This document provides an overview of maglev and hyperloop transportation technologies. It discusses how maglev trains use magnetic levitation to float above a guideway, with two main types being electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS). The hyperloop concept proposes using linear induction motors and air bearings in low pressure tubes to enable passenger or cargo capsules to travel at faster-than-airline speeds. Key components of a hyperloop system include the low pressure tube, capsules for passengers/cargo, propulsion via linear accelerators along the tube, and an air bearing suspension system to support the capsules with minimal friction.

2. Introduction
Maglev technology
Propulsion system
Hyerloop
Kantrowitz limit
Components of hyperloop
Air bearings
High speed rail vs hyperloop

3. INTRODUCTION
High speed rail or Bullet train is a system of transportation that
uses magnetic levitation to suspend, guide and propel vehicles
from magnets rather than using mechanical methods, such as
friction-reliant wheels, axles.
Maglev is short form of Magnetic Levitation in which trains
float on a guideway using the principle of magnetic repulsion.
However, instead of using permanent magnets, the principle of
electromagnetism is used to create strong and large temporary
magnets. When an electric current is passed through a coil of
wire, magnetic field is generated around the coil according to
Faraday's laws.

4. The magnetized coil running along the track, called
a guideway, allowing the train to levitate between 0.6-6
cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power
is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create
a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the
train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to
the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to
change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change
in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to
pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind
the train adds more forward thrust

5. There are two primary types of maglev
technology:
1. Electromagnetic suspension (EMS)
2. Electrodynamic suspension (EDS)
MAGLEV TECHNOLOGY

6. EMS EDS
PRINCIPLE Electromagnetic
suspension is
attractive type
magnetic leviation.
The system is
typically arranged on
a series of C-shaped
arms, with the upper
portion of the arm
attached to the
vehicle, and the lower
inside edge containing
the magnets. The rail
is situated between
the upper and lower
edges.
Electrodynamic
suspension is a form
magnetic leviation in
which there
superconductors are
exposed to time-
varying magnetic
fields. This
induces eddy
currents in the
conductors that
creates a
repulsive magnetic
field which holds the
two objects apart.

7. PROPULSION
 The system consists of aluminum three-phase cable windings in the
stator packs that are on the guideway
 When a current is supplied to the windings, it creates a traveling
alternating current that propels the train forward by pushing and pulling.
 When the alternating current is reversed, the train brakes.
 Different speeds are achieved by varying the intensity of the current.

8. HYPERLOOP:
Hyperloop is a new way to move people or things anywhere in the
world quickly, safely, efficiently, on-demand and with minimal impact
to the environment. The system uses electric propulsion to
accelerate a passenger or cargo vehicle through a tube in a low
pressure environment. The autonomous vehicle levitates slightly
above the track and glides at faster-than-airline speeds over long
distances. It eliminates direct emissions, noise, delay, weather
concerns and pilot error. It’s the next mode of transportation.

9. KANTROWITZ LIMIT:
Air is compressed with a pressure ratio of 20:1
When we use less pressure instead of vacuum we have to
consider the minimum tube to pod area ratio then we need to
increase the diameter of tube or go slow or really , really
fast.
Here an electric compressor fan mounted on the nose of the
pod that actively transfers high pressure air from the front to
the rear of the vessel.
A battery can’t store enough energy to power fan over whole
journey so a linear electric motor, a round induction motor
rolled flat is provided.
Energy consumed per passenger to travel same distance is
very low compared to cars, aero planes , high speed trains.

10. Components of Hyperloop Transportation System
Low Pressure Tube
Capsule
Propulsion
Suspension

11. Low Pressure Tube
 Main disadvantages of conventional type of transportation system is
only the aerodynamic drag and the rolling friction.
 The expected pressure inside the tube will be maintained around
100pa (less pressure).
 This low pressure minimizes the drag force on the capsule while
maintaining the relative ease of pumping out the air from the tube
 The tube is made of steel.
 Pylons are placed at every 100 ft (30 m) to support the tube.
 Solar arrays will cover the top of the tubes in order to provide power
to the system

12. .
CAPSULE:
 The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at
various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in each
capsule.
 The capsules are supported via thrust air bearing that operate using
compressed air reservoir and aerodynamic lift.
 For travel at high speeds, the greatest power requirement is normally to
overcome air resistance. Aerodynamic drag increases with the square of
speed, and thus the power requirement increases with the cube of speed

13. Linear accelerators are constructed along the length of the tube at
various locations to accelerate the capsules.
Linear induction motors consist of a moving primary (rotor in
traditional rotary induction motors) that contains the motor coils, and
a stationary secondary (stator in traditional rotary induction motors)
that contains a squirrel cage winding. The primary of these motors
contains a three-phase winding which carries the current supplied by
the AC synchronous or AC vector drive. As current flows in the
primary windings, it is induced to flow in the squirrel cage windings
of the secondary. The interaction of the electromagnetic fields
produced by the currents in the primary and secondary windings
generates linear force to propel the primary.
Capsules are accelerated by linear magnetic induction and decelerated
by regenerative braking similar to magnetic levitation trains.
Power is needed to make up for propulsion motor efficiency
(including elevation changes), aerodynamic drag, charging the
batteries to power on-board compressors, and vacuum pumps to keep
the tube evacuated.
PROPULSION:

14. SUSPENSION:
Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantial
technical challenge due to transonic cruising velocities.
Conventional wheel and axle systems become impractical at high
speed due frictional losses and dynamic instability.
A viable technical solution is magnetic levitation; however the
cost associated with material and construction is prohibitive.
An alternative to these conventional options is an air bearing
suspension. Air bearings offer stability and extremely low drag at
a feasible cost by exploiting the ambient atmosphere in the tube.
Air bearings use a thin film of pressurized air to support a
load

15. Air bearings use a thin film of pressurized air to support a load
of bearing also called as "fluid film" bearing. Fluid film
bearings have no solid-to-solid contact under typical running
conditions; instead, a film of lubricating fluid (in our case
pressurized air) forms a layer between the solid machine
elements and serves to transfer forces from one to the other.
What are air bearings?

16. Hyperloop advantages over today’s fastest trains
 The Hyperloop is much faster drive
 Cheaper to built
 Environmentally friendly (rail/road via electric cars)
 Sustainable (uses solar energy) & self-powering
 Immune to weather
 Resistant to Earthquakes

17. Thank you