2. Explicit
obvious and apparent; directly stated
Explicit information is any idea that is stated.
With explicit information, you see the text
explained! Since you are looking for explicit
information in what is read, the explicit
information will be written in the text. There is
no need to look for clues. Just read. If the
information is written it is explicit
4. IMPLICIT
✔ not expressed clearly; only suggested; indirectly
stated
✔ Implicit information is understood but it is not stated.
To find implicit information in what is read, you will
have to think about what you read. Look for clues as
you read. Implicit information is not written. 4
5. IMPLICIT
✔ is understood but it is
notstated.Implicit information is
using what is read to make an
inference. 5
6. IMPLY
✔ If a speaker or writer implies something, they
are suggesting it in an indirect way rather than
making an explicit statement. As a reader or
listener, you are left to draw your own
conclusions from what has been said or hinted.
6
7. INFER
✔ When someone infers something, they reach a
conclusion or decide that something is true on the basis
of the evidence available. If they are listening to or
reading another person’s words, they come to a
conclusion about what is meant even though the writer
or speaker has not stated this explicitly.
7
8. • He implied that the General had been a traitor.
[presented from the writer’s or speaker’s perspective]
•I inferred from his words that the General had been a traitor.
[presented from the listener’s perspective]
✔ • In the first sentence, the writer or speaker doesn’t actually claim
that the General had betrayed his country, but his words (or even his
tone) have suggested that this is the case.
✔ • In the second sentence, whatever was said about the General has
enabled the listener to deduce that he was in fact a traitor (without the
writer or speaker having risked a charge or libel or slander)
8
9. Defining Claims
9
claim is the most important part of the text.
It defines the quality and the complexity of the
reading as it gives direction and scope to the text.
The claim is a sentence that summarizes the most
important thing that the writer wants to say as a
result of his/her thinking, reading, or writing
experiences.
10. Characteristics of a Good Claim
10
A claim should be argumentative and
debatable.When a writer makes a claim, he/she
is making a case for a particular perspective on
the topic. Readers expect to be able to object to
your claim, and they can only raise objections if
the claim is something that can be reasonably
challenged. Claims that are only factual or
based on opinion, thus, are not debatable.
11. 11
A claim should be specific and focused. If
the claim is unfocused, the paper will be
too broad in scope and will lack direction
and a clear connection to the support
provided. It may also lead to over
generalizations and vague assertions.
12. 12
A claim should be interesting and engaging. It
should hook the reader, who may or may not
agree with you, to encourage them to consider
your perspective and learn something new from
you.
A claim should be logical. It should result from a
reasonable weighing of support provided.
14. Claim of fact
14
states a quantifiable assertion or a measurable
topic. They assert that something has existed,
exists, or will exist based on data. They rely on
reliable sources or systematic procedures to be
validated; this is what makes them different
from inferences.
Claims of fact usually answer a “what”
question.
15. 15
1. Smoking causes cancer.
2. People can reduce the
severity of depression by
increasing their sunlight
exposure each day.
16. Claim of value
16
asserts something that can be qualified.
They consist of arguments about moral, philosophical,
or aesthetic topics. These types of topics try to prove
that some values are more or less desirable compared
to others. They make judgments based on certain
standards, on whether something is right or wrong,
good or bad, or something similar.
Claims of value attempt to explain how problems,
situations, or issues ought to be valued.
17. 17
Consider this example:
Your idea is valuable to the project. What
makes this claim a value? Aside from the
give-away term valuable, the question that
will guide you is “Whose standard is it
valuable?
18. Claims of policy
18
attempt to persuade you or others to
take some action or change a
behavior usually to solve a problem.
You can easily identify a claim of
policy for it uses terms like "should",
"ought" and "must".
19. 19
1. Voluntary prayer should be
permitted in public schools.
2. Smoking should be
prohibited in public places.
20. A. Direction: For each claim below, identify whether it
is a value, policy, or fact.
20
1. Alcoholism is a genetic disorder.
2. Teachers face numerous problems
today.
