The document analyzes soil samples from Al-Haidriya City in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate, Iraq to study their natural radioactivity. 30 sampling sites were selected and 60 soil samples were collected from depths of 10-20 cm and 30-40 cm. Gamma spectral measurements found average activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K to be within worldwide averages. The average radium equivalent activity and absorbed dose rate were also within world averages and below recommended limits. Various radiation hazard indices were calculated and found to be below critical limits of unity, indicating radiation levels do not pose significant risks to human health.
Radon exhalation rate and Radionuclides in soil, phosphate, and building mate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Thermo luminescence Dating of Quartz Sediments Extracted from the Terraces of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Radon exhalation rate and Radionuclides in soil, phosphate, and building mate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Thermo luminescence Dating of Quartz Sediments Extracted from the Terraces of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Natural Red Clay for Removal of B...ijtsrd
The present study deals with the analysis and adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 BY28 onto low-cost natural red clay NRC . Adsorbent characterized by XRD, SEM, TG DTA, BET and BJH. The effect of the contact time, the temperature, the initial concentration, the pH and the adsorbent mass and on adsorption process were investigated using by batch adsorption technique and then the adsorption isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies were performed. The pH effect on the removal of BY28 efficiency was not important. It was found that the isotherm model best suited to the equilibrium data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the pseudo-second order. It was found that the kinetic model best suited to the data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the Langmuir model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 370 mg. g-1. In the thermodynamic studies, it can be said that the adsorption of BY28 onto NRC takes place spontaneously, physically and endothermic ally. Finally, the use of NRC shows a greater potential for the removal of cationic dyes, as no costly equipment is required. Omer Lacin | Ali Haghighatnia | Fatih Demir | Fatih Sevim "Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Natural Red Clay for Removal of BY28 from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21544.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/engineering-chemistry/21544/adsorption-characteristics-and-behaviors-of-natural-red-clay-for-removal-of-by28-from-aqueous-solutions/omer-lacin
Mixed-Valence Single-Atom Catalyst Derived from Functionalized GraphenePawan Kumar
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) aim at bridging the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The challenge is the development of materials with ligands enabling coordination of metal atoms in different valence states, and preventing leaching or nanoparticle formation. Graphene functionalized with nitrile groups (cyanographene) is herein employed for the robust coordination of Cu(II) ions, which are partially reduced to Cu(I) due to graphene-induced charge transfer. Inspired by nature's selection of Cu(I) in enzymes for oxygen activation, this 2D mixed-valence SAC performs flawlessly in two O2-mediated reactions: the oxidative coupling of amines and the oxidation of benzylic CH bonds toward high-value pharmaceutical synthons. High conversions (up to 98%), selectivities (up to 99%), and recyclability are attained with very low metal loadings in the reaction. The synergistic effect of Cu(II) and Cu(I) is the essential part in the reaction mechanism. The developed strategy opens the door to a broad portfolio of other SACs via their coordination to various functional groups of graphene, as demonstrated by successful entrapment of FeIII/FeII single atoms to carboxy-graphene.
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1 and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively .The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular morphology of titania and a vapor-transport technique are utilized to form heterojunctions of P and TiO2. Compared to pristine anatase 3.2 eV TiO2 nanotubes, the creation of heterojunctions in the hybrid material resulted in 1.5–2.1 eV photoelectrocatalysts. An enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible light compared with the individual components resulted for the P@TiO2 hybrids. This feature is due to synergistically improved charge separation in the heterojunction and more effective visible-light absorption. The electronic band structure and charge-carrier dynamics are investigated in detail using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to elucidate the charge-separation mechanism. A Fermi-level alignment in P@TiO2 heterojunctions leads to a more reductive flat-band potential and a deeper valence band compared to pristine P and thus facilitates a better water-splitting performance. Our results demonstrate effective conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured hybrids, which may enable future applications in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical catalysts, and sensors.
Consistently High Voc Values in p-i-n Type Perovskite Solar Cells Using Ni3+-...Pawan Kumar
Leading edge p-i-n type halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) severely underperform n-i-p PSCs. p-i-n type PSCs that use PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers (HTLs) struggle to generate open-circuit photovoltage values higher than 1 V. NiO HTLs have shown greater promise in achieving high Voc values albeit inconsistently. In this report, a NiO nanomesh with Ni3+ defect grown by the hydrothermal method was used to obtain PSCs with Voc values that consistently exceeded 1.10 V (champion Voc = 1.14 V). A champion device photoconversion efficiency of 17.75% was observed. Density functional theory modeling was used to understand the interfacial properties of the NiO/perovskite interface. The PCE of PSCs constructed using the Ni3+-doped NiO nanomesh HTL was ∼34% higher than that of conventional compact NiO-based perovskite solar cells. A suite of characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, steady-state photoluminescence, and Kelvin probe force microscopy provided evidence of better film quality, enhanced charge transfer, and suppressed charge recombination in PSCs based on hydrothermally grown NiO nanostructures.
Synthesis and characterization of some Chromium(III) complexes of dibasic tri...IJERA Editor
Coordination complexes of Cr(III)with four tridentate Schiff base ligands viz. N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)- -(4-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazone(HNNH = H2L 1 ), N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)- -(2-furoyl) hydrazone (HMFH = H2L 2 ), N-(2-hydroxyacetophenone)- -(2-theonyl) hydrazone (HATH = H2L 3 ) and N-(2- hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone)- -(3-toloyl) hydrazone (HMAT = H2L 4 ) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, thermogravimetric analysis and spectral (IR, electronic, NMR) measurements. IR spectra indicates that the ligand behave as dibasic tridentate ligand in a chelate coordinating to Cr(III) ion through ketonic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and by both enolic and phenolic protons (except in H2L 1 by naphtholic oxygen atom) via double deprotonation of ligands. The magnetic and spectral data indicate chelate in octahedral environment and analytical data suggest 1:1 stoichiometries for the complexes
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
The global economic recession has posed new challenges to the world coupled with the challenges of new energy technology in response to global warming has dwindled the economy of so many nations today. Particularly petro-mono economy countries like Nigeria whose revenue base depends mostly on proceeds from crude oil exportation. Overdependence on crude oil is a sign of blunt future consequentially if the oil mine dries up. What would be the fate of the economy? Therefore it is time for Nigeria to spread the tentacles of her economic prowess to other service sectors such as Tourism for sustainable economic exploitation. Tourism is one of the most promising drivers of growth for the world economy. As a development vehicle, tourism resources are inexhaustible unlike crude oil. Nigeria specifically Awka has vast tourism potentials awaiting development. Little wonder the administration of former President Olusegun Obansanjo the set machinery in motion to turn the sector into a major revenue earner. The machinery included the introduction of various festivals across the country for the promotion of its rich cultural heritage to woo foreign tourists. With her appealing tourism resources, this paper advocates the development and exploitation of these resources for wealth creation.
