SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS
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A process scheduler schedules processes for the CPU based on scheduling algorithms. There are five main algorithms: first-come, first-served; shortest job next; priority; round robin; and multiple-level queues. These algorithms are either preemptive, where a process can be interrupted, or non-preemptive. Preemptive algorithms prioritize higher priority processes, while non-preemptive ones do not interrupt running processes.
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- To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multiprogrammed operating systems
- To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms
- To discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling algorithm for a particular system
- To examine the scheduling algorithms of several operating systems
Operating System Scheduling
The document discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that contains a program counter, stack, and data section. Processes can be in various states like new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. A process control block contains information about each process like its state, program counter, memory allocation, and more. Scheduling aims to optimize CPU utilization, throughput, turnaround time, waiting time, and response time using algorithms like first come first serve, shortest job first, priority, and round robin scheduling.
Scheduling
Scheduling is a method used to allocate computing resources like processor time, bandwidth, and memory to processes, threads, and applications. It aims to balance system load, ensure equal distribution of resources, and prioritize processes according to set rules. There are different types of scheduling including long-term, medium-term, and short-term scheduling. Scheduling algorithms decide which process from the ready queue is allocated the CPU based on whether the policy is preemptive or non-preemptive. Common algorithms include first-come first-served, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and round-robin scheduling.
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SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS
- 1. SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS MARGRAT C R S5 CSE-B 21
- 2. A Process Scheduler schedules different processes to be assigned to the CPU based on particular scheduling algorithms. There are five popular process scheduling algorithms • First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling • Shortest-Job-Next (SJN) Scheduling • Priority Scheduling • Round Robin(RR) Scheduling • Multiple-Level Queues Scheduling These algorithms are either non-preemptive or preemptive. Non-preemptive algorithms are designed so that once a process enters the running state, it cannot be preempted until it completes its allotted time, whereas the preemptive scheduling is based on priority where a scheduler may preempt a low priority running process anytime when a high priority process enters into a ready state.
- 3. First Come First Serve (FCFS) • Jobs are executed on first come, first serve basis. • It is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm. • Easy to understand and implement. • Its implementation is based on FIFO queue. • Poor in performance as average wait time is high.
- 5. Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time P0 0 - 0 = 0 P1 5 - 1 = 4 P2 8 - 2 = 6 P3 16 - 3 = 13 Average Wait Time: (0+4+6+13) / 4 = 5.75
- 6. Shortest Job Next (SJN) This is also known as shortest job first, or SJF This is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm. Best approach to minimize waiting time. Easy to implement in Batch systems where required CPU time is known in advance. Impossible to implement in interactive systems where required CPU time is not known. The processer should know in advance how much time process will take.
- 8. Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time P0 3 - 0 = 3 P1 0 - 0 = 0 P2 16 - 2 = 14 P3 8 - 3 = 5 Average Wait Time: (3+0+14+5) / 4 = 5.50
- 9. Priority Based Scheduling Priority scheduling is a non-preemptive algorithm and one of the most common scheduling algorithms in batch systems. Each process is assigned a priority. Process with highest priority is to be executed first and so on. Processes with same priority are executed on first come first served basis. Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements or any other resource requirement.
- 11. Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time P0 9 - 0 = 9 P1 6 - 1 = 5 P2 14 - 2 = 12 P3 0 - 0 = 0 Average Wait Time: (9+5+12+0) / 4 = 6.5
- 12. Round Robin Scheduling Round Robin is the preemptive process scheduling algorithm. Each process is provided a fix time to execute, it is called a quantum. Once a process is executed for a given time period, it is preempted and other process executes for a given time period. Context switching is used to save states of preempted processes
- 14. Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time P0 (0 - 0) + (12 - 3) = 9 P1 (3 - 1) = 2 P2 (6 - 2) + (14 - 9) + (20 - 17) = 12 P3 (9 - 3) + (17 - 12) = 11 Average Wait Time: (9+2+12+11) / 4 = 8.5
- 15. Multiple-Level Queues Scheduling Multiple-level queues are not an independent scheduling algorithm. They make use of other existing algorithms to group and schedule jobs with common characteristics. • Multiple queues are maintained for processes with common characteristics. • Each queue can have its own scheduling algorithms. • Priorities are assigned to each queue. For example, CPU-bound jobs can be scheduled in one queue and all I/O-bound jobs in another queue. The Process Scheduler then alternately selects jobs from each queue and assigns them to the CPU based on the algorithm assigned to the queue.