific method is then described as a step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, involving stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusions. The key aspects of experiments like variables, controls, and qualitative and quantitative observations are also outlined.
The scientific method is a systematic process used by scientists to study problems through observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion drawing to develop theories supported by data. It involves making observations, stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion about whether the hypothesis was supported. The steps of the scientific method provide a consistent, reproducible approach to solving problems and advancing scientific understanding.
Intro to Physical Science (Grade 8: Class B ONLY)amberdealminerva
This document provides an overview of science and the scientific method. It defines science as a systematic way of learning about the natural world, with three main branches: life science, earth science, and physical science. Physical science is further divided into chemistry and physics, focusing on the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. The scientific method is then described as a logical process used by scientists involving observation, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis of data, and forming a conclusion. Well-tested conclusions may become scientific theories that explain natural processes.
The document provides an introduction to science and the scientific method. It defines science as using observation to discover facts and form principles that can be tested. It explains that physical science studies non-living matter, including chemistry which examines interactions between forms of matter, and physics which examines energy and its effects on matter. The scientific method is then described as a step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, involving asking questions, researching, forming hypotheses, testing, gathering data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions.
The document discusses the scientific method, which involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and retesting. The key steps are:
1) Making observations and asking questions to investigate.
2) Forming a hypothesis as a proposed explanation.
3) Designing experiments to test the hypothesis, which involves controls, variables, and replication.
The goal is to support or refute the hypothesis and draw reliable conclusions about the natural world. The process may then be repeated to refine understanding.
The document discusses scientific inquiry and experimental design. It explains that the scientific method involves stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, conducting procedures and experiments, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It then contrasts experimental design with the scientific method, noting they are similar but experimental design focuses more on research questions, formulating hypotheses, careful observation, data gathering and analysis, and identifying patterns in data. The document provides examples of descriptive investigations and experimental research design, and gives the example of an experimental design study on whether plants grow better with coke or water as the independent variable.
The scientific method involves 8 key steps: 1) making observations, 2) conducting research, 3) forming a hypothesis, 4) designing and conducting an experiment, 5) collecting data, 6) drawing a conclusion based on the data, 7) retesting the experiment, and 8) publishing the results. Some important aspects of experiments include having a control group for comparison, identifying variables (independent and dependent), keeping other factors constant, and making multiple trials. The goal is to design a valid experiment that tests a single hypothesis and leads to a clear conclusion.
Scientific thinking begins with making observations of natural phenomena in a careful, systematic manner. These observations produce data that can be quantitative (expressed as numbers) or qualitative (descriptive characteristics). Scientists use data to make inferences and propose hypotheses, which are testable scientific explanations. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, researching it, proposing hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Experiments aim to test only one variable at a time and identify independent and dependent variables. Repeating experiments allows scientists to determine if results can be reproduced, establishing theories that unify broad evidence. Scientific theories and laws enable predictions but may be revised as new evidence emerges.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including the scientific method, branches of science, traits of living things, and needs of living things. It defines science as a process used to understand the world through observation and experimentation. It describes the main branches of science and lists examples. It then explains the traits that distinguish living things, including response, movement, organization, reproduction, growth and development. Finally, it discusses the basic energy and material needs of living things like food, water, and sunlight.
This document discusses scientific concepts like the scientific method, experimental variables, controls, and eliminating bias. It provides explanations and examples of key terms:
- The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. Variables are things that change during experiments while controls remain the same.
- Scientific laws describe observable phenomena through statements or math. Theories explain how natural events work based on testable hypotheses. Facts are objective observations.
- Experiments require identifying independent and dependent variables and controlling other factors to make tests fair. Blind and double blind studies aim to reduce researcher bias.
- Objective data involves measurement while subjective data includes opinions. Graphs show relationships between variables. The scientific method seeks to eliminate bias through
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in science:
1) Science is the process of understanding the natural world through experiments and developing theories based on evidence. Scientists conduct research to solve problems and create new technologies.
2) There are many branches of science, each studying different aspects of nature. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and developing theories.
3) Theories are explanations that are continually tested and can be modified, while scientific laws are fundamental principles that reliably describe natural phenomena. The limits of science are questions that cannot be empirically tested, involving ethics, morality, or other non-empirical domains.
This document outlines the steps of the scientific method and provides instructions for students to design their own experiment. It explains the key parts of an experiment including forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. Students are prompted to brainstorm details for a sample experiment testing the absorbency of different paper towels, with guidance on forming hypotheses, lists of materials, procedures, data collection, and conclusions. The goal is for students to practice the scientific method and understand its importance in testing explanations of natural phenomena through reliable experimentation.
