Lecture: The world over we create a lot of bio degradable waste. Many of our traditional methods of dumping these wastes into seas of hole in the ground are closing. We need better and we need to take care of the environment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a 'systems theory' method that accounts for the environment by taking a cradle to grave view of changed products and processes and accounting for all inputs and outputs across the system boundary. I present case studies and some of the ideas and insights in modelling them and what has been learned about the systems
Scientists have identified this commonly used sealcoat as a major source of dangerous chemicals in streams and lakes, and as a significant health risk to the public, especially young children. These chemicals, which will are discussed in depth in the webinar, are found in the sediments of nearby lakes and streams from pavements coated with this type of product.
Our expert speaker is Dr. Barbara Mahler, a Research Hydrologist with the USGS at the Texas Water Science Center. She is part of the Contaminant Trends in Lake Sediments (CTLS) team, which uses cores of sediments from lakes to reconstruct the contaminant histories of watersheds.
An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previ...SIANI
By Åsa Kasimir, Jessica Coria, Hongxing He, Xiangping Liu, Anna Nordén and Magnus Svensson, at the young researchers meeting on multifunctional landscapes, Gothenburg June 7-8, 2016.
Manure Application Method and Timing Effects on Emission of Ammonia and Nitro...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67611
We conducted a field study on corn to evaluate the effect of liquid dairy manure applied pre-plant (injection or surface broadcast with immediate or 3-day disk incorporation) or sidedressed at 6-leaf stage (injected or surface-applied) on emission of NH3 and N2O. Manure was applied at a rate of 6500 gal/acre, which supplied an average of 150 lb/acre of total N and 65 lb/acre of NH4-N. Ammonia emission was measured for 3 days after manure application using the dynamic chamber/equilibrium concentration technique, and N2O flux was quantified using the static chamber method at intervals of 3 to 14 days throughout the season. Ammonia-N losses were typically 30 to 50 lb/acre from pre-plant surface application, most of the loss occurring in the first 6 to 12 hours after application. Emission rates were reduced 60-80% by quick incorporation and over 90% by injection. Losses of N2O were relatively low (1 lb/acre or less annually), but pronounced peaks of N2O flux occurred from either pre-plant or sidedress injected manure in different years. Results show that NH3 emission from manure can be reduced substantially by injection or quick incorporation, but there may be some tradeoff with N2O flux from injection.
The role of nitrous oxide in the agricultural greenhouse gas budget, with foc...Sustainable Food Trust
Ute Skiba's presentation from the Sustainable Food Trust's meeting: What role for grazing livestock in a world of climate change and diet-related disease?
Scientists have identified this commonly used sealcoat as a major source of dangerous chemicals in streams and lakes, and as a significant health risk to the public, especially young children. These chemicals, which will are discussed in depth in the webinar, are found in the sediments of nearby lakes and streams from pavements coated with this type of product.
Our expert speaker is Dr. Barbara Mahler, a Research Hydrologist with the USGS at the Texas Water Science Center. She is part of the Contaminant Trends in Lake Sediments (CTLS) team, which uses cores of sediments from lakes to reconstruct the contaminant histories of watersheds.
An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previ...SIANI
By Åsa Kasimir, Jessica Coria, Hongxing He, Xiangping Liu, Anna Nordén and Magnus Svensson, at the young researchers meeting on multifunctional landscapes, Gothenburg June 7-8, 2016.
Manure Application Method and Timing Effects on Emission of Ammonia and Nitro...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67611
We conducted a field study on corn to evaluate the effect of liquid dairy manure applied pre-plant (injection or surface broadcast with immediate or 3-day disk incorporation) or sidedressed at 6-leaf stage (injected or surface-applied) on emission of NH3 and N2O. Manure was applied at a rate of 6500 gal/acre, which supplied an average of 150 lb/acre of total N and 65 lb/acre of NH4-N. Ammonia emission was measured for 3 days after manure application using the dynamic chamber/equilibrium concentration technique, and N2O flux was quantified using the static chamber method at intervals of 3 to 14 days throughout the season. Ammonia-N losses were typically 30 to 50 lb/acre from pre-plant surface application, most of the loss occurring in the first 6 to 12 hours after application. Emission rates were reduced 60-80% by quick incorporation and over 90% by injection. Losses of N2O were relatively low (1 lb/acre or less annually), but pronounced peaks of N2O flux occurred from either pre-plant or sidedress injected manure in different years. Results show that NH3 emission from manure can be reduced substantially by injection or quick incorporation, but there may be some tradeoff with N2O flux from injection.