The efficacy of Lemon (Citrus lemonirisso) juice on wound healing of albino wistar rat was investigated; also the potential haemostatic mechanism associated with administration of the extract was investigated. Results showed that lemon juice extract decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume while it has no significant effect on platelet count, white blood cell count and white cell differential counts in albino rats. Furthermore, the bleeding and clotting times were shortened and the period of healing of wound using lemon juice could possess some elements that is affecting the haemostatic mechanism.
Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Natural Red Clay for Removal of B...ijtsrd
The present study deals with the analysis and adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 BY28 onto low-cost natural red clay NRC . Adsorbent characterized by XRD, SEM, TG DTA, BET and BJH. The effect of the contact time, the temperature, the initial concentration, the pH and the adsorbent mass and on adsorption process were investigated using by batch adsorption technique and then the adsorption isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies were performed. The pH effect on the removal of BY28 efficiency was not important. It was found that the isotherm model best suited to the equilibrium data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the pseudo-second order. It was found that the kinetic model best suited to the data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the Langmuir model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 370 mg. g-1. In the thermodynamic studies, it can be said that the adsorption of BY28 onto NRC takes place spontaneously, physically and endothermic ally. Finally, the use of NRC shows a greater potential for the removal of cationic dyes, as no costly equipment is required. Omer Lacin | Ali Haghighatnia | Fatih Demir | Fatih Sevim "Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Natural Red Clay for Removal of BY28 from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21544.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/engineering-chemistry/21544/adsorption-characteristics-and-behaviors-of-natural-red-clay-for-removal-of-by28-from-aqueous-solutions/omer-lacin
Mixed-Valence Single-Atom Catalyst Derived from Functionalized GraphenePawan Kumar
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) aim at bridging the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The challenge is the development of materials with ligands enabling coordination of metal atoms in different valence states, and preventing leaching or nanoparticle formation. Graphene functionalized with nitrile groups (cyanographene) is herein employed for the robust coordination of Cu(II) ions, which are partially reduced to Cu(I) due to graphene-induced charge transfer. Inspired by nature's selection of Cu(I) in enzymes for oxygen activation, this 2D mixed-valence SAC performs flawlessly in two O2-mediated reactions: the oxidative coupling of amines and the oxidation of benzylic CH bonds toward high-value pharmaceutical synthons. High conversions (up to 98%), selectivities (up to 99%), and recyclability are attained with very low metal loadings in the reaction. The synergistic effect of Cu(II) and Cu(I) is the essential part in the reaction mechanism. The developed strategy opens the door to a broad portfolio of other SACs via their coordination to various functional groups of graphene, as demonstrated by successful entrapment of FeIII/FeII single atoms to carboxy-graphene.
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1 and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively .The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular morphology of titania and a vapor-transport technique are utilized to form heterojunctions of P and TiO2. Compared to pristine anatase 3.2 eV TiO2 nanotubes, the creation of heterojunctions in the hybrid material resulted in 1.5–2.1 eV photoelectrocatalysts. An enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible light compared with the individual components resulted for the P@TiO2 hybrids. This feature is due to synergistically improved charge separation in the heterojunction and more effective visible-light absorption. The electronic band structure and charge-carrier dynamics are investigated in detail using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to elucidate the charge-separation mechanism. A Fermi-level alignment in P@TiO2 heterojunctions leads to a more reductive flat-band potential and a deeper valence band compared to pristine P and thus facilitates a better water-splitting performance. Our results demonstrate effective conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured hybrids, which may enable future applications in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical catalysts, and sensors.
Consistently High Voc Values in p-i-n Type Perovskite Solar Cells Using Ni3+-...Pawan Kumar
Leading edge p-i-n type halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) severely underperform n-i-p PSCs. p-i-n type PSCs that use PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers (HTLs) struggle to generate open-circuit photovoltage values higher than 1 V. NiO HTLs have shown greater promise in achieving high Voc values albeit inconsistently. In this report, a NiO nanomesh with Ni3+ defect grown by the hydrothermal method was used to obtain PSCs with Voc values that consistently exceeded 1.10 V (champion Voc = 1.14 V). A champion device photoconversion efficiency of 17.75% was observed. Density functional theory modeling was used to understand the interfacial properties of the NiO/perovskite interface. The PCE of PSCs constructed using the Ni3+-doped NiO nanomesh HTL was ∼34% higher than that of conventional compact NiO-based perovskite solar cells. A suite of characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, steady-state photoluminescence, and Kelvin probe force microscopy provided evidence of better film quality, enhanced charge transfer, and suppressed charge recombination in PSCs based on hydrothermally grown NiO nanostructures.
Synthesis and characterization of some Chromium(III) complexes of dibasic tri...IJERA Editor
Coordination complexes of Cr(III)with four tridentate Schiff base ligands viz. N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)- -(4-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazone(HNNH = H2L 1 ), N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)- -(2-furoyl) hydrazone (HMFH = H2L 2 ), N-(2-hydroxyacetophenone)- -(2-theonyl) hydrazone (HATH = H2L 3 ) and N-(2- hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone)- -(3-toloyl) hydrazone (HMAT = H2L 4 ) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, thermogravimetric analysis and spectral (IR, electronic, NMR) measurements. IR spectra indicates that the ligand behave as dibasic tridentate ligand in a chelate coordinating to Cr(III) ion through ketonic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and by both enolic and phenolic protons (except in H2L 1 by naphtholic oxygen atom) via double deprotonation of ligands. The magnetic and spectral data indicate chelate in octahedral environment and analytical data suggest 1:1 stoichiometries for the complexes
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
The global economic recession has posed new challenges to the world coupled with the challenges of new energy technology in response to global warming has dwindled the economy of so many nations today. Particularly petro-mono economy countries like Nigeria whose revenue base depends mostly on proceeds from crude oil exportation. Overdependence on crude oil is a sign of blunt future consequentially if the oil mine dries up. What would be the fate of the economy? Therefore it is time for Nigeria to spread the tentacles of her economic prowess to other service sectors such as Tourism for sustainable economic exploitation. Tourism is one of the most promising drivers of growth for the world economy. As a development vehicle, tourism resources are inexhaustible unlike crude oil. Nigeria specifically Awka has vast tourism potentials awaiting development. Little wonder the administration of former President Olusegun Obansanjo the set machinery in motion to turn the sector into a major revenue earner. The machinery included the introduction of various festivals across the country for the promotion of its rich cultural heritage to woo foreign tourists. With her appealing tourism resources, this paper advocates the development and exploitation of these resources for wealth creation.
