This document discusses different sampling techniques used in quantitative and qualitative research. It defines population and sample, and explains probability and non-probability sampling methods. Probability methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling aim to give all members of the population an equal chance of being selected to reduce bias. Non-probability methods like convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, consecutive sampling, and snowball sampling rely on the researcher's judgment and do not ensure representativeness. Choosing the appropriate sampling technique is important to validate research findings.
Psychometric Test & Personality Evualuationsdusane1
Psychometrics is a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement. Generally, it refers to the field in psychology and education that is devoted to testing, measurement, assessment, and related activities. One part of the field is concerned with the objective measurement of skills and knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational achievement. For example, some psychometric researchers have, thus far, concerned themselves with the construction and validation of assessment instruments such as questionnaires, tests, raters' judgments, and personality tests. Another part of the field is concerned with statistical research bearing on measurement theory
Psychometric Test & Personality Evualuationsdusane1
Psychometrics is a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement. Generally, it refers to the field in psychology and education that is devoted to testing, measurement, assessment, and related activities. One part of the field is concerned with the objective measurement of skills and knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational achievement. For example, some psychometric researchers have, thus far, concerned themselves with the construction and validation of assessment instruments such as questionnaires, tests, raters' judgments, and personality tests. Another part of the field is concerned with statistical research bearing on measurement theory
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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Comparison of the old & new company lawSaugata Palit
This is a presentation on the comparison of the old and new company law. The presentation involves all the aspects as well as regulatory. Although a few points may be missing.
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
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Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Comparison of the old & new company lawSaugata Palit
This is a presentation on the comparison of the old and new company law. The presentation involves all the aspects as well as regulatory. Although a few points may be missing.
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
Population and Sampling Techniques.pptxDrHafizKosar
The first step in the process of collecting quantitative data is to identify the people and places you plan to study. This involves determining whether you will study individuals or entire organizations (e.g., schools) or some combination. If you select either individuals or organizations, you need to decide what type of people or organizations you will actually study and how many you will need for your research. These decisions require that you decide on a unit of analysis, the group and individuals you will study, the procedure for selecting these individuals, and assessing the numbers of people needed for your data analysis.
Identify Your Unit of Analysis
Who can supply the information that you will use to answer your quantitative research questions or hypotheses? Some possibilities might be students, teachers, parents, adults, some combination of these individuals, or entire schools. At this early stage in data collection, you must decide at what level (e.g., individual, family, school, school district) the data needs to be gathered. This level is referred to as the unit of analysis.
In some research studies, educators gather data from multiple levels (e.g., individuals and schools), whereas other studies involve collecting data from only one level (e.g., principals in schools). This decision depends on the questions or hypotheses that you seek to answer. Also, the data for measuring the independent variable may differ from the unit for assessing the dependent variable. For example, in the study of the impact of adolescent aggression on school climate, a researcher would measure the independent variable, adolescent aggression, by collecting data from individuals while measuring the dependent variable, school climate, based on data from entire schools and their overall climates (e.g., whether students and teachers believe the school curriculum supports learning).
If Faiza wants to answer the question “Why do students carry weapons in high school?” what unit of analysis will she study? Alternatively, if she wanted to compare answers to the question “Why do students carry weapons in rural high schools and urban high schools?” what two types of units of analysis will she study?
Specify the Population and Sample
If you select an entire school to study or a small number of individuals, you need to consider what individuals or schools you will study. In some educational situations, you will select individuals for your research based on who volunteers to participate or who is available (e.g., a specific classroom of students). However, those individuals may not be similar (in personal characteristics or performance or attitudes) to all individuals who could be studied. A more advanced research process is to select individuals or schools who are representative of the entire group of individuals or schools.
this is an presentation regarding samples in research methodology in qualitative and quantitative approaches . this will be very useful basically this presentation most significant for university students those who are following and learning for the research methodology. in this i have discussed
what is sampling
why samples for research
sampling methods
size of sample
types of sample
advantages of sample
disadvantages of sample
process
sampling frame
time factor
sampling problems...
a PowerPoint about research analysis on the diversity of a certain organisms in a specific place and their abundance and environmental factors that could possibly affect their existence in the area
this document also includes the presentation of my group and a comprehensive analysis on lichen life in the baranggay
unfortunately it's not the final research for this paper so all the details are not yet to include tho alot of important information were included so that a general understanding of he topic is expected to be explained very well including all the important details
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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4. POPULATION
It means all members that meet a set of
specifications or a specified criterion. For
eg.Higher Secondary Students of Kerala
state.