The role of nitrous oxide in the agricultural greenhouse gas budget, with foc...Sustainable Food Trust
Ute Skiba's presentation from the Sustainable Food Trust's meeting: What role for grazing livestock in a world of climate change and diet-related disease?
Dr Bill Slattery of the Department of Climate Change explains the 'whole cycle' greenhouse gas accounting for enterprises which on the evidence - offers carbon farmers hope that a proper accounting for the volumes of soil C they can sequester, they will always be net sinks.
This is a presentation made by David Newman, Vice president of ISWA, at the “ISWA Beacon Conference on Globalisation, Urban Metabolism and Waste Management” held on 3 & 4 of July 2012 in Singapore. The presentation is divided in two parts (Part A & Part B). Part A presents global factors, data and environmental aspects related to waste management while Part B identifies local actions on waste management with global effects.
Agroforestry is such a profitable and productive land use that it is always a puzzle that it does not spread more widely. In this talk, given to the coordination committee of COPA COGECA in Brussels, Patrick Worms explores the steps that need to be taken to ensure that Europe's farmers benefit from agroforestry's bounty. No surprises here: European policy, and in particular the Common Agricultural Policy, need to change.
An outline of the Public Relations Manager role and the nature of PR within District 71 of Toastmasters International. Delivered at District Officer Training June 16 & 17 2018
Dr Bill Slattery of the Department of Climate Change explains the 'whole cycle' greenhouse gas accounting for enterprises which on the evidence - offers carbon farmers hope that a proper accounting for the volumes of soil C they can sequester, they will always be net sinks.
This is a presentation made by David Newman, Vice president of ISWA, at the “ISWA Beacon Conference on Globalisation, Urban Metabolism and Waste Management” held on 3 & 4 of July 2012 in Singapore. The presentation is divided in two parts (Part A & Part B). Part A presents global factors, data and environmental aspects related to waste management while Part B identifies local actions on waste management with global effects.
Agroforestry is such a profitable and productive land use that it is always a puzzle that it does not spread more widely. In this talk, given to the coordination committee of COPA COGECA in Brussels, Patrick Worms explores the steps that need to be taken to ensure that Europe's farmers benefit from agroforestry's bounty. No surprises here: European policy, and in particular the Common Agricultural Policy, need to change.
An outline of the Public Relations Manager role and the nature of PR within District 71 of Toastmasters International. Delivered at District Officer Training June 16 & 17 2018
2017 02-22 university of essex speechcraft preparation_and_practiceDaniel Sandars
A 20 minute presentation on preparation and practice for public speaking given on the 22nd Feb 2017 to the Speechcraft students at the University of Essex. The Speechcraft is co hosted between the University's Public Speaking Society and Camulodunum Speakers club
Speech Topics: Creating and Breaking the Paradox of ChoiceDaniel Sandars
A talk for Toastmasters at Cranfield Speakers club on 30th November 2016. It is for the Advanced Manual "Speaking to Inform" Project 4 The Fact-Finding Report. I look at how tools and techniques to create potential speech topics and then select down to the most promising with a little help against procrastination.
Cranfield Speakers Club: The Area Director's perspectiveDaniel Sandars
Delivered to fulfil the requirements of the Toastmasters International Advanced Communication Manual "Speaking to Inform" Project 1 "The Speech to Inform"
Making Better Decisions: Operational ResearchDaniel Sandars
Designed to motivate potential A level maths students to study the further maths and decision maths option. Delivered at Denbigh School, Milton Keynes 6th July 2016 as a volunteer in the Operational Research Society OR in Schools programme (http://www.theorsociety.com/Pages/PromotingInvesting/ORinSchools.aspx). The session was lead by the Further Maths Support Program (www.furthermaths.org.uk).
A talk given at Cranfield Speakers club (Toastmasters International) on the 22nd June 2016. It is my fifth and final project from the Advanced manual on Technical presentations. The purpose is to show demonstrate that the internet can be usefully used to support a technical talk. In this talk I help public speakers to get to know their audiences better.