The efficacy of Lemon (Citrus lemonirisso) juice on wound healing of albino wistar rat was investigated; also the potential haemostatic mechanism associated with administration of the extract was investigated. Results showed that lemon juice extract decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume while it has no significant effect on platelet count, white blood cell count and white cell differential counts in albino rats. Furthermore, the bleeding and clotting times were shortened and the period of healing of wound using lemon juice could possess some elements that is affecting the haemostatic mechanism.
The purpose of this study is to review and understand the decision making influences faced by female segment in choosing and purchasing specific Brands of Cars in the Muscat region of the Sultanate of Oman. The paper reports an empirical analysis by classifying female segments into cohorts based on the decision making characteristics which provides qualitative insights of the female car owner driver segment residing in Oman. The Car Manufacturers will benefit from the data collected, especially in helping to build good customer relationships with the segment and in determining factors impacting on the profitability.
The rapid growth of Hospitality businesses in Nigeria is increasing at an alarming rate. It is sad to note that majority of these investors have little or no knowledge of the impact that their investment has on the environment. This is because most investors only carry out feasibility study on the profit forfeiting the sustainability of the business which depends on the environment. Today hospitality investors in Nigeria have refused to answer this question “are the activities of hospitality business environmental friendly? At this point it is pertinent to note that the sustainability of any hospitality business anchors largely on environmental sustainability. In other words, all hospitality business needs the environment to strive. Therefore, in view of the above, this paper critically diagnosed the activities of Soarak hotel and casino Lagos towards environmental sustainability. Its primary objective is to identify the impact of soarak hotel on its immediate surroundings. This research made extensive use of interview and questionnaire as instruments of data collection. In conclusion, the paper recommends sustainable measures to mitigate the activities of hospitality business on the environment.
Air pollution is a global environmental challenge that has continued to receive worldwide attention despite the recent decline in concentration of atmospheric pollutants following stringent environmental protection regulations. The major source of this pollution remains fossil fuels; hence the urgent need for cleaner energy sources. This study presents a review of the models applied in monitoring ambient air quality. The primary aim of air pollution modeling is to identify and quantitatively characterize pollutant emission at its source and subsequent dispersion through the atmosphere, subject to meteorological conditions, physical and chemical transformations. The common models and model assumptions for modeling air pollution and quality were critically reviewed and analyzed in this work for application in both forecasting and estimation of air pollutants on the basis of considered causes and in air quality assessment and air pollution control.
It has been observed that anthropogenic activities namely, farming, tree harvesting, seasonal fire regimes, introduction of exotic tree species like Eucalyptus and Greviella, and collection of herbs for medicinal use are going on and form a major threat for the orchid Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. This study determined the relative abundance and distribution of the species Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. in the Manga range ecosystem of Kisii, Western Kenya during two flowering seasons. Other results of the present study were analyzed with SPSS version 17 for paired sample correlations, OriginPro7 t-Test and ANOVA, Minitab 16 chi-square test. From the analysis there is a significant correlation between altitude and number of orchid population clusters with a p-value of 0.008 in the distribution of Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. which led to rejection of the null hypothesis. The Levene’s test for equal variance shows that at α 0.05 there is a significant difference between altitude and number of clusters as indicated by the P value of 0.00004. Of the 88 sites sampled, only 41sites had orchid clusters. Principal component analysis using Unscrambler 9.7 indicated that many of the orchid population clusters fell within the range of one or two orchid population clusters. The score plots from the two Hoteling’s outputs show how well data is distributed including sample patterns, groupings, similarities and differences during the study. The two analyses illustrated how fire affects the orchid population on fire prone sites of the range. Orchid population clusters progressively increased with increase with altitude range (from 1800m to 1850m) above sea level, but number of orchid population clusters decreased towards 1950m. Sites with minimal anthropogenic disturbances (1796m, 1830m, 1854m, 1886m, and 1890m) had a higher number of orchid population clusters.
Barley is one of the most important traditional crops in Ethiopia which is a major center of genetic diversity for barley along with other crop plants species. Two hundred seven accessions and 18 released varieties were laid down in 15*15 simple lattice design and planted in 2008 main cropping season (June to Nov) at Kokate. The objective of the study was to conduct the morphological characterization and to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of landrace of barley in southern Ethiopia collections. The proportion of genotypes in kernel row number were 26.6, 15.3, 16.6, 41.5 and 0.4% for two rowed with lateral floret, two rowed deficient, irregular, six rowed with awns on lateral floret and branched heads, respectively. Genotypes with white kernel color (57.5%) and amber (normal) lemma color (50%) were dominant. The highest diversity indices pooled over the characters within zones/ special woredas were recorded for accessions sampled from Dawro (H’= 0.75 ± 0.05) followed by Sheka (H’=0.74 ± 0.07), Gamgofa (H’ =0.70 ± 0.05) and Keffa (H’= 0.70 ± 0.08). These zones can be used for in situ conservation for barley landraces as representatives of southern Ethiopian high lands. The barley genotypes were clustered into five distinct groups of various sizes based on 8 qualitative traits. The estimates of diversity index (H’) for each trait in each of the three altitudinal class has shown that polymorphism was common in varying degrees for most traits, implying the existence of a wide range of variation in the materials.
