The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses to answer those questions, designing experiments to test the hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It is a systematic process used by scientists to explore the natural world and discover answers to questions. The steps of the scientific method are making observations, asking questions, gathering information, forming a hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing a conclusion.

1. Pre-test

2. • 1. What describes a scientific method?
• A. A way scientist makes problems and asks questions.
• B. A way scientist answer questions and solve problems
• C. A way scientist does not have an answer to problems
• D. A way scientist hides the solution to a problem.

3. B

4. • 2. Which characteristic describes a good experiment?
• A. questionable
• B. attainable
• C. explainable
• D. testable

5. D

6. • 3. What is the correct order of the steps of the scientific method?
• A. Observations, questions, hypothesis, experiment, interpreting
results and making conclusions
• B. Observations, questions, predictions, experiment, interpreting
results and making conclusions
• C. Questions, hypothesis, experiment, interpreting results and making
conclusions
• D. Questions, hypothesis, predictions, experiment, and interpreting
results and making conclusions

7. A

8. • 4. The Quezon Medical Center frontlines' wears a complete personal
protective equipment in white overalls, a green protective mask, a
plastic made face shield and a blue hand surgical mask. What is this
statement referring to?
• A. hypothesis
• B. generalization
• C. observation
• D. inference

9. C

10. • 5. Which describes the end of a research process?
• A. the hypothesis will always be approved
• B. the hypothesis may be rejected
• C. the hypothesis may be approved or rejected
• D. the hypothesis will have not to affect the investigation

11. C

14. •On your way to the
Cathedral together with a
friend, you noticed that
your wallet is missing, what
would be your initial
reaction?
•What must you do to find
your missing wallet?

15. • The scientific investigation or scientific method has two components
such as science process skills and manipulative skills.
• You must understand and acquire basic knowledge on how to deal
with research or investigation.
• A process to uncover so many questions about the things around us.
• It includes the application of scientific knowledge and problem-
solving skills.

16. Steps in Scientific
Method

17. 1. Observation
• make use of their senses around them to spot problem areas.
• You notice something, and wonder why it happens.
• You see something and wonder what causes it.
• You want to know how or why something works.
• You ask questions about what you have observed and you want to
investigate.
• The first step is to write down exactly what you have observed.

18. 2. Identification of a problem.
• Researchers develop a question that is answerable by how and why .

19. 3. Information gathering of preliminary data
• Find out about what you want to investigate – your topic of interest.
• Read books, magazines, use the internet for related websites, or ask
professionals to learn about the effect or area of study.
• Keep track of where you got your information from.

20. 4. Formulation of hypothesis
• Based on your gathered information, make an educated guess about
what types of things affect the system you are working with.
• Identifying variables is necessary before you can make a hypothesis.
• A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationships between
the independent variable and the dependent variable.
• Make a list of your answers to the questions you have using the “if,
then” format. This can be a list of statements describing how or why
you think the observed things work.
• These questions must be framed in terms of the variables you have
identified.

21. 5. Experimentation
• Design an experiment to test each hypothesis.
• Make a step-by-step list of what you will do to answer each question.
This list is called an experimental procedure.
• In this stage, materials for the experiment must be readily available,
and precautionary measures shall be strictly followed to avoid
accidents.
• Recording of the results is necessary like data, graph, and description
of the observed outcome.

22. • Independent variable – is a manipulated factor that intentionally
varied by the experimenter (the x-axis)
• Dependent variable – is a responding factor that may change as a
result of changes made in the independent variable (the y-axis)
• Control group – serves as the standard comparison in all
experiments. It is exposed to the same conditions as the
experimental group except for the variable being tested.

23. 6. Gathering data and interpreting results
• Record what happened.
• This can be presented in the form of a table of processed numerical
data, or graphs.
• It could also be a written statement of what occurred during
experiments.
• It is from calculations using recorded data that tables and graphs are
made.
• Studying tables and graphs, we can see trends that tell us how
different variables cause our observations.

