The document discusses various patterns of development in written texts, including narration, description, definition, classification and exemplification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and problem-solution. It defines each pattern and provides examples. Narration tells a story through logical actions and paced or clipped narration. Description uses sensory details to set an appearance objectively or subjectively. Definition explains concepts scientifically or subjectively. Classification organizes ideas into groups with examples, while comparison notes similarities and differences between items. Cause and effect examines why things happen and results. Problem-solution focuses on issues and resolutions.

1. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

2. I. NARRATION

3. I. NARRATION
• the most basic pattern of written text
• describes how, when, and where an event
or occurrence actually happened
• used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events

4. Components of Narrative Texts

5. A. LOGICAL ACTIONS
• are considered the very movements within
the plot or the narrative that drive the
characters forward, be it during the
dialogue, or within a scene

6. EXAMPLE:
It was late spring the last time we saw Ross. He
was standing at the edge of the hill, and he never so much
as looked up even though we were sure he knew we were
there. There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his fist,
but there really was no reason for him to be standing
there. We knew that Carrie wasn't coming to see him. But
he stood there anyway, waiting, even as the afternoon
sunlight deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.

7. B. WAY OF NARRATION
• refers to how the writer presents the story
• includes the pace by which scenes are
given out
*Having natural progression of time to the
events of the story makes a good writing.

8. B. WAYS OF NARRATION
• CLIPPED NARRATION
• PACED NARRATION

9. PACED NARRATION
He came and talked to us for a few
moments. He seemed upset, but he managed to
get through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he seemed
to feel better now that he had delivered the news.
He waved from the car as he pulled out of the
driveway, narrowly missing the mailbox again,
and drove off to return home.”

10. CLIPPED NARRATION
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back
home.”

11. PACED NARRATION
He came and talked to us
for a few moments. He seemed
upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking
our hands before he left the house
come twilight, he seemed to feel
better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car
as he pulled out of the driveway,
narrowly missing the mailbox
again, and drove off to return
home.”
CLIPPED NARRATION
“He came and talked to us. Then
he left the house and then he
drove the car back home.

12. C. TERMINOLOGY
• places emphasis on the fact that concepts
are critical to the narration
*Writers must choose how to address terms
and which ones they want to use in order to
create an appropriate setting.

13. C. TERMINOLOGY
• CONCRETE TERMS
• ABSTRACT TERMS
• GENERAL TERMS
• SPECIFIC TERMS

14. CONCRETE TERMS
• words that identify things, places, and
events that can be measured and
observed
• terms that have physical manifestation in
our world

15. EXAMPLES
• Classrooms
• School materials
• Books
• Buildings
• Flash drive

16. ABSTRACT TERMS
• refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible
EXAMPLES:
love, freedom, hope, feminism, maturity,
justice, peace, integrity, etc.

17. GENERAL TERMS
• commonly used to denote groups
• these are broad in nature

18. SPECIFIC TERMS
• refer to an individual component of the
group

19. GENERAL TERMS
• Teachers
• Furniture
• Reptiles
• Subjects
• jewelry
SPECIFIC TERMS
• English teachers
• Cabinets, chairs
• Snake, turtles
• Math, Science, Filipino
• Necklace, bracelet

20. LET’S TRY!
“He was shivering violently from the cold.”
“The joy in the air was palpable.”
“Learning English will help us improve our
grammar.”
“He was given a failed grade in all his
subjects.”

21. II. DESCRIPTION

22. II. DESCRIPTION
• the pattern of development which goes
into details about a specific object, person,
or location, in order to firmly set its
appearance
What does it look like?
What are its characteristics?

23. Characteristics of Description

24. II. DESCRIPTION
• has a clear focus and sense of purpose
• uses sensory details and precise words
• presents details in a logical order

25. Varieties of Description

26. A. OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
• looks into factual and scientific
characteristics of what is being described
as objectively as possible
• The writer stays away from emotional
impressions or responses and instead,
describes the scene as it is.

27. EXAMPLE:
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m. (50 to 80
ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on
younger trees, and it becomes ridged and furrowed with
age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly to deeply
palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations.
The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple
(Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped.