Stress has become a major concern of the modern times as it can cause harm to employee’s health and performance. Work related stress costs organization billions of dollars each year through sickness, turnover and absenteeism. So it becomes necessary for every organization to know the factor causing stress among the employees as well as how they cope up with stress to make the employee more participative and productive. The Research study titled “A STUDY ON STRESS MANAGEMENT AMONG EMPLOYEES AT SAKTHI FINANCE LIMITED, COIMBATORE” was conducted to find out the factor causing stress among employees and to know how they cope up with stress. The Research design used was a descriptive research. The primary data has been collected through a questionnaire method. The sample design used in the study was Convenience Sampling Technique with a sample size of 60. The collected data has been analysed through various tools like Percentage Analysis, Chi- Square Test & ANOVAs, and Factor Analysis.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Natural radiation levels and health hazard indices of soil in Owerri Nigeriatheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to
measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated
hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore
sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average
value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1
and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively
.The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment
samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity
varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies
from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with
the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average
value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual
outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor
effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of Radiation Emmission from Refuse Dump Sites in Owerri, NigeriaIOSR Journals
The natural radioactivity concentrations from 40 different locations of waste dump sites in Owerri, Imo state Nigeria, has been measured using a gamma – ray spectrometer. The results indicate that the ranges of activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 323Th in the samples were ˂17.2 – 686.17 BqKg-1 , ˂ 4.2 – 103.51 BqKg-1 and ˂ 5.1 – 65.28 BqKg-1 respectively. The highest outdoor effective dose obtained was 65.28 μSv.y-1 which is less than the world average outdoor value of 70 μSv.y-1 given by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR )
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Soil and Water Samples from Aden Gover...paperpublications3
Abstract:The level of natural radioactivity in soils and water of 74 samples collected from locations at Aden governorate south of Yemen was measured. Concentrations of radionuclides in soils and water samples were determined by gamma-ray spectrometer using a NaI (Tl) detector with specially designed shield. The mean activity level of the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K is 30.41 ±2.4, 36.26 ±2.9 and 358.12±26.54 Bq kg-1, respectively. These values are well within values reported elsewhere in the country and in other countries with similar environments. The study also examined some radiation hazard indices. The mean values obtained are, 215±37Bq kg-1, 50.10±6 nGy h-1, 0.34mSv y-1, 0.30 and 0.34 for Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq), Absorbed Dose Rates (D), Annual Effective Dose Rates (Eff Dose), External Hazard Index (Hex) and Internal Hazard Index (Hin) respectively. All the health hazard indices are well below their recommended limits. The paper recommends further studies to estimate internal and external doses from other suspected radiological sources to the population in Aden governorate.
Keywords:Absorbed dose, south Yemen, Aden governorate, Water, Soil, Natural Radioactivity.
Radioactivity of Some Soil Samples from Kuba, Butura Ward, Bokkos Local Gover...ijtsrd
The activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclide 40K, 226Ra and 232Th were measured in some soil samples from Kuba village, Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria using gamma ray spectroscopy. The soil activity ranges from 246.40± 11.32, 129.40± 6.44 and 57.92± 22 Bq.kg 1 respectively 116.70± 9.24 to 397.2± 13.32Bq.Kg 1 for 40K, 35.87± 1.02 to 88.09±1.14 Bq.kg 1 for 226Ra, and 103.60± 5.23 to 162.10± 7.11 .Kg 1 for 232Th with mean values of 246.40±11.32, 57.92±1.22 and 246.40±11.32 Bq.kg 1 respectively. The concentrations of these radionuclides are compared with the world average. The radium equivalent activity calculated from the analyzed soil samples ranges from 200.2536 to 291.9765 Bq.Kg 1 with the mean value of 261.0386 Bq.Kg 1. The mean values 40K and Radium Equivalent are low compare to the world average but the mean values for, 226Ra and 232Th are above the permissible value, therefore pose a significant threat to inhabitants or workers dealing with transportation of soil and there is no good safety index for all building made from these materials and the inhabitants due to high activity concentration of 232Th and 226Ra. Chenko G. Y. N | Mangset W. E | Terve S. J "Radioactivity of Some Soil Samples from Kuba, Butura Ward, Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52250.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/52250/radioactivity-of-some-soil-samples-from-kuba-butura-ward-bokkos-local-government-area-plateau-state-nigeria/chenko-g-y-n
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
Parallel generators of pseudo random numbers with control of calculation errors
T0 numtq0o dc=
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
The Study of Radioactivity in Soil Samples from
AL-Haidriya City in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf
Governorate, the first depth (10-20) cm and a
Second Depth (30-40) cm
Ali K. Hasan1, Sajjad A. Ameen2
1' 2Education College of girls, Kufa University, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Kufa, Iraq
Abstract: To study the radioactivity of the soil City Alhaidariya in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate was chosen (30) sampling sites of
the city and collect from each site two samples the first depth (10-20) cm and a second depth (30-40) cm to reach (60) sample and The
gamma rays spectral measurements were done for all samples by using Iodide Sodium activated by Thallium NaI(Tl), its dimension 3"×
3". The mean values activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K was (12.51±3.58, 10.62±2.55 and 72.35±3.88) Bq/ kg respectively,
specific activity for all soil sample were in the worldwide average. The average values of the Radium equivalent activity and absorbed
dose rate were (33.34±6.34Bq/kg and 15.51±2.90nGy/h)within the world average. The heist external and internal hazard and the
outdoor and indoor annual effective dose and gamma activity concentration index were (0.0900±0.0173, 0.0331±0.0269, 0.0189±0.0034
mSv/yr , 0.0760±0.0142 mSv/yr and 0.2384±0.0446)respectively, lower than unity.
Keywords: gamma rays, spectral measurements, radioactivity, Governorate, soil
1. Introduction
Alhaidariya City is one of the important cities in Al-Najaf
Al-Ashraf Governorate because contain a number of the
population and schools, hospitals and government
departments, sports arenas and mosques. The natural
radioactivity in the soil caused by a series of uranium 238U
and 232Th series thorium and potassium 40K[1],And
environmental radioactivity and external exposure
associated with him through the Kama radiation depends
mainly on geological and geographical conditions and
shows the different levels in the soil of each region of the
world[2].The level of main natural radioactivity on the
surface of the earth are very few and it changed strongly
depending on the location, where decrease at the surface
of the oceans and increase in areas that contain rocks on a
large amount of radioactive material. As the level of
radiation, which are exposed to human consists of three
sections, the Kama radiation resulting from radioactive
materials in the ground, and the radiation resulting from
the effects of radioactive elements in human tissue, and
resulting from the foods we eat, as well as cosmic rays[3].
2. Experimental Procedures
The soil samples measured at (10-20 )cm and (30-40)cm
depth level .The location of the samples is shown on table
(1) and figure (1) after collection, samples are crushed
into fine powder by grinder ,fine quality of the sample is
obtained using scientific sieve .before measurement
samples are dried in an oven at a temperature of 60 Cº for
72 h, each sample is packed and sealed in an airtight PVC
container and kept for about ( 4) weeks period to allow
radioactive equilibrium among the daughter products of
radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn) and their short lived decay
products . an average (1) kg of soil is used per sample.
