This document discusses five patterns of development used in writing: narration, description, definition, classification and exemplification, and comparison and contrast. Each pattern is defined and examples are provided. Characteristics, varieties, and signal words are also outlined for each pattern to help writers effectively employ the different patterns in their writing.

1. Patterns
of
Development

2. P S K A O H L
R B Y O C T S
S YROT

3. T P C E O V P
A E L R N O Y
E V TNE

4. L V R I T C W E
I E D A S V N S
VV I I D

5. R G T K O I R S I
A Y M A S N E H T
RRAN A T E

6. Y I G N L E S
D F M K P A L
IS K L L

7. N A R R A T I O N
event narrate
vivid
skill

8. I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened
- used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events

9. Components of Narrative Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene

10. Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.

11. 2. Way of Narration
- refers to how the writer presents the
story
- includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.

12. Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.
Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the
mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”

13. 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration
* Writers must choose how to address
terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.

14. Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house

15. Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible
Examples:
love, freedom, feminism

16. General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
Example: furniture
Specific Terms

17. Concrete: “He was shivering violently
from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece of
jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”

18. Writing Activity
Write a narrative text
about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.

19. Rubric
Focus 30％
Organization 25％
Integration 25％
Convention 20％
100％

20. R E M H G T N A
L S P D U B I T
ATED I L

21. O N A S O Y D N I
G R C E A T L U S
SNES O R Y

22. Y O E M K A L
N I E O S F C
OL O K

23. U C A E Q S A C Y
I E L K O T R D H
LAUQ I T Y

24. LAER I S T I C
I L U A P R E C M S
T E R S I B A T E N

25. D E S C R I P T I O N
sensory look
realistic
quality

26. II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance
What does it look like?
What are its characteristics?

27. Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose
● uses sensory details and precise
words
● presents details in a logical order

28. Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description
- looks into factual and scientific
characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible
* The writer stays away from
emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it is.

29. Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light
gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a
few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses
are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer
rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the
sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less
parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the
base, tapering to the tip.

30. 2. Subjective Description
- a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
- also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.

31. Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.

32. Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a writer of a travel
magazine. The editor of the magazine
asks you to write a travel article that
tells about a beautiful place where one
can spend a vacation. Your task is to
write a five-paragraph descriptive
article.

33. Rubric
Focus 30％
Organization 25％
Integration 25％
Convention 20％
100％

34. N I E T I N W A F
D O R M E G C S I
NAEM I N G

35. T F B U N E L S
M S R I K H O A
OFNI R M

36. BALE O R A T E
L A N P B U G T O
R I X E C S A D E

37. ILNE G H T E N
T P L N O G I X E
I C H E U N B A N

38. TNOC R O V E R
T Y N C G I N M O R
O U E B R T V D A S
S Y

39. D E F I N I T I O N
inform
controversy

40. III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc

41. Varieties of Definition
1. Scientific Definition
- defines concepts in the most factual
way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts

42. 2. Subjective Definition
- defines the objects in a more personal
way
- usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
- often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting

43. The term could be emphasized by the
following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin

44. Signal Words for Definition
is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate

45. Writing Activity
(Group)
Specific Definition: You are a
medicine student. You would like to
write about the definition of a
controversial medical term in your blog.
The criteria in assessing your blog are
its appeal to the readers, accuracy of
information, and adherence to the style
of format.

46. ETAC G O R Y
D A V E S I T O
G I R C N I X Y

47. A T S G N X A R L
E L E I T P O S M
MAXE P L E

48. TIRC E R I A
I D A Y R L U O E
A Q C I N T R I S

49. ULLI S T R A T
I L M G L K U F A S
T C A I N R H E T O
I O N

50. CLASSIFICATION AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
criteria

51. IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification
- divides things into groups, classes, or
categories
- organizes ideas into divisions based
on criteria or standards

52. Exemplification
- provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
- presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea

53. Signal Words for Classification
another classified
as
one kind the last
group
another
kind
final type the first
category
the next
part

54. Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is
as an
example
in other
words
put another
way
to be
specific
consider the
following
in particular specifically to clarify
for example in short stated
differently
to illustrate

55. Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.

