Agu maosi chen h31g-1590 retrieval of surface ozone from uv-mfrsr irradiances...Maosi Chen
High concentration of surface ozone is harmful to humans and plants. USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) uses Ultraviolet (UV) version of Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiom-eter (UV-MFRSR) to measure direct, diffuse, and total irradiances every 3 minutes at 7 UV channels (i.e. 300, 305, 311, 317, 325, 332, and 368 nm channels with 2 nm full width at half maximum). There have been plenty of literature exploring retrieval methods of total column ozone from UV-MFRSR measurements, but few has explored the retrieval of surface ozone. Under clear-sky conditions, UV irradiances absorption by ozone are significant and variable by height and wavelength. Therefore, multi-channel UV irradiances at the ground have the potential to resolve ozone concentrations at multiple vertical layers (including surface ozone). In this study, we used a deep learning algorithm (i.e. Self-Normalizing Neural Network, SNN) to retrieve surface ozone from 3-minute UV-MFRSR direct and diffuse irradiances (and the airmass) under clear-sky conditions at the UVMRP station located at Billings, Oklahoma. The 3-minute surface ozone data for training and validation are accumulated from 1-second surface ozone measured at the collocated Southern Great Plains (SGP) station by US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ARM). To cover the cloudy conditions, we also explored several spatial interpolation techniques [i.e. Triangulation-based linear interpolation, Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCNN or ChebNet), mixture model network (MoNet), and Re-current Neural Network (RNN)] to estimate the hourly surface ozone at the same UVMRP station from the adjacent (i.e. within the 3-degree box of) US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hourly surface ozone observations.
Agu maosi chen h31g-1590 retrieval of surface ozone from uv-mfrsr irradiances...Maosi Chen
High concentration of surface ozone is harmful to humans and plants. USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) uses Ultraviolet (UV) version of Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiom-eter (UV-MFRSR) to measure direct, diffuse, and total irradiances every 3 minutes at 7 UV channels (i.e. 300, 305, 311, 317, 325, 332, and 368 nm channels with 2 nm full width at half maximum). There have been plenty of literature exploring retrieval methods of total column ozone from UV-MFRSR measurements, but few has explored the retrieval of surface ozone. Under clear-sky conditions, UV irradiances absorption by ozone are significant and variable by height and wavelength. Therefore, multi-channel UV irradiances at the ground have the potential to resolve ozone concentrations at multiple vertical layers (including surface ozone). In this study, we used a deep learning algorithm (i.e. Self-Normalizing Neural Network, SNN) to retrieve surface ozone from 3-minute UV-MFRSR direct and diffuse irradiances (and the airmass) under clear-sky conditions at the UVMRP station located at Billings, Oklahoma. The 3-minute surface ozone data for training and validation are accumulated from 1-second surface ozone measured at the collocated Southern Great Plains (SGP) station by US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ARM). To cover the cloudy conditions, we also explored several spatial interpolation techniques [i.e. Triangulation-based linear interpolation, Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCNN or ChebNet), mixture model network (MoNet), and Re-current Neural Network (RNN)] to estimate the hourly surface ozone at the same UVMRP station from the adjacent (i.e. within the 3-degree box of) US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hourly surface ozone observations.
Total Ozone Content over Kathmandu from TOMS ObservationsIJERA Editor
This paper reports the trend of total ozone content (TOC) over Kathmandu for 10 years period from 1979-1988 derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite observations. The trends of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variations of TOC over Kathmandu have been analyzed. The result exemplifies that during the whole study period, the TOC is found to be maximum on February 11, 1979 with a value of 352 DU and the lowest ozone concentration is on January 18, 1980 with a value of 243 DU. Similarly, the minimum value of monthly average TOC is 260 DU in November, while the maximum values is 293 DU on May. The amplitude of variations of monthly average TOC is 12.7% in terms of the percentage from the mean value. The results also show that TOC is highly seasonal dependent with larger TOC in summer season compared to the equinox and winter seasons. The summer TOC on average is 7.5% higher than in winter season and only by 1.8% higher than in equinox. The TOC in equinox is higher than winter by 5.7% on average. The average annual value of TOC exhibits slightly variable with a maximum in 1979 (281 DU) and minimum in 1984 (274 DU), which differs only by 2.5%. The average value of TOC during the whole study period is 277 DU, which indicates good amount of stratospheric ozone content over Kathmandu.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1 and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively .The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Balloon-Borne Light Source for Precision Photometric CalibrationMax Fagin
ALTAIR (Airborne Laser for Telescopic Atmospheric Interference Reduction) is a balloon-borne optical calibration source used to calibrate the next generation of supernova surveys for probing the nature of the dark energy. The project is a collaboration among colleagues at Harvard University, the University of Victoria, and Dartmouth College. The Dartmouth component has responsibility for vehicle development, telemetry, ground tracking, and flight operations.