To measured the specific activity we used NaI(Tl) a
system which consist of a scintillation detector NaI(Tl) of
(3"×3") crystal dimension, supplied by (Alpha Spectra,
Inc), coupled with a multi-channel analyzer (MCA)
(ORTEC –Digi Base) with range of 4096 channel joined
with ADC (Analog to Digital Convertor) unit, through
interface. The spectral data was converted directly to the
PC of the laboratory introduced by using (MAESTRO-32)
software. The detector was enclosed in a graded lead
shield. The gamma spectra of the collected samples were
measured and the activities of 238U series, 232Th series
and 40K in each sample were determined by measuring
the characteristic gamma-peaks of their daughters. The
line at 1764 keV of 214Bi was used to determine 238U
series activity, and the line at 2614 keV of 208Tl for
232Th series. Also the peak at 1460 keV was used for
40K activity [4,5].
Table 1: represents the symbols studied sites in Al-haidariya
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
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city
Sample
No. Samples Nam
1 AL-Haidariya advisory
2 AL-Shemous elementary school
3 One of the homes of citizens
4 Khan AL-Nass (archaeological)
5 Al-Haidariya Mosque
6 Municipality Directorate Al-haidariya
7 General Hospital Al-haidariya
8 AL-Kazimi School
9 AL-Fatimyat School
10 One of the homes of citizens
11 The Department of Water Project Al-Haidariya
12 FatemaALKubra School
13 AL-Zanabeq Kindergarten
14 AL-Emam AL-Hussain Mosque
Paper ID: OCT14487 1871
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
15 AlbuForaiha Mosque
16 One of the shops
17 Al-Haidariya Court
18 Directorate of Agriculture Al-Haidariya
19 Versus Hussienieh Zahra
20 KuramaaAL_Arab School for Boys
21 Goods Ala
22 Versus market Al-Haidariya
23 AL- Issawi for Construction Materials
24 Versus Advisory
25 One of the houses nearby
26 One of the houses nearby
27 Police station Al-Haidariya
28 One of the mosques
29 Park of Al-Zahra neighborhood
30 Mosque of Imam Ali
Figure 1: is Al-haidariya map indicating the locations models
Radium equivalent activity (Raeq):
Distribution of 238U, 232Th and 40K in environment is not
uniform, so that with respect to exposure to radiation, the
radioactivity has been defined in terms of radium
equivalent activity (Raeq) in Bq/kg [2]
(1)
Where AU ,ATh and AK are specific activity concentration
in Bq/kg of 238U 232Th and 40K, respectively. The index is
useful to compare the specific activity of materials
containing different concentrations of 238U,232Th and 40K.
The absorbed dose rate(AD):
The total dose rate D in the air was estimated by [6]:
(2)
The Annual Effective Dose:
The annual effective dose equivalent was given by the
following equation [7]
Indoor (mSvy) =
A D (nGy/h)×8760 h× 0.8 × 0.7 Sv/Gy× 10-6 (3)
Outdoor (mSvy) =
A D (nGy/h )×8760h×0.2 × 0.7 Sv/Gy× 10-6 (4)
External Hazard Index(Hex):
The external hazard index (Hex) was given by the
following equation[8]
H A U Th K
ex
H A U Th K
in (6)
Volume 3 Issue 10, October 2014
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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
A
4810
A
259
370
(5)
Internal Hazard Index (Hin):
The internal exposure to 222Rn and its radioactive progeny
is controlled by the internal hazard index (Hin) is given
by[9]
A
4810
A
259
185
Paper ID: OCT14487 1872
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Activity Concentration Index (Iγ):
The activity Concentration Index (Iγ) was given by the
following equation [10]
(7)
3. Results and Discussions
The specific activity values of 238U ,232Th and 40K
radionuclides for 30 soil sample are tabulated in table(2).
They have been found to lie in the range of (3.65±1.33;17
to 20.92±3.30;19) Bq/kg with an average of
9.37±4.41Bq/kg, from (1.98±1.14;12 to 15.87±3.24;4)
Bq/kg with an average 7.66±2.18Bq/kg and
(30.61±2.57;18 to 152.43±5.75;5) Bq/kg with an average
67.32±3.71Bq/kg for 238U ,232Th and 40K respectively .The
result shows that all values of 238U ,232Th and 40K specific
activity for all soil sample are in the worldwide average
(35Bq/kg for 238U , 30 Bq/kg for 232Th and 400 Bq/kg
for40K) [10,11]. The radium equivalent activities was
calculated and listed in table (2) .Ra eq values vary from
(13.74±4.12;11 to 48.72±8.08;19 ) Bq/ kg with average
value of (25.61±5.39) Bq/kg .The absorbed dose
rate(AD)calculated and listed in table (2) range from
(6.56±1.88;11 to 22.47±3.65;19) nGy/h with average
12.02±2.52nGy/h.It can seen be that the Ra eq values and
absorbed dose rate(AD) for all samples are lower than the
recommended worldwide [10,11].