3. Amorsolo is my favorite Filipino painter.
4. National strength can only be built on
character.
5. The US should help countries gain their
21. 21
6. Democracy is superior to any other form of
government.
7. Social networks are the most distracting
website on the internet.
8. Baguio City will experience colder weather for
the next few years.
9. Mandatory jail terms should be imposed for
drunk driving violations.
10.We must preserve with every ounce of our
national vigor to eradicate poverty.
23. 23
Being a critical reader also involves understanding
that texts are always developed with a certain
context. A text is neither written nor read in a
vacuum;its meaning and interpretation are affected
by a given set of circumstances
24. 24
CONTEXT
✔ is defined as the social, cultural, political,
historical, and other related circumstances
that surround the text and from the terms
from which it can be better understood and
evaluated
25. 25
In discovering a text's context,
you may ask questions like:
• When was the work written?
• What were the circumstances
that produced it?
• What issues deal with it?
26. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ is the modeling of a text's meaning by another
text. It is defined as the connections between
language, images,characters, themes, or
subjects depending on their similarities in
language, genre or discourse.
26
27. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ This view recognizes that the text is always influenced
by previous texts.
✔ A text contains many layers of accumulated, cultural,
historical, and social knowledge, which continually adds
to and affects one another.
27
28. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ The function and effectiveness of intertextuality can
often depend quite a bit on the reader’s prior knowledge
and understanding before reading the secondary text;
parodies and allusions depend on the reader knowing
what is being parodied or alluded to
28
29. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ The definition of intertextuality was created by the
French semiotician Julia Kristeva in the 1960s. She
created the term from the Latin word intertexto, which
means “to intermingle while weaving.” Kristeva argued
that all works of literature being produced
contemporarily are intertextual with the works that
came before it 29
30. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ Any text can be considered a work of
intertextuality because it builds on
the structures that existed before it
30
31. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ Another definition of Intertextuality is that it
is a literary discourse strategy (Gadavanij,
n.d.) utilized by writers in novels, poetry,
theatre and even in non-written texts (such as
performances and digital media)
31
32. INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ Intertextuality does not require citing or
referencing punctuation (such as quotation
marks) and is often mistaken for plagiarism
(Ivanic, 1998)
32
33. Common Examples of Intertextuality
We use different examples of intertextuality frequently in
common speech, like the following:
1. He was lying so obviously, you could almost see his nose
growing.
2. He’s asking her to the prom. It’s like a happy version of
Romeo and Juliet.
3. It’s hard being an adult! Peter Pan had the right idea. 33
34. Fan fiction
✔ is a great example of intertextuality. In
fan fiction, authors enter the fictional
worlds of other authors and create their
own stories.
34
35. Fan fiction
✔ is fictional writing written by fans, commonly of an
existing work of fiction. The author uses copyrighted
characters, settings, or other intellectual properties
from the original creator(s) as a basis for their
writing.
35
36. FUNCTION OF INTERTEXTUALITY
✔ A majority of writers borrow ideas from previous
works to give a layer of meaning to their own
works.Since readers take influence from other
texts, and while reading new texts they sift through
archives, this device gives them relevance and
clarifies their understanding of the new texts. 36
37. The Importance of Intertextuality
✔ Intertextuality shows how much a
culture can influence its authors, even
as the authors in turn influence the
culture.
37
38. HYPERTEXT
✔ is a nonlinear way of showing information.
✔ Hypertext connects topics on a screen to
related information, graphics, videos, and
music -- information is not simply related to
text.
38
39. HYPERTEXT
✔ This information appears as links and is usually
accessed by clicking. The reader can jump to more
information about a topic, which in turn may have
more links.
✔ •This opens up the reader to a wider horizon of
information to a new direction. 39
40. HYPERTEXT
✔ A reader can skim through sections of a text, freely jumping
from one part to another depending on what aspect of the
text interests him/her. Thus, in reading with hypertext, you
are given more flexibility and personalization because you get
to select the order in which you read the text and focus on
information that is relevant to your background and
interests.
40