This document provides instructions and information about the scientific method. It outlines the basic steps of the scientific method which include: purpose/problem, research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data, and conclusion. It defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, constants, and controls. Examples are provided to identify the different variables, constants, and controls. Detailed guidance is given for how to design a controlled experiment, collect and analyze data, and write a conclusion that discusses whether the hypothesis was supported and how the experiment could be improved.
This document provides an overview of the scientific inquiry process. It discusses the key steps, which include identifying a problem or question, collecting background information, forming a testable hypothesis, conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results, and drawing a conclusion. The document also defines important scientific concepts like variables, controls, and different types of data. The overall goal of the scientific inquiry process is to gather evidence and determine relationships between factors through reliable and repeatable experiments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in physical science. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives, which include understanding the relationship between science and technology, the scientific method, and units of measurement. It then discusses what science is, the branches of science, and the difference between science and pseudoscience. The rest of the document covers various scientific concepts like observation, the scientific method, variables, and significant figures. It aims to describe fundamental ideas in physical science and the process of scientific inquiry.
The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to solve problems and answer questions:
1) State the problem or question
2) Gather information through research
3) Form a hypothesis or proposed explanation
4) Perform an experiment to test the hypothesis
5) Analyze the experimental data
6) Draw a conclusion about whether the hypothesis was supported or needs to be revised.
The scientific method involves several key steps: making observations, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion. The experiment must have one independent variable being tested and controls to account for other factors. The results are then retested to verify the findings.
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined, noting that none can be viewed as fully independent from the others.
The document outlines the scientific method of research in 7 steps: (1) identify a problem and ask a question, (2) conduct research to gather information, (3) form a hypothesis, (4) perform an experiment, (5) analyze the data and results, (6) draw a conclusion, and (7) communicate the results. It provides an example of using this method to answer the question "Why is the sky blue?" The hypothesis is that particles in the sky refract and scatter blue light. An experiment is proposed to test this using a prism to separate white light into colors. The results would support the conclusion that blue light is scattered in the sky.
The scientific method refers to the basic steps scientists use to solve problems: determine the problem, gather research, form a hypothesis, carry out an experiment, record and analyze results, and draw a conclusion. It involves asking a testable question, researching background information, making a hypothesis, designing an experiment with controls and variables, collecting and analyzing data, and determining whether the hypothesis was supported or needs to be revised. The scientific method is used to systematically investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge.
The document discusses the scientific method and provides several key points:
1) There is no single scientific method, as scientists use many approaches and reasoning techniques borrowed from other fields.
2) The scientific method is often oversimplified as a set of rigid steps, but science actually progresses through trial and error.
3) The most important aspects of the scientific method are making observations, forming hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and subjecting findings to peer review. This process aims to ensure experiments produce reliable answers to specific questions.
Number of Protons, netrons, and electrons.pptxCristyVillamor2
This document provides information about atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It defines atomic number as the number of protons in an atom, which determines the element. Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying neutrons. The document includes examples of using the shorthand notation to write isotopes and gives practice problems for identifying protons, electrons, and neutrons based on the atomic number and mass number.
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN TERMS OF THE arrangement and.pptxCristyVillamor2
This document discusses the different phases of matter and phase changes. It defines solids, liquids, and gases as the three phases of matter. Phase changes discussed include melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), evaporation (liquid to gas), condensation (gas to liquid), sublimation (solid to gas), and deposition (gas to solid). Examples of these phase changes at the molecular level are provided, such as how melting occurs as molecules gain kinetic energy and overcome intermolecular forces in solids. Diagrams are also included to illustrate the phase changes.
Intro to Physical Science (Grade 8: Class B ONLY)amberdealminerva
This document provides an overview of science and the scientific method. It defines science as a systematic way of learning about the natural world, with three main branches: life science, earth science, and physical science. Physical science is further divided into chemistry and physics, focusing on the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. The scientific method is then described as a logical process used by scientists involving observation, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis of data, and forming a conclusion. Well-tested conclusions may become scientific theories that explain natural processes.
The document provides an introduction to science and the scientific method. It defines science as using observation to discover facts and form principles that can be tested. It explains that physical science studies non-living matter, including chemistry which examines interactions between forms of matter, and physics which examines energy and its effects on matter. The scientific method is then described as a step-by-step process scientists use to answer questions, involving asking questions, researching, forming hypotheses, testing, gathering data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions.
The document discusses the scientific method, which involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and retesting. The key steps are:
1) Making observations and asking questions to investigate.
2) Forming a hypothesis as a proposed explanation.
3) Designing experiments to test the hypothesis, which involves controls, variables, and replication.