Table 2: The absorbed dose rate, Radium equivalent Raeq and Activity concentration of (238U, 232Th and 40K) for samples
in depth (10-20) cm
Sample No. absorbed dose rate(AD)(nGy/h) Raeq(Bq/Kg) 232Th(Bq/Kg) 238U(Bq/Kg) 40K(Bq/Kg)
1 10.13±2.44 21.86±5.39 6.61±2.09 8.89±2.15 45.60±3.14
2 11.90±2.32 26.03±5.18 2.64±1.32 17.26±3.01 64.99±3.74
3 8.93±2.18 19.31±4.84 3.96±1.62 9.94±2.28 47.99±3.22
4 20.75±3.61 45.35±7.99 15.87±3.24 18.13±3.09 56.45±3.50
5 17.82±2.95 37.01±6.49 9.25±2.47 12.03±2.50 152.43±5.75
6 14.15±2.90 30.17±6.35 15.21±3.17 4.70±1.56 48.20±3.23
7 16.21±2.90 34.36±6.41 7.27±2.19 16.21±2.91 104.20±3.23
8 9.03±1.97 18.58±4.34 3.30±1.47 6.80±1.88 91.63±4.46
9 13.40±2.71 28.23±5.96 9.25±2.47 8.37±2.09 85.99±4.32
10 16.31±3.12 35.08±6.87 11.90±2.80 12.55±2.56 71.44±3.93
11 6.56±1.88 13.74±4.12 4.62±1.74 3.66±1.38 44.94±3.12
12 8.02±1.80 16.70±3.98 1.98±1.14 7.84±2.02 78.17±4.12
13 9.48±2.27 20.04±5.01 5.95±1.98 6.80±1.88 61.45±3.65
14 12.75±2.62 26.62±5.73 9.92±2.56 5.75±1.73 86.85±4.34
15 14.16±2.84 30.62±6.28 7.93±2.29 14.12±2.71 66.88±3.81
16 13.69±2.67 28.89±5.88 7.27±2.19 10.98±2.39 97.50±4.60
17 12.19±2.60 25.61±5.68 11.90±2.80 3.65±1.33 64.05±3.72
18 8.68±2.16 18.53±4.78 4.62±1.74 6.80±1.88 30.61±2.57
19 22.47±3.65 48.72±8.08 14.55±3.10 20.92±3.30 90.76±4.43
20 7.78±1.98 16.17±4.35 4.62±1.74 4.70±1.56 62.97±3.69
21 9.84±2.39 20.93±5.26 7.93±2.29 5.75±1.73 49.72±3.28
22 7.84±1.89 16.21±4.15 3.30±1.47 5.75±1.73 74.48±4.02
23 9.81±2.46 21.23±5.44 7.93±2.29 7.32±1.95 33.22±2.68
24 12.58±2.81 27.25±6.20 11.24±2.72 8.37±2.09 36.48±2.81
25 9.66±2.34 20.43±5.13 7.27±2.19 5.76±1.83 55.59±3.47
26 9.74±2.26 20.59±4.99 5.29±1.87 7.84±2.02 67.31±3.82
27 15.81±3.05 34.32±6.76 9.92±2.56 15.17±2.81 64.49±3.74
28 8.87±2.12 18.62±4.68 4.62±1.74 6.80±1.88 67.53±3.82
29 12.53±2.74 27.12±6.06 8.59±2.38 10.98±2.39 49.94±3.29
30 9.54±2.23 20.10±4.92 5.29±1.87 7.32±1.95 67.75±3.83
Min. 6.56±1.88 13.74±4.12 1.98±1.14 3.65±1.33 30.61±2.57
Max. 22.47±3.65 48.72±8.08 15.87±3.24 20.92±3.30 152.43±5.75
Average 12.02±2.52 25.61±5.39 7.66±2.18 9.37±4.41 67.32±3.71
The specific activity values of 238U ,232Th and 40K
radionuclides for 30 soil sample are tabulated in table(3).
They have been found to lie in the range of (1.04±0.73;3
to 35.05±4.28;4) Bq/kg with an average of
15.66±2.76Bq/kg, from (5.95±1.98;22 to 29.10±4.38;25)
Bq/kg with an average 13.59±2.93Bq/kg and
(40.17±2.95;24 to 152.43±5.75;5) Bq/kg with an average
77.39±4.05Bq/kg for 238U ,232Th and 40K respectively .The
result shows that all values of 238U ,232Th and 40K specific
activity for all soil sample are in the worldwide average
(35Bq/kg for 238U , 30 Bq/kg for 232Th and 400 Bq/kg
for40K) [10,11]. The radium equivalent activities was
calculated and listed in table (3) .Ra eq values vary from
(18.13±4.53;11 to 72.80±9.91;5 ) Bq/ kg with average
value of (41.07±7.30) Bq/kg .The absorbed dose
rate(AD)calculated and listed in table (3) range from
(8.72±2.09;3 to 34.09±4.51;5) nGy/h with average
19.01±3.28nGy/h.It can seen be that the Ra eq values and
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absorbed dose rate(AD) for all samples are lower than the
recommended worldwide [10,11].
Table 3: The absorbed dose rate, Radium equivalent Raeq and Activity concentration of (238U, 232Th and 40K) for samples
in depth (30-40)cm
Sample No. absorbed dose rate(nGy/h) Raeq(Bq/Kg) 232Th(Bq/Kg) 238U(Bq/Kg) 40K(Bq/Kg)
1 19.76±3.50 43.22±7.74 13.88±3.03 18.83±3.13 58.84±3.57
2 23.72±3.17 50.62±8.17 17.19±3.37 16.74±2.95 120.73±5.12
3 8.72±2.09 18.13±4.53 9.25±2.47 1.04±0.73 49.94±3.29
4 26.42±3.98 58.95±8.87 13.88±3.03 35.05±4.28 52.55±3.37
5 34.09±4.51 72.80±9.91 28.43±4.33 20.40±3.26 152.43±5.75
6 27.65±4.20 60.35±9.28 23.14±3.91 21.97±3.39 68.61±3.86
7 22.98±3.51 49.98±7.81 9.92±2.56 27.20±3.77 111.61±4.92
8 15.42±2.93 33.38±6.50 7.93±2.29 16.21±2.91 75.56±4.05
9 17.01±3.01 36.47±6.64 7.93±2.29 17.26±3.01 102.06±4.70
10 22.20±3.66 48.58±8.11 13.88±3.03 23.01±3.47 74.04±4.01
11 14.50±2.97 31.31±6.56 11.24±2.72 10.98±2.39 55.15±3.46
12 22.43±3.72 48.26±8.19 20.50±3.68 13.07±2.61 79.21±4.06
13 17.57±3.23 38.17±7.15 11.24±2.72 16.74±2.95 69.48±3.88
14 25.78±3.97 55.44±8.74 21.82±3.79 16.47±2.95 97.28±4.59
15 19.90±3.40 43.10±7.53 11.90±2.80 19.35±3.18 87.29±4.35
16 15.28±3.05 33.28±6.76 10.58±2.64 14.12±2.71 52.33±3.37
17 15.18±2.99 32.28±6.55 13.22±2.95 7.84±2.02 71.65±3.94
18 13.35±2.68 28.40±5.92 7.27±2.19 11.50±2.45 84.25±4.27
19 17.83±3.23 37.95±7.11 14.55±3.10 10.46±2.33 86.85±4.34
20 10.80±2.42 22.72±5.32 7.27±2.19 6.80±1.88 71.65±3.94
21 18.57±3.37 39.89±7.42 16.53±3.30 10.98±2.39 68.40±3.85
22 11.57±2.42 24.27±5.33 5.95±1.98 8.89±2.15 89.24±4.40
23 12.40±2.76 26.94±6.11 9.25±2.47 10.46±2.33 42.12±3.02
24 19.58±3.56 42.85±7.86 17.19±3.37 15.17±2.81 40.17±2.95
25 31.14±4.44 67.44±9.78 29.10±4.38 19.35±3.19 84.03±4.27
26 16.54±3.07 35.42±6.78 10.58±2.64 13.60±2.66 86.85±4.34
27 20.19±3.50 43.87±7.73 13.88±3.03 18.31±3.09 74.04±4.01
28 14.97±2.89 32.32±6.40 7.93±2.29 15.17±2.18 75.35±4.04
29 19.34±3.45 42.10±7.62 13.88±3.03 17.26±3.01 64.71±3.74