Natural Radioactivity Measurements of Basalt Rocks in Aden governorate, South...IOSR Journals
The amounts of radioactivity in the igneous rocks have been investigated; 63 basalt rock samples were collected from Aden governorate, South of Yemen. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured using NaI (TI) detector. Along the study area the radium equivalent activities Raeq in Bq/Kg of samples under investigation were found in the range of 51.60to 809.26Bq/Kg with an average value of 237.01Bq/Kg, this value is below the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq/Kg. To estimate the health effects of this natural radioactive composition, the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate D (55 nGyh-1), Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates Eied (0.11 mSvy-1), and Eoed (0.03 mSvy-1), External hazard index Hex(0.138) and internal hazard index Hin (0.154), and representative level index Iγr(0.386) have been calculated and found to be higher than the worldwide average values.
Presentation by ICOS DG Werner Kutsch at the UNFCCC Earth Information Day in UN COP22 on Tue 8 November 2016.
See the Earth Information Day programme: http://unfccc.int/science/workstreams/items/9949.php
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Carlos Cruz-Gaistardo from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Mexico
Total Ozone Content over Kathmandu from TOMS ObservationsIJERA Editor
This paper reports the trend of total ozone content (TOC) over Kathmandu for 10 years period from 1979-1988 derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite observations. The trends of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variations of TOC over Kathmandu have been analyzed. The result exemplifies that during the whole study period, the TOC is found to be maximum on February 11, 1979 with a value of 352 DU and the lowest ozone concentration is on January 18, 1980 with a value of 243 DU. Similarly, the minimum value of monthly average TOC is 260 DU in November, while the maximum values is 293 DU on May. The amplitude of variations of monthly average TOC is 12.7% in terms of the percentage from the mean value. The results also show that TOC is highly seasonal dependent with larger TOC in summer season compared to the equinox and winter seasons. The summer TOC on average is 7.5% higher than in winter season and only by 1.8% higher than in equinox. The TOC in equinox is higher than winter by 5.7% on average. The average annual value of TOC exhibits slightly variable with a maximum in 1979 (281 DU) and minimum in 1984 (274 DU), which differs only by 2.5%. The average value of TOC during the whole study period is 277 DU, which indicates good amount of stratospheric ozone content over Kathmandu.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1 and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively .The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Balloon-Borne Light Source for Precision Photometric CalibrationMax Fagin
ALTAIR (Airborne Laser for Telescopic Atmospheric Interference Reduction) is a balloon-borne optical calibration source used to calibrate the next generation of supernova surveys for probing the nature of the dark energy. The project is a collaboration among colleagues at Harvard University, the University of Victoria, and Dartmouth College. The Dartmouth component has responsibility for vehicle development, telemetry, ground tracking, and flight operations.
Natural Radioactivity Measurements of Basalt Rocks in Aden governorate, South...IOSR Journals
The amounts of radioactivity in the igneous rocks have been investigated; 63 basalt rock samples were collected from Aden governorate, South of Yemen. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured using NaI (TI) detector. Along the study area the radium equivalent activities Raeq in Bq/Kg of samples under investigation were found in the range of 51.60to 809.26Bq/Kg with an average value of 237.01Bq/Kg, this value is below the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq/Kg. To estimate the health effects of this natural radioactive composition, the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate D (55 nGyh-1), Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates Eied (0.11 mSvy-1), and Eoed (0.03 mSvy-1), External hazard index Hex(0.138) and internal hazard index Hin (0.154), and representative level index Iγr(0.386) have been calculated and found to be higher than the worldwide average values.