56. Writing Activity
(Group)
Task: You are a sales manager. A
customer sent you an e-mail asking about
the different types of products you sell.
You need to respond to the e-mail
indicating the classification of your
products. Your message must contain the
product's category and specific features.

57. M A U R D I N R L
L I E S C L A O P
IMIS L A R

58. FFID E R E N C
F U S R T L E K N O
E I B C E D S A F T
E

59. A H U W E S D O
C Y R C T I N P
IOHC C E

60. M A U L I G T O E
P S E Y N C E B R
MELE E N T

61. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

62. V. Comparison and Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another
a. separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b. side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison

63. Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same
way
similarly
as in a similar
fashion
like to compare
both in
comparison
likewise

64. Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed
to
even
though
nevertheless the fact
remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the
contrary
whereas
counter to in the
meantime
on the other
hand
yet

65. Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.

66. Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a film critic. You are to
write a comparative review of two
films of the same genre. Use the
comparison and contrast pattern of
text development in your review.

67. A X Y L N A P O R
C N I E U D S F L
LPXE A I N

68. SNOC E Q U E N
O R U N E F C O S N
T S E M C U Y Q L E
C E

69. TIRC I C A L
T A R B G I O L U
Q C E K C H N S I

70. NNOC E C T I O
N A S O R C P I O S
I C N E U T N L A T
N

71. A S N U T O L F
F E D R I C B S
SAER O N

72. HSIF B O N E
O I T Q Y H A R S
B L N A F E U G O

73. CAUSE AND EFFECT
reason

74. VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

75. Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of
(the fact)
owing to
(the fact)
because
(of the fact)
for the
reason that
inasmuch
as
seeing that
being that in that one reason since
due to
(the fact that)

76. Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in
consequence
so that
as a
consequence
for this
reason
so therefore
as a result
(of this)
hence so much (so)
that
thus
because
(of this)

77. Example
-

78. Writing Activity
(Group)
Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of
over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced
thousands of others. Write a text that
explains why there were so many
casualties even when they were warned
of a storm surge beforehand by the
officials. Use the cause and effect
pattern of development in writing.

79. O P T E M Y N U N
H C A G C L I R S
CNOC E R N

80. T U B N D A I Q
E X L C O M S P
SUAC E

81. EICS N T I F I
A T C I U N A M I Y
I B F O S L C E R T
C

82. PROBLEM-SOLUTION

83. VII. Problem-Solution
- focuses on either a problem
or solution in a particular area
or situation

84. Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the
problem
one solution
is
first, second the
solution
one way is
nonetheless one reason
for the

85. Example
-

86. Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a marketing manager. You are to
send business proposals to your clients about
a new product/service your company is
offering. Write the main text of the proposal
using the problem-solution pattern of
development. Your writing must be concise,
organized, and clear. Remember to use
language appropriate to your audience and
purpose. Use a professional tone and
positive words.

87. VNOC I N C E
N A S O P N U Y V
D C E V E W I R C

88. L E R I M N Q A
E K M D C U T R
IALC M

89. UGRA M E N T
U Q E A G O R L N
T D R I S A P M E

90. DIVE E N C E
E T A M I S O D I
N X E N C Y V T E

91. C I S E T U F
J B D A H G R
CF A T

92. P E R S U A S I O N
fact

93. VIII. Persuasion
- convinces readers to agree to
an argument or claim about a
particular topic.

94. Signal Words for Emphasizing a
Point
again in that
case
to
emphasize
truly
for this
reason
indeed to repeat with this
in mind
in fact

95. Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in
conclusion
on the
whole
therefore
as a result finally in short since thus
as I have
said
in any
event
in
summary
in
essence
to sum
up

96. Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true
that
obviously true
assuredly needless
to say
of course undoubtedly
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted

97. Example
-

98. Writing Activity
(Group)You are an editor of a newpaper. You would
like to react strongly to a new government
policy in the editorial section of the
newspaper. Your editorial must contain a
well-supported argumentative thesis, and
counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints.
It must also encourage a certain course of
action. The criteria in assessing your
editorial are its appeal to the readers,
accuracy of information, and adherence to
the style and format.