The goal is to support or refute the hypothesis and draw reliable conclusions about the natural world. The process may then be repeated to refine understanding.
The document discusses scientific inquiry and experimental design. It explains that the scientific method involves stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, conducting procedures and experiments, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It then contrasts experimental design with the scientific method, noting they are similar but experimental design focuses more on research questions, formulating hypotheses, careful observation, data gathering and analysis, and identifying patterns in data. The document provides examples of descriptive investigations and experimental research design, and gives the example of an experimental design study on whether plants grow better with coke or water as the independent variable.
The scientific method involves 8 key steps: 1) making observations, 2) conducting research, 3) forming a hypothesis, 4) designing and conducting an experiment, 5) collecting data, 6) drawing a conclusion based on the data, 7) retesting the experiment, and 8) publishing the results. Some important aspects of experiments include having a control group for comparison, identifying variables (independent and dependent), keeping other factors constant, and making multiple trials. The goal is to design a valid experiment that tests a single hypothesis and leads to a clear conclusion.
Scientific thinking begins with making observations of natural phenomena in a careful, systematic manner. These observations produce data that can be quantitative (expressed as numbers) or qualitative (descriptive characteristics). Scientists use data to make inferences and propose hypotheses, which are testable scientific explanations. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, researching it, proposing hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Experiments aim to test only one variable at a time and identify independent and dependent variables. Repeating experiments allows scientists to determine if results can be reproduced, establishing theories that unify broad evidence. Scientific theories and laws enable predictions but may be revised as new evidence emerges.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including the scientific method, branches of science, traits of living things, and needs of living things. It defines science as a process used to understand the world through observation and experimentation. It describes the main branches of science and lists examples. It then explains the traits that distinguish living things, including response, movement, organization, reproduction, growth and development. Finally, it discusses the basic energy and material needs of living things like food, water, and sunlight.
This document discusses scientific concepts like the scientific method, experimental variables, controls, and eliminating bias. It provides explanations and examples of key terms:
- The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. Variables are things that change during experiments while controls remain the same.
- Scientific laws describe observable phenomena through statements or math. Theories explain how natural events work based on testable hypotheses. Facts are objective observations.
- Experiments require identifying independent and dependent variables and controlling other factors to make tests fair. Blind and double blind studies aim to reduce researcher bias.
- Objective data involves measurement while subjective data includes opinions. Graphs show relationships between variables. The scientific method seeks to eliminate bias through
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in science:
1) Science is the process of understanding the natural world through experiments and developing theories based on evidence. Scientists conduct research to solve problems and create new technologies.
2) There are many branches of science, each studying different aspects of nature. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and developing theories.
3) Theories are explanations that are continually tested and can be modified, while scientific laws are fundamental principles that reliably describe natural phenomena. The limits of science are questions that cannot be empirically tested, involving ethics, morality, or other non-empirical domains.
This document outlines the steps of the scientific method and provides instructions for students to design their own experiment. It explains the key parts of an experiment including forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. Students are prompted to brainstorm details for a sample experiment testing the absorbency of different paper towels, with guidance on forming hypotheses, lists of materials, procedures, data collection, and conclusions. The goal is for students to practice the scientific method and understand its importance in testing explanations of natural phenomena through reliable experimentation.
This document provides instructions and information about the scientific method. It outlines the basic steps of the scientific method which include: purpose/problem, research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data, and conclusion. It defines key terms like independent and dependent variables, constants, and controls. Examples are provided to identify the different variables, constants, and controls. Detailed guidance is given for how to design a controlled experiment, collect and analyze data, and write a conclusion that discusses whether the hypothesis was supported and how the experiment could be improved.
This document provides an overview of the scientific inquiry process. It discusses the key steps, which include identifying a problem or question, collecting background information, forming a testable hypothesis, conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results, and drawing a conclusion. The document also defines important scientific concepts like variables, controls, and different types of data. The overall goal of the scientific inquiry process is to gather evidence and determine relationships between factors through reliable and repeatable experiments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in physical science. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives, which include understanding the relationship between science and technology, the scientific method, and units of measurement. It then discusses what science is, the branches of science, and the difference between science and pseudoscience. The rest of the document covers various scientific concepts like observation, the scientific method, variables, and significant figures. It aims to describe fundamental ideas in physical science and the process of scientific inquiry.
The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to solve problems and answer questions:
1) State the problem or question
2) Gather information through research
3) Form a hypothesis or proposed explanation
4) Perform an experiment to test the hypothesis
5) Analyze the experimental data
6) Draw a conclusion about whether the hypothesis was supported or needs to be revised.