A comparison of greenhouse gases emmisions from dairy farms using four system...Daniel Sandars
Given on the 16th June at FACCE-JPI Macsur LiveM conference "Modelling Grassland-Livestock Systems under Climate Change" 15-16th June, Potsdam, Germany
Farm systems modelling is an important tool to quantify and understanding the impacts of management decisions on farm productivity and environmental burdens, such as greenhouse gas emissions.
Predicted emission intensity varied little between models, from 0.98 to 1.02 carbon dioxide equivalents (kg milk)-1, corresponding to a variation of about ±5%. This similarity disguised much larger variations in the underlying sources. For the two largest sources (enteric methane and soil nitrous oxide), which accounted for on average 55% and 26% of the total GHG emissions respectively. The differences and limitations of the inter-comparison are discussed and ways forward are suggested.
A comparison of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms by four syste...Daniel Sandars
A talk given at Camulodunum Speakers, Colchester 23/5/2016. A Toastmasters International Club. It was for Project 4 of the advanced manual on Technical Presentations. It was a practice run for a speech to be delivered in Potsdam in June at the LiveM meeting of the Macsur2 Knowledge Hub. http://macsur.eu/
Toastmasters High performance Leadership Project 5: Analysing and presenting your results. Time allowed 5-7 mins. Delivered Cranfield Speakers Club 27th April 2016
Transcript, Blog notes, Jokes and feedback are here http://www.quests.bluedance.org.uk/2016/04/what-i-learned-from-managing-speechcraft/
A comparison of farm-scale models to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from d...Daniel Sandars
Title: A comparison of farm-scale models to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms in Europe
Authors:
Nicholas Hutchings1 Daniel Sandars2, Şeyda Özkan3 Michel de Haan4
Affiliations:
1Dept. of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
2Institute for Environment, Health, Risk and Futures, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood (SEEA), Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
3Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
4Wageningen UR Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
Email: Nick.Hutchings@agro.au.dk
Abstract: Farm-scale models quantify the cycling of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) so are powerful tools for assessing the impact of management-related decisions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially on dairy cattle farms, where the internal cycling is particularly important. Farm models range in focus (economic, environmental) and the detail with which they represent C and N cycling. We compared four models from this range in terms of on-farm production and emissions of GHGs, using standardized scenarios. The models compared were SFarMod, DairyWise, FarmAC and HolosNor. The scenarios compared were based on two soil types (sandy clay versus heavy clay), two roughage systems (grass only versus grass and maize), and two climate types (Eindhoven versus Santander). Standard farm characteristics were; area (50 ha), milk yield (7000 kg/head/year), fertiliser (275 kg N and 150 kg N/ha/year for grass and maize, respectively). Potential yields for grass 10t dry matter (DM)/ha/year in both areas, maize 14 t DM/ha/ year in Eindhoven and 18t DM/ha/ year in Santander. The import of animal feed and the export/import manure and forages was minimized. Similar total farm direct GHG emissions for all models disguised a variation between models in the contribution of the different on-farm sources. There were large differences between models in the predictions of indirect GHG emission from nitrate leaching. Results could be explained by differences between models in the assumptions made and detail with which underlying processes were represented. We conclude that the choice of an appropriate farm model is highly dependent upon the role it should play and the context within which it will operate, so the current diversity of farm models will continue into the future.
1. Presentation type preference: Oral
2. The session at which I would prefer to present:
Day 2 sessions
Live M Theme
Farm-scale modelling
Understanding Europe’s future ability to feed itself within an uncertain clim...Daniel Sandars
Title: Understanding Europe’s future ability to feed itself within an uncertain climate change and socio economic scenario space
Authors: Sandars DL, Audsley E, Holman IP
Affiliations: Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK;
Email: Daniel.sandars@cranfield.ac.uk
Abstract: Europe’s ability to feed its population depends on the balance of agricultural productivity (yields and land suitability) and demand which are affected by future climate and socio-economic change (arising from changing food demand; prices; technology change etc). Land use under 2050 climate change and socio-economic scenarios can be rapidly and systematically quantified with a modelling system that has been developed from meta-models of optimal cropping and crop and forest yields derived from the outputs of the previously developed complex models (Audsley et al; 2015). Profitability of each possible land use is modelled for every soil in every grid across the EU. Land use in a grid is then allocated based on profit thresholds set for intensive agriculture extensive agriculture, managed forest and finally unmanaged forest or unmanaged land. The European demand for food as a function of population, imports, food preferences and bioenergy, is a production constraint, as is irrigation water available. The model iterates until demand is satisfied (or cannot be met at any price). Results are presented as contour plots of key variables. For example, given a 40% increase in population from the baseline socio-economic scenario, adapting by increasing crop yields by 40% will leave a 38% probability that the 2050 future climate will be such that we cannot feed ourselves – considering “all” the possible climate scenarios.