28. B. SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
• a sort of description that the author would
normally use to “paint a picture” of how he
sees a character, or how he wants the reader
to see a character
• also used in a literary discourse when there is
stereotyped image that can be attributed to
a person, place, or an event.

29. EXAMPLE:
My mother had hair so dark that it looked like a
waterfall of ink. She always kept it in a braid that fell to
her slim waist, and always tied with a plain black band.
The braid of black slung over her shoulder, the plaits
shining like scales.

30. III. DEFINITION

31. III. DEFINITION
• explains not just what something means
or is, but also what something does, what
something is used for, what something
looks like, etc.

32. Varieties of Definition

33. A. SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION
• defines concepts in the most factual way,
which is often used in scientific, proper, or
real world facts

34. A. SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION
• defines concepts in the most factual way,
which is often used in scientific, proper, or
real world facts

35. A. SUBJECTIVE DEFINITION
• defines the objects in a more personal way
• usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
• often used by a writer to state something
from the point of view of the characters or in
relation to the setting

36. The term could be emphasized by the
following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin

37. SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION
is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate

38. IV. CLASSIFICATION &
EXEMPLIFICATION

39. IV. CLASSIFICATION
• divides things into groups, classes, or
categories
• organizes ideas into divisions based on
criteria or standards

40. SIGNAL WORDS FOR CLASSIFICATION
another
classified
as
one kind
the last
group
another
kind
final type
the first
category
the next
part

41. IV. EXEMPLIFICATION
• provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
• presents the general statement and then
provides specific and concrete examples
to expound on the main idea

42. SIGNAL WORDS FOR
EXEMPLIFICATION
after all for instance namely that is
as an
example
in other
words
put another
way
to be specific
consider the
following
in particular Specifically to clarify
for example in short
stated
differently
to illustrate

43. LET’S TRY!
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living
with humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a
number of different ways. For example, they can be classified
by breed. Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset
hounds, poodles and countless others as defined by the
American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also be classified by
their role in the lives of their masters and the work they do.
For example, a dog might be a family pet, a working dog, a
show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are defined
both by their breed and their role. For example, a dog could be
a beagle that is a family pet.

44. V. COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST

45. V. COMPARISON
• organizes ideas based on how events, places,
people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another
a. separately -involves describing one item
first followed by the second item
b. side-by-side -involves discussing both
items based on each point of comparison

46. EXAMPLE:
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies, they
have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a six year old, male,
toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is a one year old, female, Boston
terrier. Obbie is small and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair
and is much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed, under
the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie will only sleep on
the floor, under the bed. Obbie is tremendously loyal and uptight;
however, Marcee is hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees.
Around other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie will
always stand his ground, never giving up until he is scolded. Given
that they were both treated the same way all their life, it is hard to
believe that they are so different in everything they do.

47. SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARISON
also as both equally
in a similar
fashion
like to compare
in the same
way
similarly both
in
comparison
likewise

48. SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRAST
although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed even though nevertheless
the fact
remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of
on the
contrary
whereas
counter to
in the
meantime
on the other
hand
yet

49. VI. CAUSE AND EFFECT

50. VI. CAUSE & EFFECT
• explains why something happens or what
results a particular event produces

51. SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE
as for in view of owing to
because
(of the fact)
for the reason
that
in as much as seeing that
being that in that one reason since
due to
(the fact)

52. SIGNAL WORDS FOR EFFECT
accordingly consequently
in
consequence
so that
as a
consequence
for this
reason
so thereof
as a result
(of this)
hence so that thus
because
(of this)

53. VII. PROBLEM-SOLUTION

54. VII. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• focuses on either a problem or solution in
a particular area or situation

55. SIGNAL WORDS FOR
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
but the problem is one solution is
first, second the solution one way is
nonetheless
one reason for
the

56. VIII. PERSUASION
• convinces readers to agree to an argument
or claim about a particular topic.

57. SIGNAL WORDS FOR
EMPHASIZING A POINT
again In that case to emphasize
truly for this reason indeed
to repeat
with this in
mind
in fact

58. OTHER SIGNALING WORDS

61. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means-
electronic or mechanical including photocopying- without written permission from the teacher.
Copyright © 2021 Polytechnic College of La Union Basic Education Department.
All rights reserved.

62. END 
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