The document outlines key concepts in quantitative research variables, including observations, independent and dependent variables, and control variables. It explains the distinction between experimental and subject independent variables, as well as continuous (interval and ratio) and discrete (nominal and ordinal) variables. Additionally, it discusses confounding variables and the need to neutralize certain variables to ensure valid research results.

1. Variables of
Quantitative
Research

2. Variable
Each person/thing we collect
data on is called an observation.
Such observation possesses a
variety of characteristics, it could
be the same for every member of
the group and called constant

3. Types of
Variables

4. Independent
Variable
Variables that are
manipulated or controlled or
changed. It is what the
researcher studies to see its
relationship or effects

5. Two types of
Independent Variable

6. Experimental
independent
variables
-can be directly
manipulated by
researchers.
Subject variables
cannot be manipulated
by researchers, but they
can be used to group
research subjects
categorically

7. Dependent Variable
the dependent variable is a response
variable or output. It is the factor
that is observed and measured to
determine the effect of the
independent variable;

8. Control Variable
Control variables are factors controlled by the
experimenter to cancel out or neutralize any
effect on the observed phenomenon. A single
study cannot examine all of the variables in a
situation or in a person; some must be
neutralized to guarantee they will not exert
different or moderating effects on the

9. Intervening
Variable
It is the factor that theoretically affect
observed phenomenon but cannot be
seen, measured or manipulated; its
effects mustbe inferred from the effects of
the independent and moderate variable in
the observed phenomenon.

10. Confounding
Variable
Those that are not actually
measured or observed in the
study. They exist but their
influence cannot be directly
detected in the study.

11. A. Continuous

12. 1. Interval Variables
Values that lie along with an evenly
dispersed range of numbers. It is a
variable whose data values are ranged
in the real interval and can be as large
as from negative infinity to positive
infinity.

13. 2. Ratio
Variables
Have values that lie along with
an evenly dispersed range of
numbers when there is an
absolute zero.

14. B. Discrete

15. Nominal
Variables
Represents categories that cannot
be ordered in any particular way.
These are variables whose data is
non-numeric labels that do not
reflect quantitative information.

16. Ordinal
Variables
Represents categories that could be
ordered from smallest to greatest. It
refers to variables where there is
meaningful order or categories but
there is no measurable distance
between categories

17. MEMBERS
DULAY, REYSA
PALARUAN, CHEENA
ABREA,RICA
LUBIOSO, JOSHUA(Absent)
AGABON, JOHN PATRIX
SABADO,EDMAR
ORIBELLO,REYMARK(Absent)