Presentation by ICOS DG Werner Kutsch at the UNFCCC Earth Information Day in UN COP22 on Tue 8 November 2016.
See the Earth Information Day programme: http://unfccc.int/science/workstreams/items/9949.php
This presentation was presented during the Workshop on Soil Cabon Mapping of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23 November 2016. The presentation was made by Carlos Cruz-Gaistardo from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Mexico
Global Carbon Budget (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/)
Global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels and cement production continue to grow at a high pace
* Global CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuel and cement production grew 2.3 per cent to a record high of 36 billion tonnes CO2 in 2013. Emissions from deforestation remain low in comparison, at 3.3 billion tonnes CO2 in 2013, accounting for 8% of total emissions.
* Fossil fuel CO2 emissions are projected to increase 2.5% in 2014, bringing the total CO2 emissions from all sources above 40 billion tonnes CO2.
* Fossil fuel emissions in the last ten years grew at 2.5% per year on average, lower than the growth rate in the 2000s (3.3%) but higher than the growth rate in the 1990s (1%). The declining growth rate in recent years is associated with lower GDP growth compared to the 2000s, particularly in China.
* Fossil fuel emissions track the high end of emissions scenarios used by the IPCC to project climate change, due to smaller improvements in carbon intensity of GDP than expected in most scenarios, and continued GDP growth.
* Given current projection of the World GDP, emissions are expected to grow further in the absence of more stringent mitigation.
* The largest emitters were China, USA, EU28 and India, together accounting for 58% of the global emissions and 80% of the growth in 2013 (top 20 emitters provided below). Key results for the top four emitters are:
- Chinese emissions grew at 4.2%, the lowest level since the 2007-2008 because of weaker economic growth and improvements in the carbon intensity of the economy.
- USA emission increased 2.9% in 2013 due to a rebound in coal consumption, reversing the declining trend in emissions since 2008.
- Indian emissions grew at 5.1% caused by robust economic growth and an increase in the carbon intensity of the economy.
- EU28 emissions decreased 1.8% on the back of a weak economy and emission decreases in some countries offsetting a return to coal led by Poland, Germany, Finland.
Lecture:Organic/Bio waste Life Cycle Assessment case studiesDaniel Sandars
Lecture: The world over we create a lot of bio degradable waste. Many of our traditional methods of dumping these wastes into seas of hole in the ground are closing. We need better and we need to take care of the environment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a 'systems theory' method that accounts for the environment by taking a cradle to grave view of changed products and processes and accounting for all inputs and outputs across the system boundary. I present case studies and some of the ideas and insights in modelling them and what has been learned about the systems
Climate change affects human health in several different ways, and one important effect is through changes in air pollution. Here I will discuss the state of science currently on how climate change affects air pollution, and the resulting effects on human health, drawing from the broad literature and highlighting studies from my lab. In particular, I will discuss: 1) The effects of air pollution on health globally, 2) How climate change affects air pollution, 3) The effects of climate change on air pollution and health globally, and 4) The co-benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation for air pollution and health, globally and in the US.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Coal bed methane and underground coal gasificationDan Wilson
A brief introduction to coal bed methane (CBM) and underground coal gasification. It includes yields and possible environmental impacts. A group presentation as part of my MSc at Keele University.
Similar to Satellite Remote Sensing (Formic Acid) (20)
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. First global observation of organic compounds
from the IASI infrared sounder:
HCOOH and CH3OH
Federico Karagulian1, Lieven Clarisse1,
Ariane Razavi1, Cathy Clerbaux2, Pierre Coheur1,
Daniel Hurtmans1 ,Trissevgeni Stavrakou3 and
Jean-François Müller3
1Spectroscopie
de l’Atmosphere, Sevice de Chimie Quantique et de Photophysique,
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
2UPMC Univ. Paris 06; Université Versailles St-Quentin; CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, Paris, France.
3Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
2. IASI
IASI instrument and observing mode
(Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer)
MetOp: First European meteorological platform on
polar orbit (EPS system)
MetOP
IASI
Nadir looking FTS
• 12 km pixel x 4 @ nadir
• 120 spectra along the swath (±48.3° Scan
2400 km), each 50 km along the trace
Small ground pixel size
Global coverage twice
daily (morning and
evening orbits)
IASI
• Spectral coverage = 645-2760 cm-1
• Spectral resolution = 0.5 cm-1
• Radiometric noise ~ <0.1-0.2 K
Broad spectral
coverage without
gaps
Medium spectral resolution
High radiometric performances
3. IASI
IASI instrument and observing mode
Level 1 radiance spectrum
1.4x10
-5
1.2x10
1.0x10
-5
8.0x10
-6
4.0x10
-6
2
2
-6
6.0x10
CO
Radiance accuracy
within 0.5 K above
ocean
-5
-1
Radiance (W / cm sr cm )
SA/CNRS – ULB ULB
LATMOS/IPSL HNO3
CFC11, CFC12
2.0x10
O3
Illingworth et al., ACPD 2009
CH3OH
CO
HCOOH
CO2, N2O
Ts=275 K
N2O, CH4
16
H2 O, HOD
HOD
16
H2 O
-6
Thermal +
reflected solar
radiation
(daytime)
CH4
18
H2 O
0.0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
-1
Wavenumber (cm )
4. Trace gases
IASI contribution to atmospheric composition measurements
IASI species
10 Years
Year
Day
HCOOH
CH3OH
Hemispheric mixing:
~1-2 months
PBL mixing:
~few hours
CO
O3
HNO3
SO2
H2O + Iso
VOCs
NH3
hour.
HCOOH
CH3OH
Chemistry and sources
Month
Global mixing
~1 year
CFC11
N2O
CO2
CH4
OCS
Chemistry and transport
CO2
climate
CFC12
Sec.
IASI ACP special issue
With about 25 papers
HCOOH
CH3OH
Influence on the global
radiative forcing
5. SOURCES OF FORMIC ACID (HCOOH)
Use the IMAGESv2 global CTM* to simulate HCOOH
HCOOH lifetime: 7 days
Global annual HCOOH emission: 8.9 Tg/yr
Biogenic Emissions
MEGAN-ECMWF
(Muller et al. 2008)
Secondary
EDGARv3.3
Primary + secondary
Biogenic
72%
ISOPRENE
Terpenes
Ethene (C2H4)
Anthrop.
12%
Biomass
burning
16%
Primary + secondary
Ethyne C2H2
Hydroxacetone
Glycolaldehyde
Pyorogenic emissions
GFEDv2
(Van der Werf et al. 2006)
*Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA)
6. SOURCES OF methanol (CH3OH)
Use of IMAGESv2* to simulate CH3OH
CH3OH lifetime: 9 days
Global annual CH3OH emission: 204 Tg/yr
Biogenic Emissions
Biogenic Emissions
Primary
Plant
growth
65%
Plant
decay 11%
Primary
CH4 oxid. 12 %
VOCs oxid. 4%
Anthropogenic 5%
Fires 3%
*Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
(IASB-BIRA)
7. HCOOH observation in USA: retrieval with Atmosphit
1.00
(baseline); 1105
(target)
for the calculation of the Brightness
Temperature Difference (BTD)
cm-1
0.98
Trasmittance (a.u)
1103-1109cm-1
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.86
IASI Radiance spectrum
HCOOH
(reference)
1070
1080
Brightness Temperature (K)
HCOOH
2
-1
Radiance (W/m sr m )
1.0
0.8
0.7
H2O
0.6
0.5
0.4
2
-1
RMS = 2.746e-06 (W/m sr m )
2
[HCOOH] = 1.31e+16 molec/cm )
1103
1104
1105 1106 1107
-1
wavenumber (cm )
1108
1109
Averaging Kernels for total HCOOH column
-1
1090 1100 1110 1120
-1
wavenumber (cm )
-3
1.1x10
0.9
1105 cm
0.84
1130
1140
320
315
310
305
300
HCOOH x 10
295
290
285
1103
IASI spectrum in BT
Simulation of HCOOH
1104
H2O
1105
1106
1107
-1
wavenumber (cm )
1108
1109
Profiles
DOFland = 1.25