24. 7. Draw conclusion
• Using the trends in your experimental data and your experimental
observations, try to answer your original questions.
• Is your hypothesis correct?
• Now is the time to pull together what happened, and assess the
experiments you did.
• You can make recommendations to your conclusion.

25. • If your hypothesis is not correct, what could be the answer to your
question?
• Summarize any difficulties or problems you had experimenting with.
• Do you need to change the procedure and repeat your experiment?
• What would you do differently next time?
• List other things you learned.

27. • ACROSS
• 1. A manipulated factor in the experiment that is intentionally varied by the
experimenter (on X-axis)
• 4. Serves as the standard comparison, no treatment is applied
• 7. a general pattern for science investigation
• 8. this can be answerable by what, when, where, how and why
• DOWN
• 2. A responding factor that may change as a result of changes made in the
independent variable (on Y-axis)
• 3. This is the stage where the hypothesis is tested
• 5. researchers make use of this process to identify the specific problem they want
to study 7. a general pattern for science investigation
• 6. This includes a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis

29. Post test

30. • 1. Lying in bed you notice that you get cold every time your brother
opens the door. This is most closely associated with which step in the
scientific method?
• a. Drawing conclusion
• b. Developing a test
• c. Forming a hypothesis
• d. Making observation

31. D

32. • 2. What is the last step in the scientific method?
• a. Communication of results
• b. Drawing out a conclusion
• c. Hypothesis formation
• d. Making observations

33. B

34. • 3. A series of steps designed to help you solve problems and answer
questions.
• a. Experiment
• b. Hypothesis
• c. Observation
• d. Scientific method

35. D

36. • 4. Which of the following hypotheses is written correctly?
• a. If a tennis ball is frozen, it won't bounce as high as one that is not
frozen.
• b. If I freeze a tennis ball, then it will not bounce as high.
• c. Frozen tennis balls will not bounce as high.
• d. If I heat a tennis ball it will bounce high.

37. B

38. • 5. It is a process skill where you design an investigation, including a
procedure, to test a hypothesis.
• a. Communicating
• b. Experimenting
• c. Formulating a hypothesis
• d. Interpreting a data

39. B

42. •Observations can be Qualitative when using
your senses to observe the results. (Sight, smell,
touch, taste and hear.)
•Quantitative observations are made with
instruments such as rulers, balances, graduated
cylinders, beakers, and thermometers. These
results are measurable.

44. •What is a variable?
•A Variable is any factor that can change in a
scientific investigation or experiment.

45. There are three types of variables:
•1. Independent variable (also called the
manipulated variable)
•• The condition that is intentionally changed by
the investigator in an experiment.
•• There can be only one independent variable in
an experiment.

46. •2. Dependent variable (also called the responding
variable)
•The factors or conditions that will change as a
result of the independent variable.
• These are the factors that you measure or observe
as data.
•There can be one or more dependent variables in an
experiment.

47. •3. Controlled variables
•The factors or conditions that are kept
the same (unchanged) in an experiment
• There are many controlled variables in
an experiment.

48. Let us try identifying variables in
the following experiments:

49. • Problem: Does changing the temperature of a ball
affect the height of the ball will bounce?
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
• Controlled variable: same ball, dropped from
the same height and surface

50. 1st setup: red light
2nd setup: white light
3rd setup: blue light
Does changing the color of light affects the
growth rate of plants?

51. Directions: Identify the independent, dependent,
and controlled variable in the following problems
below:
• IV:_______________________
• DV:_______________________
• CV:_______________________

52. Directions: Identify the independent, dependent, and
controlled variable in the following problems below.
•1. Does the amount of butter in a popcorn
kernels affect the amount of popcorns that pop?
•2. What happens to the speed of a marble
travels when the height of a ramp is changed?
•3.How do different style pencils or grips affect
writing fatigue?
•4. How does photo editing affect
•perception?

53. Do Now! In which situation it is important to
make a hypothesis?

54. It is important to understand the following
concepts in any scientific investigation:
• 1. Scientists rely on using their senses to make
observations in order to construct hypotheses.
• 2. A working hypothesis generates
expectations/predictions that can be tested
(variables).
• 3. Additional information (more observations) can
alter and/or refine hypotheses and expectations.