The scientific method involves several key steps: making observations, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion. The experiment must have one independent variable being tested and controls to account for other factors. The results are then retested to verify the findings.
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined, noting that none can be viewed as fully independent from the others.
The document outlines the scientific method of research in 7 steps: (1) identify a problem and ask a question, (2) conduct research to gather information, (3) form a hypothesis, (4) perform an experiment, (5) analyze the data and results, (6) draw a conclusion, and (7) communicate the results. It provides an example of using this method to answer the question "Why is the sky blue?" The hypothesis is that particles in the sky refract and scatter blue light. An experiment is proposed to test this using a prism to separate white light into colors. The results would support the conclusion that blue light is scattered in the sky.
The scientific method refers to the basic steps scientists use to solve problems: determine the problem, gather research, form a hypothesis, carry out an experiment, record and analyze results, and draw a conclusion. It involves asking a testable question, researching background information, making a hypothesis, designing an experiment with controls and variables, collecting and analyzing data, and determining whether the hypothesis was supported or needs to be revised. The scientific method is used to systematically investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge.
The document discusses the scientific method and provides several key points:
1) There is no single scientific method, as scientists use many approaches and reasoning techniques borrowed from other fields.
2) The scientific method is often oversimplified as a set of rigid steps, but science actually progresses through trial and error.
3) The most important aspects of the scientific method are making observations, forming hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and subjecting findings to peer review. This process aims to ensure experiments produce reliable answers to specific questions.
Number of Protons, netrons, and electrons.pptxCristyVillamor2
This document provides information about atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It defines atomic number as the number of protons in an atom, which determines the element. Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying neutrons. The document includes examples of using the shorthand notation to write isotopes and gives practice problems for identifying protons, electrons, and neutrons based on the atomic number and mass number.
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN TERMS OF THE arrangement and.pptxCristyVillamor2
This document discusses the different phases of matter and phase changes. It defines solids, liquids, and gases as the three phases of matter. Phase changes discussed include melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), evaporation (liquid to gas), condensation (gas to liquid), sublimation (solid to gas), and deposition (gas to solid). Examples of these phase changes at the molecular level are provided, such as how melting occurs as molecules gain kinetic energy and overcome intermolecular forces in solids. Diagrams are also included to illustrate the phase changes.
This document provides an overview of forces and motion. It defines a force as a push or pull between two objects. Forces can be balanced, meaning they cancel each other out, or unbalanced, meaning there is a net force. There are two types of forces - contact forces, which occur between touching objects like friction or tension, and non-contact forces, which act over a distance like gravity or magnetism. The document provides examples of these forces and explains how to calculate net force by adding or subtracting forces acting in the same direction. It concludes with a short quiz question about calculating net force between two opposing teams pulling on a rope.
This document discusses heat, temperature, and phase changes. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. The three main units of temperature - Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin - are introduced along with details about each scale. Common phase changes like melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation are defined in terms of molecular movement and energy. Heat is defined as a transfer of energy between substances of different temperatures by conduction, convection, or radiation.
This document introduces forces and motion. It reviews concepts from grade 7 like displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It states that most motions involve non-uniform changes caused by forces. The document previews Newton's Three Laws of Motion and how they will be applied. Key questions are presented about the relationship between forces and motion, rest, and changes in velocity. Students are asked to consider what causes motion and differences in speed. They are given examples to think through involving applying or resisting forces to make objects move, change speed, stop, or alter direction.
This document discusses the key characteristics of elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines elements as pure substances that cannot be broken down further by chemical or physical means. Compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together in fixed ratios that form new substances with unique properties. Mixtures are physical combinations of substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are classified based on their properties and location on the periodic table.
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes in front of another and casts a shadow. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes between the earth and sun, casting its shadow on earth. There are three types of solar eclipses: total, partial, and annular. A total solar eclipse can only be seen within the moon's dark umbral shadow. A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes between the sun and moon, casting its shadow on the moon. The three types of lunar eclipses are: total, partial, and penumbral. Eclipses can only occur during a new moon for a solar eclipse or full moon for a lunar eclipse.
NLC Science Lesson 3 - A Seawater Fish Tank.pptxCristyVillamor2
Joshua wants to set up a fish tank using seawater and needs to know how much salt is in a bucket of seawater. He decides to do an experiment to separate the salt from 200mL of seawater. He will heat the water to evaporate it and measure the volume of seawater and mass of salt left behind. His measurements of salt mass were 6.5g, 7.0g, and 7.5g so he will use the average of 7.0g. Given an accurate measurement of 200mL seawater, the concentration of salt in the water is 35g per liter.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
2. The Scientific Method
What is the scientific
method?