DOFocean = 1.5
Used a priori profile from IMAGESv2 model
8. Retrievals for HCOOH in the region (1103.74-1109.75 cm-1): USA
(1016 molec./cm2)
(Kelvin)
Countries
Slope(*)
Australia
0.8339
China
0.7049
USA
0.6187
East EU
0.7409
India
0.7301
Brazil
0.7719
Africa
0.7126
Mexico
0.6643
-2
HCOOH column (10 molec./cm )
0-18 km 6 partial columns of 3 km thickness
Good correlation between HCOOH column and BTD
2.0
Correlation = 0.892
16
1.5
1.0
0.5
-2
slope = 0.618e+16 (molec./cm )/K
R=0.8922
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
BTD (K)
2.5
3.0
3.5
(*)HCOOH
total column (1016 molec./cm2)/ BTD (K)
9. IMAGESv2 model 2008 (HCOOH: January 2008 - December 2008)
anthropogenic
biomass burning
biogenic
biomass burning
biogenic
A priori [HCOOH] total column = 2.9074e+15 molec./cm2
10. HCOOH Total Column (June 2008 - May 2009)
biogenic not seen
anthrop. in the model
anthrop. biogenic
biomass burning
HCOOH column (1014 molec./cm2)
biogenic
biomass burning
anthtop.
biomass burning
biogenic
anthrop.
biogenic
biomass burning
11. HCOOH Total Column (June 2008 - May 2009)
First background filtering: transport observed
biogenic not seen
anthrop. in the model
anthrop.
biogenic
anthrop.
biomass burning
biogenic
biogenic
biomass burning
no HCOOH observed above tropical forests
HCOOH column (1014 molec./cm2)
biogenic
biomass burning
anthtop.
biomass burning
12. Difference between IASI (filtered) and BIRA model (2008)
HCOOH column (1014 molec./cm2)
Mainly biogenic HCOOH emissions
over tropical forests
13. Correlation between HCOOH and CO emissions from fires in Africa
(1018 molec./cm2)
HCOOH column (10
16
2
molec./cm )
(1016 molec./cm2)
3.0
Savanna burning
Correlation factor = 0.9
Fires
(from MODIS)
2.5
2.0
1.5
CO emission
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
18
2
CO column (10 molec./cm )
HCOOH/CH3OH
emission
4.0
High correlation
14. Correlation between HCOOH and CH3OH; biogenic emissions?
(HCOOH) BTD (K)
(1018 molec./cm2)
(Kelvin)
(1016 molec./cm2)
1.6
Fires
Good correlation between
HCOOH and CH3OH
correlation factor = 0.702
Low correlation between CO
emission from fire and HCOOH/CH3OH
1.2
0.8
0.4
Not only biomass
burning
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
(CH3OH) BTD (K)
1.5
2.0
HCOOH and CH3OH might be correlated to
biogenic emissions (in addition to biomass burning)
16. Correlation between vegetation and HCOOH emissions
cultivated
shrubs
desert
shrubs
shrubs
desert
herbaceous
shrubs
cultivated
trees
trees
shrubs
shrubs
cultivated
herbaceous
grass
shrubs
Not only biomass
burning
http://www.fao.or/
17. Correlation between vegetation in Africa and HCOOH
Biomass
burning
+
biogenic
desert
April 09
herbaceous
March 09
shrubs
trees
August 08
shrubs
shrubs
October 08
grass
18. Conclusions
First global observations of HCOOH and CH3OH
(still at a qualitative level)
Sources
Transport
Preliminary comparison with model IMAGESv2 shows
some correlations.
Additional observation from IASI show:
Not seen biogenic emissions above tropical forests
Biogenic emissions above shrublands
Anthropogenic emissions over the US and India
Outlook
Optimization of the background filtering
Optimization in the assignation of anthropogenic
and HCOOH/CH3OH biogenic emissions