Audsley E, Trnka M, Sabate S, Maspons J, Sanchez A, Sandars D, Balek J, Pearn K (2015) Interactively modelling land profitability to estimate European agricultural and forest land use under future scenarios of climate, socio-economics and adaptation. Climatic Change 128:215–227 DOI 10.1007/s10584-014-1164-6
Presentation type preference: Oral
Session: Economics in modelling climate change and agriculture
An agriculturalist's operational research career perspectiveDaniel Sandars
See the notes tab for annotations! A 25 minute career perspective given to 6th form Maths A-Level students at Kimberley College/ Wootton Academy, Bedfordshire
Synergies between mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change in grassland-ba...Daniel Sandars
http://www.egf2014.org/programme/presentations/Session4%20plenary%20DelPrado.pdf
Agustin DEL PRADO agustin.delprado@bc3research.org
Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)
Agnes Van den Pol-van Dasselaar Wageningen UR
David Chadwick Bangor University
Tom Misselbrook North Wyke, Rothamsted Res.
Daniel Sandars Cranfield University
Eric Audsley Cranfield University
Rosa María Mosquera-Losada USC
Lecture: Introduction to Linear Programming for Natural Resource Economists a...Daniel Sandars
The first hour lecture I give when introducing Linear Programming to MSc students studying 1) landscape ecology and 2) Economics and natural resource management. The second hour I give them hands on experience with Excel and its Solver. The final hour is taken up with real world application case-studies.
As a footnote what I notice is that my style of preparing presentation is evolving alongside my membership of Toastmasters International. These slides are far too wordy and simply list the words I want to say rather than illustrate the concept I am get across. Change required but power point slides still need to read well and be comprehensible for those students that don't show to hear me present.
Populations and sustainability :- FisheriesDaniel Sandars
An hour long lecture on the role of Management and Operational Research in the governance of global fisheries. Global fisheries, like many open access natural resources, suffer for a tragedy of the commons effect. Population dynamic modelling can help provide the insights and understanding necessary to achieve sustainability.
Poster "Agricultural systems modelling coupled with Environmental Life Cycle ...Daniel Sandars
Presented at: The LiveM conference in Bilbao, which took place between 14th and 16th of October 2014 at the Maritime Museum on the banks of the Nervión-Ibaizabal estuary, bringing together around 45 MACSUR researchers from LiveM, CropM and TradeM, as well as representatives of ATF (Animal Task Force), EAAP (European Federation of Animal Science), the GRA Animal Health and GHG Emissions Intensity Network, AgMIP (Agricultural Modelling Improvement Programme) and the SOLID (Sustainable, Organic and Low Input Dairying) project.
Simulating Optimal future land use in the Nordic areaDaniel Sandars
Presented at: TradeM International Workshop
Hurdal (near Oslo) Norway - 25-27 November 2014
25-27 November 2014, Hurdal (near Oslo), Norway Economics of integrated assessment approaches for agriculture and the food sector
The LiveM theme of the FACCE-JPI MACSUR Knowledge Hub brings together 30 institutes from 14 European countries with expertise in a diverse range of disciplines, from grassland and farm-scale modelling through to livestock disease and health research.
Climate change, food security, and agricultural production interact in complex ways. A major challenge for scientists is to understand and assess the biological, economic, and ecological interdependencies in the context of climate change and food security. More and better knowledge is necessary to aid politicians, stakeholders and farmers in their decisions.