It is a process that
is used to find
answers to
questions about
the world around
us.
3. Is there only one “scientific method”?
No, there are several versions of the
scientific method.
Some versions have more steps, while
others may have only a few.
However, they all begin with the
identification of a problem or a question to
be answered based on observations of the
world around us.
5. What is a
hypothesis?
It is an educated
guess based on
observations and
your knowledge of
the topic.
You state it as a
possible answer to
a question.
6. Stated in the “If…..,
then….” format
Example: IF I water
three plants with
different sodas,
THEN the plant that
receives Sprite will
grow the tallest.
7. What is data?
It is information
gathered during
an experiment.
It is organized
into a data table
and displayed
visually as a
graph.
8. Graphs
BAR GRAPHS: can be used to show
how something changes over time
or to compare items.
have an x-axis (horizontal) and a
y-axis (vertical)
the x-axis has time period or
what is being measured
the y-axis has numbers for the
amount of stuff being measured.
good when you're plotting data
that spans many years (or days,
weeks...), has really big changes
from year to year (or day to
day...), or when you are
comparing things.
9. LINE GRAPHS: can be used to
show how something changes
over time
x-axis has numbers for the
time period
y-axis has numbers for what is
being measured.
can be used when you're
plotting data that has peaks
(ups) and valleys (downs), or
that was collected in a short
time period.
Used for two sets of numerical
data (ex: time and temp)
10. 1. Choose a problem: State the
problem as a question.
2. Research your problem: Read, get
advice, and make observations.
3. Develop a hypothesis: Make a
prediction about what will happen.
4. Design an experiment: Plan how you
will test your hypothesis.
Steps of the Scientific Method
11. 5. Test your hypothesis: Conduct the
experiment and record the data.
6. Organize your data: Create a chart or
graph of your data.
7. Draw conclusions: Analyze your data
and summarize your findings.
16. Dependent Variable – something that
might be affected by the change in the
independent variable
What is observed
What is measured
The data collected during the investigation
“the numbers”
Example: how tall the plant grew, how far
the paper airplane flew
18. Controlled Variable – a variable that is
not changed
Also called CONSTANTS
Allow for a “fair test”
Everything in the experiment except
for the IV should be kept constant
19. Give a detailed explanation of how you will
conduct the experiment to test your hypothesis
Be clear about the variables (elements you
change) versus your constants (elements that do
not change)
A control is the group that you use as a
comparison to see if change has occurred.
Example: In a medicine study, the group of
people who don’t get the medicine are the
control group
Procedure
20. Be very specific about how you
will measure results to prove or
disprove your hypothesis. You
should include a regular timetable
for measuring results or
observing the projects (such as
every hour, every day, every
week)
21. Conclusion: your results or findings based on
data collected during the experiment
Answer your problem/purpose statement
What does it all add up to? What is the value of
your project?
What further study do you recommend given the
results of your experiment? What would be the
next question to ask?
If you repeat this project, what would you
change?
Conclusion
22. For Example:
Students of different ages were
given a jigsaw puzzle to put
together. The scientist wanted to
see if the students’ ages affected
how long it took to put the puzzle
together.
23. Independent Variable (IV):
Ages of the students
Different ages were tested by the scientist
Dependent Variable (DV):
The time it took to put the puzzle
together
The time was observed and measured by
the scientist
Identify the Variables in this
Experiment:
24. (1) Same puzzle
All of the participants were tested with the
same puzzle.
It would not have been a fair test if some
had an easy 30 piece puzzle and some had a
harder 500 piece puzzle.
Other constants: (2) same location, (3) same
stopwatch, (4) same person timing the
experiment
What were the constants?
25. An investigation was done with an
electromagnetic system made from a battery
and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes
of nails were used. The number of paper clips
the electromagnet could pick up was measured.
Another Example:
26. IV: Sizes of nails
These were changed by the scientist
DV: Number of paper clips picked up
The number of paper clips observed and
counted (measured)
Constants: Battery, wire, type of nail
None of these items were changed
What are the Variables?
27. Let’s Practice!
If I use a heavier bowling
ball, then the ball will
travel faster down the
lane.
IV: weight of bowling ball
DV: speed it traveled down
lane
28. 2) If I use different brands of
paper towels, then Bounty
will absorb more water per
minute than Sparkle or
Quilted.
IV: brand of paper towel
DV: amount of water
absorbed per minute
29. 3) If I put 3 spider plants in
different locations, then the
plant in the sunlight will grow
taller in a one-week period
than the plants in the closet
and basement.
IV: location of the plants
DV: height of plants