55. • 4. A hypothesis is usually written in a form where it
proposes that if something is done, then something
else will occur. To write a hypothesis:
• Identify what the problem is.
• Make a hypothesis as to what direction of the
relationship or difference is. It is necessary because it
provides an initial explanation to your observation.
• Identify the major variables such as the independent
(manipulative)variable, the dependent (responding)
variable, and the control group (serves as the standard
comparison and no treatment is applied)

56. • A hypothesis needs to be specific and objective. Avoid
using better than, bigger than, a little more than,
sometimes, a lot, greater than will occur more often
than.
• The format of writing a hypothesis is… If (variables),
then (predict the outcome of the experiment using
the dependent variable).

57. •Example: Chocolate may cause acne (observation)
•A hypothesis using the “if, then” format.
•If a person’s incidence of having an acne is related
to the amount of chocolate a person consumes,
then the incidence of acne will be 20% higher
when a person consumes a large amount of
chocolate (3 chocolate bars per day) than when the
person consumes little or no chocolate.

58. • OBSERVATION 1: One time Mr. Alvarez went to the
grocery store and he bought all the types of
microwave popcorn that the store had. With these
types of popcorn, he conducted an experiment.
• PROBLEM: Does the amount of butter in a popcorn
kernels affect the amount of popcorns that pop?
• HYPOTHESIS: If Mr. Alvarez put 1 tablespoon of butter,
2 tablespoon butter, and 3 tablespoon butter in each
20 grams popcorn kernel, then all the popcorn kernels
will pop in each sample.

59. •OBSERVATION 2: Aljune and Toby proposes the
idea that the marble would travel at a faster
pace if it is rolled down the longer slide.
•PROBLEM: What happens to the speed of a
marble travels when the height of a ramp is
changed?
• HYPOTHESIS: If the height of a ramp is doubled,
then the marble will reach the same speed even
if the inclined is increased.

60. Activity 2. Create a hypothesis based
on a sample observation. Use the “if,
then” style or format and include a
measurable condition.

62. It is important to remember that a hypothesis
should always:
• Explain what you expect to happen
• Be clear and understandable
• Be testable
• Be measurable
• Contain and independent and dependent
variable

63. Designing a simple investigation involves the
following criteria:
• 1. Be observable and ask questions that are testable.
• 2. Properly identify the independent, dependent and control
variables in an experiment.
• 3. Collect, organize and interpret data qualitatively and/or
quantitatively.
• 4. Make sure to list on your journal all your findings from the
beginning up to the last part of the investigation.
• 5. If you reject a hypothesis, make sure to do retesting of your
experiment.
• 6. Make a final statement of your accepted hypothesis.

64. 1. When should you make a hypothesis?
•a. Before you do an experiment
•b. While you do an experiment
•c. After you do an experiment
•d. There is no good time to make an
experiment

65. •2. Which of the following is NOT a rule when
writing a hypothesis?
•A. It is testable
•B. It is a prediction
•C. It is an if/then statement
•D. it should restate the question.

66. • 3. Which question would be the best high level
scientific question?
• A. Does the amount of salt in water affect the
temperature at which it boils?
• B. How long ago did dinosaurs live on the earth?
• C. How many giraffes live in Africa?
• D. Who made the first microscope?

67. • 4. Which of the following hypotheses is written
correctly?
• A. Frozen tennis balls will not bounce as high.
• B. If I heat up a tennis ball it will bounce high.
• C. If I freeze a tennis ball, then it will not bounce as
high.
• D. If a tennis ball is frozen, it won't bounce as high as
one that is not frozen.

68. • 5. A scientist who wants to study the effects of
fertilizer on plants sets up an experiment. Plant A gets
no fertilizer, Plant B gets 5 mg of fertilizer each day,
and Plant C gets 10mg of fertilizer each day. Which
plant is the control group?
• A. Plant C
• B. Plant B
• C. Plant A
• D. Plant B and C