The event has four major goals:
• to critically discuss the state-of-the-art and future perspectives of integrated assessment approaches
• to study and assess examples of applied modelling approaches integrating crop, livestock, and economic models
• to foster international collaboration in the research areas of food security, climate change, and agrosystem modelling
• to plan and identify next steps to achieve TradeM contributions to MACSUR goals
Keynote-speaker: John Antle (Oregon State University), and co-leader of the Economics Team of AgMIP
Analysing the efficiency of energy use on farms using Data Envelopment Analys...Daniel Sandars
We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to investigate the efficiency of fossil energy usage of farms in England and Wales. We find that DEA identifies the outliers in the sample for cross checking the data quality as well as finding peer groups from which farmers can benchmark their own improvements. I gave the presentation to the department of land economy at the University of Cambridge.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Lecture:Organic/Bio waste Life Cycle Assessment case studies
1. Organic-Waste LCA
Case Studies
11th December 2014
Daniel Sandars,
daniel.sandars@cranfield.ac.uk
IHREF, School of Applied Sciences
Evaluating Sustainability:
Waste management
case studies in LCA
2. Waste in Europe
Population 500 million
Municipal solid waste 3 billion tonnes (10-25% organic)
Sewage sludge 9 million dry tonnes
Livestock population 136 million livestock units
136 million dry tonnes slurry/manure
6. The System
Environment
The Functional Unit
Natural resource
consumption
Inputs to
farming
Synthetic inputs
to farming
Losses to the
environment
Production System
Nutrients
recycled
The slurry and solid manure
handling chain
Animal
1 tonne lean pig meat
Fertilisers
Feed
Bedding
Waste
to land
Land Cropping
Waste
management
Emissions
to water
Emissions
to air
Land
degradation
Consumable
resources
Energy
7. The System
Environment
The Functional Unit
Natural resource
consumption
Inputs to
farming
Synthetic inputs
to farming
Losses to the
environment
Production System
Nutrients
recycled
The slurry and solid manure
handling chain
Animal
1 tonne lean pig meat
Fertilisers
Feed
Bedding
Waste
to land
Land Cropping
Waste
management
Emissions
to water
Emissions
to air
Land
degradation
Consumable
resources
Energy
12. Reference system
• Start with a typical system as a reference
– Pigs on slatted floor
– Uncovered storage
– Splash plate spreading on arable
• Functional Unit(s)
– 1 tonne of pigmeat
– 1 dry tonne organic waste? 100,000 population
equivalent? 1 ha?
13.
14.
15. Weighting Factors
Impact Unit UK 1998
Global Warming Potential 100yr, kg CO2 Equ 7.48E+11
Eutrophication, kg PO4 Equ 4.60E+7
Acidification, kg SO2 Equ 3.89E+9
Photo Chemical Oxide Formation, kg Ethyl Equ 2.11E+9
Source: Department of the Environment Transport and Regions (1988)
17. Uncertainty
• What does slurry injection can result in up
to 85% ammonia abatement mean in
practice, most of the time? Why say it?
• Heterogeneity (variability)
• Climatic and environmental uncertainty
• Measurement error and incomplete
knowledge
18. Uncertainty
• What does a claim of up to 85% reduction in
ammonia emissions mean?
• Uncertainty can be due to measurement
difficulties or chance conditions
• The LCA requires well rounded management
averages. It is the uncertainty of this mean rather
than the population that we use.
• To be worthwhile, the benefits of a technique need
to be due to more than random chance.
23. Holsworthy CAD
• 12,100 t CO2 eqv reduction of global warming (100
years)
• 48 t NO3 eqv eutrophication reduction
• 310 t SO2 eqv acidification increase
• 59 t PO4 eqv habitat nutrification increase
Unfortunately the later two are the more sensitive
impacts where agriculture’s contribution is
proportionally greater
24. Controlling the N
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
-0.005
-0.010
-0.015
-0.020
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Abatement of digestate NH3 landspreading losses
t/kt Western European Impacts
Global Warming Normal
Acidification Normal
Eutrophication Normal
Fig. 6.6 LCA predictions of the overall effects abating ammonia losses from land spreading of
digestate on Global Warming, Acidification and Eutrophication, each normalised with respect to
current Western European environmental emissions inventory (Anon, 2005)
25. • 1. Reduce the volume of sewage sludge
produced
• 2. Improve sewage sludge treatment
• 3. Develop a high quality sewage sludge based
fertiliser product
• 4. Improve the energy efficiency of waste water
treatment
26.
27. • Three median…representative systems are defined
• A On-site sludge treatment c. 5k person
equivalents
• B Small scale centralised with 50% of sludge
imported c. 75 k person equivalents
• C Large scale centralised with 50% of sludge
imported c. 200 k person equivalents
• When multiplied/scaled up these will be
representative of approximately 80% of the European
Union (Geographical scope)