30 15.64±2.97 33.80±6.58 8.59±2.38 15.69±2.86 75.56±4.05
Min. 8.72±2.09 18.13±4.53 5.95±1.98 1.04±0.73 40.17±2.95
Max. 34.09±4.51 72.80±9.91 29.10±4.38 35.05±4.28 152.43±5.75
Average 19.01±3.28 41.07±7.30 13.59±2.93 15.66±2.76 77.39±4.05
The Indoor and Outdoor Annual Effective Dose, Activity
Concentration Index (Iγ),External hazard index (Hex) and
Internal hazard index (Hin) are calculated and listed in
table (4) The Indoor Effective Dose range from
(0.0321±0.0092;11 to 0.1102±0.0179;19) μSv/y with
average 0.0589±0.0123 μSv/y, the Outdoor Annual
Effective Dose rang are from (0.0080±0.0023;11 to
0.0275±0.0044;19) (μSv/y) with average
0.0147±0.0030(μSv/y) all the soil samples have the annual
effective dose less than the world average 460 (μSv/y)
[10,11], Representative level index (Iγ) range from
(0.1006±0.0288;11 to 0.3455±0.0560;19) with average
0.1848±0.0387, External hazard index (Hex) range from
(0.0371±0.0111;11 to 0.1316±0.0218;19) with average
0.0691±0.0150 and Internal hazard index (Hin) range
from (0.0470±0.0148;11 to 0.1881±0.0307;19) with
average 0.0946±0.0208. External and internal hazard and
gamma activity concentration were lower than unity
according to the Radiation Protection 112 [10].
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5. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
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Table 4: External hazard index(Hex),internal hazard index (Hin),the annual effective dose and activity concentration index (Iγ)
in depth (10-20) cm
Sample No. Activity Concentration Index (Iγ)Internal Hazard Index (Hin) External Hazard Index(Hex) Effective dose rate . 1 mSv yr
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Indoor Outdoor
1 0.1558±0.0373 0.0830±0.0203 0.0590±0.0145 0.0497±0.0119 0.0124±0.0029
2 0.1846±0.0357 0.1169±0.0221 0.0703±0.0140 0.0584±0.0113 0.0146±0.0028
3 0.1379±0.0335 0.0790±0.0192 0.0521±0.0130 0.0438±0.0107 0.0109±0.0026
4 0.3184±0.0553 0.1720±0.0299 0.1225±0.0216 0.1018±0.0177 0.0254±0.0044
5 0.2744±0.0453 0.1324±0.0243 0.0999±0.0175 0.0874±0.0145 0.0218±0.0036
6 0.2156±0.0443 0.0942±0.0214 0.0814±0.01710.0694±0.0142 0.0173±0.0035
7 0.2502±0.0445 0.1373±0.0252 0.0935±0.0173 0.0795±0.0142 0.0198±0.0035
8 0.1395±0.0303 0.0685±0.0168 0.0502±0.0117 0.0443±0.0096 0.0110±0.0024
9 0.2057±0.0415 0.0988±0.0217 0.0762±0.0161 0.0657±0.0133 0.0164±0.0033
10 0.2503±0.0477 0.1286±0.0255 0.0947±0.0185 0.0800±0.0153 0.0200±0.0038
11 0.1006±0.0288 0.0470±0.0148 0.0371±0.0111 0.0321±0.0092 0.0080±0.0023
12 0.1242±0.0277 0.0663±0.0162 0.0451±0.0107 0.0393±0.0088 0.0098±0.0022
13 0.1458±0.0348 0.0725±0.0186 0.0541±0.0135 0.0465±0.0111 0.0116±0.0027
14 0.1954±0.0400 0.0874±0.0201 0.0719±0.0154 0.0625±0.0128 0.0156±0.0032
15 0.2181±0.0435 0.1209±0.0243 0.0827±0.0169 0.0694±0.0139 0.0173±0.0034
16 0.2109±0.0409 0.1077±0.0223 0.0780±0.0159 0.0672±0.0131 0.0168±0.0032
17 0.1861±0.0397 0.0790±0.0190 0.0691±0.0153 0.0598±0.0127 0.0149±0.0031
18 0.1337±0.0332 0.0712±0.0184 0.0500±0.0129 0.0426±0.0106 0.0106±0.0026
19 0.3455±0.0560 0.1881±0.0307 0.1316±0.0218 0.1102±0.0179 0.0275±0.0044
20 0.1196±0.0304 0.0564±0.0160 0.0436±0.0117 0.0381±0.0097 0.0095±0.0024
21 0.1508±0.0366 0.0720±0.0189 0.0565±0.0142 0.0483±0.0117 0.0120±0.0029
22 0.1210±0.0290 0.0593±0.0159 0.0438±0.0112 0.0385±0.0092 0.0096±0.0023
23 0.1503±0.0377 0.0771±0.0199 0.0573±0.0146 0.0481±0.0121 0.0120±0.0030
24 0.1925±0.0430 0.0962±0.0224 0.0736±0.0167 0.0617±0.0138 0.0154±0.0034
25 0.1481±0.0358 0.0707±0.0185 0.0552±0.0138 0.0474±0.0114 0.0118±0.0028
26 0.1501±0.0347 0.0768±0.0189 0.0556±0.0134 0.0478±0.0111 0.0119±0.0027
27 0.2433±0.0468 0.1337±0.0258 0.0927±0.0182 0.0776±0.0150 0.0194±0.0037
28 0.1366±0.0326 0.0686±0.0177 0.0502±0.0126 0.0435±0.0104 0.0108±0.0026
29 0.1925±0.0420 0.1029±0.0228 0.0732±0.0163 0.0614±0.0134 0.0153±0.0033
30 0.1469±0.0343 0.0741±0.0186 0.0543±0.0133 0.0468±0.0109 0.0117±0.0027
Min. 0.1006±0.0288 0.0470±0.0148 0.0371±0.0111 0.0321±0.0092 0.0080±0.0023
Max. 0.3455±0.0560 0.1881±0.0307 0.1316±0.0218 0.1102±0.0179 0.0275±0.0044
Average 0.1848±0.0387 0.0946±0.0208 0.0691±0.0150 0.0589±0.0123 0.0147±0.0030
The Indoor and Outdoor Annual Effective Dose, Activity
Concentration Index (Iγ),External hazard index (Hex) and
Internal hazard index (Hin) are calculated and listed in
table (5) The Indoor Effective Dose range from
(0.0427±0.0102;3 to 0.1672±0.0221;5) μSv/y with
average 0.0932±0.0161μSv/y, the Outdoor Annual
Effective Dose rang are from (0.0106±0.0025;3 to
0.0418±0.0055;5) (μSv/y) with average 0.0232±0.0039
(μSv/y) all the soil samples have the annual effective dose
less than the world average 460 (μSv/y) [10,11],
Representative level index (Iγ) range from
(0.1328±0.0318;3 to 0.5220±0.0689;5) with average
0.2920±0.0506, External hazard index (Hex) range from
(0.0489±0.0122;3 to 0.1966±0.0267;5) with average
0.1109±0.0196 and Internal hazard index (Hin) range
from (0.0517±0.0142;3 to 0.2540±0.0355;4) with average
0.1532±0.0331. External and internal hazard and gamma
activity concentration were lower than unity according to
the Radiation Protection 112 [10].