5. SAMPLE
When only some elements are selected from a
population, we refer to that as a sample. It is
critical and an error at this stage will destroy
the integrity of the research. It should truly
represent the population.
7. In probability sampling every
member of the target population has
a known chance of being included in
the sample.
If the researcher is interested in generalizing the findings derived from
the sample to the general population, then probability sampling is far
more useful and precise.
9. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
It is the easiest form of probability sampling. Either a lottery method or
using a computer it can be done. Giving a number to each member of the
population and then selecting. Every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
ADVANTAGES - Easy, fair and representative.
DISADVANTAGE - List of population should be complete and up to date.
May not be practical for a very large population.
10. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
It involves selection of every nth subject in the population to be in
the sample.
If you had a population of 500 students and you want to select 50
students as the sample, then we select every 10th member. We
can start a random starting point on the list. The starting point in
this case will be a number between 1 and 10. To select the starting
number random selection can be used.
11. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
It involves the division of population into smaller sub-groups
known as strata. The strata are formed based on members'
shared attributes or characteristics such as type of family, family
income etc. It is also known as proportional random sampling or
quota random sampling. Population is divided into homogeneous
groups. Sample size from each strata should be proportional to the
population.
It makes sure that every category had a representation.
But dividing into strata and the basis of division may find difficult.
12. CLUSTER SAMPLING
The population is divided into different groups or clusters. Then the
required clusters are selected on a simple random or systematic
sampling method. Here all the subjects from the selected cluster will
be included in the sample.
For example you want to study parenting style patterns of standard 9 students of a
particular school. Population is 600 and want to select a sample of 50 and there are
12 divisions each comprising 50 students. Then you select a division on a random
basis and conduct study in that particular division.
13. Non probability
sampling
Individuals are selected based on non-
random criteria, and not every individual
has a chance of being included and so
has a higher risk of sampling bias.
15. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
We select samples because they are conveniently available to the
researcher.,easy to recruit. the only criteria is whether the participants agree to
participate.
For example, you want to study the consumer behaviour at a supermarket. You
reach there and collect the required information from the consumers who are
present there at that time provided they are willing to participate.
It has a disadvantage of sampling error and lack of representativeness.
16. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
In Purposive or judgemental sampling we choose only those people who are
deemed to be fit to participate in the research study. It is the discretion of the
researcher. It may not be statistically representative. The researchers get a lot of
information from the data. Time and cost effective.
It is prone to researchers bias.
For example if a researcher wants to study about the effective teaching methods
to teach poetry, he may approach the teachers whom the researcher see as
appropriate.
17. QUOTA SAMPLING
It is a nonprobabilistic version of stratified sampling. Population is first
segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups.Then judgment is used to select
the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. it allows
the researchers to sample a subgroup that is of great interest to the study. But only
the selected traits of the population were taken into account in forming the
subgroups.
There is a nonrandom sample selection which differs it from stratified sampling.
18. CONSECUTIVE SAMPLING
Here every subject meeting the criteria of inclusion is selected
until the required sample size is achieved.
If a researcher is unable to obtain conclusive results with one sample,
he can depend on the second sample and so on for drawing conclusive
results.
19. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
It helps researchers to find a sample when they are difficult to locate, Once the
researchers find suitable subjects, he asks them for assistance to seek similar
subjects to form a considerably good size sample.
If you want to study about the living conditions of homeless people
in a certain town and the researcher finds it difficult to find the
sample, he finds one sample and ask him to refer another person.
This process continues till he reaches the required sample size.
20. The Difference
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
● sample selected at random.
● Everyone in the population
has an equal chance of
getting selected.
● Used to reduce sampling
bias
● Gets more accurate
sample.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
● selection based on the subjective
judgment of the researcher.
● Not everyone has an equal
chance to participate
● does not consider sampling bias
● sample does not accurately
represent the population.
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Editor's Notes
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the type of analysis being performed, but it may include simple random sampling or systematic sampling.
In random sampling, each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected.
non-probability sampling relies on the subjective judgement of the researcher.
Stratified - If there are 700 girls and 300 boys in a school, you may select 70 from girls and 30 from boys to ensure the representation.
Cluster - If there are 15 divisions for a standard in school select any 2 or 3 divisions in random taking all students from that division.
Systematic - Randomly select a starting number. Eg. every 5th member starting from number 3. In simple random we select every 5th starting from 1. (the starting number is selected in a random way like toss)
You want to study the parenting styles among primary school children of certain area in India.. Population may be thousand. But the native state of children are different. Mainly from 4 states. But the it is not proportionate. You think that the state from which they come from had an significant influence on parenting style. So you may divide the population according to their native place and select them proportionately for the sample..
researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection.