Paper ID: OCT14487 1875
6. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Table 5: External hazard index(Hex),internal hazard index (Hin),the annual effective dose and activity concentration index (Iγ)
in depth (30-40) cm
Sample No. Activity Concentration Index (Iγ) Internal Hazard Index (Hin) External Hazard Index(Hex) Effective dose rate . 1 mSv yr
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Indoor Outdoor
1 0.3036±0.0536 0.1676±0.0294 0.1167±0.0209 0.0969±0.0171 0.0242±0.0042
2 0.3640±0.0568 0.1819±0.0300 0.1367±0.0220 0.1163±0.0182 0.0290±0.0045
3 0.1328±0.0318 0.0517±0.0142 0.0489±0.0122 0.0427±0.0102 0.0106±0.0025
4 0.4076±0.0611 0.2540±0.0355 0.1592±0.0239 0.1296±0.0195 0.0324±0.0048
5 0.5220±0.0689 0.2517±0.0356 0.1966±0.0267 0.1672±0.0221 0.0418±0.0055
6 0.4237±0.0643 0.2224±0.0342 0.1630±0.0250 0.1356±0.0206 0.0339±0.0051
7 0.3549±0.0540 0.2085±0.2085 0.1350±0.0211 0.1127±0.0172 0.0281±0.0043
8 0.2378±0.0450 0.1340±0.0254 0.0901±0.0175 0.0756±0.0143 0.0189±0.0035
9 0.2625±0.0460 0.1451±0.0260 0.0985±0.0179 0.0834±0.0147 0.0208±0.0036
10 0.3417±0.0561 0.1934±0.0312 0.1312±0.0219 0.1089±0.0179 0.0272±0.0044
11 0.2224±0.0455 0.1142±0.0242 0.0845±0.0177 0.0711±0.0146 0.0177±0.0036
12 0.3430±0.0569 0.1657±0.0292 0.1303±0.0221 0.1100±0.0182 0.0275±0.0045
13 0.2703±0.0495 0.1483±0.0273 0.1031±0.0193 0.0862±0.0158 0.0215±0.0039
14 0.3947±0.0607 0.1949±0.0316 0.1497±0.0236 0.1264±0.0195 0.0316±0.0048
15 0.3062±0.0521 0.1687±0.0289 0.1164±0.0203 0.0976±0.0166 0.0244±0.0041
16 0.2348±0.0468 0.1280±0.0256 0.0899±0.0182 0.0749±0.0149 0.0187±0.0037
17 0.2323±0.0457 0.1083±0.0231 0.0871±0.0177 0.0745±0.0146 0.0186±0.0036
18 0.2056±0.0411 0.1078±0.0226 0.0767±0.0159 0.0655±0.0131 0.0163±0.0032
19 0.2731±0.0495 0.1307±0.0255 0.1025±0.0192 0.0874±0.0158 0.0218±0.0039
20 0.1658±0.0371 0.0797±0.0194 0.0613±0.0143 0.0529±0.0119 0.0132±0.0029
21 0.2841±0.0516 0.1374±0.0265 0.1077±0.0200 0.0911±0.0165 0.0227±0.0041
22 0.1783±0.0371 0.0896±0.0202 0.0655±0.0144 0.0567±0.0118 0.0141±0.0029
23 0.1904±0.0423 0.1010±0.0228 0.0727±0.0165 0.0608±0.0135 0.0152±0.0033
24 0.2998±0.0544 0.1567±0.0288 0.1157±0.0212 0.0960±0.0174 0.0240±0.0043
25 0.4760±0.0679 0.2344±0.0350 0.1821±0.0264 0.1527±0.0218 0.0381±0.0054
26 0.2544±0.0471 0.1324±0.0255 0.0956±0.0183 0.0811±0.0150 0.0202±0.0037
27 0.3103±0.0536 0.1679±0.0292 0.1185±0.0209 0.0990±0.0171 0.0247±0.0042
28 0.2307±0.0443 0.1283±0.0249 0.0873±0.0173 0.0734±0.0141 0.0183±0.0035
29 0.2971±0.0528 0.1604±0.0287 0.1137±0.0206 0.0949±0.0169 0.0237±0.0042
30 0.2409±0.0456 0.1337±0.0255 0.0913±0.0177 0.0767±0.0146 0.0191±0.0036
Min. 0.1328±0.0318 0.0517±0.0142 0.0489±0.0122 0.0427±0.0102 0.0106±0.0025
Max. 0.5220±0.0689 0.2540±0.0355 0.1966±0.0267 0.1672±0.0221 0.0418±0.0055
Average 0.2920±0.0506 0.1532±0.0331 0.1109±0.0196 0.0932±0.0161 0.0232±0.0039
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Paper ID: OCT14487 1876