The document discusses punctuation marks and capitalization rules in English grammar. It defines punctuation and its purpose in aiding reading comprehension. It then describes the 15 commonly used punctuation marks in detail, including their purposes and examples of proper use. It also outlines 6 basic rules for capitalization, such as capitalizing the first letter of sentences, proper nouns, names, titles, and days/months but not seasons. The document provides a thorough overview of punctuation and capitalization conventions in the English language.

1. USING APPROPRIATE
PUNCTUATION MARKS AND
CAPILTALIZATION

2. PUNCTUATION MARKS
Punctuation is the use of spacing,
conventional signs, and certain
typographical devices as aids to the
understanding and correct reading of
written text, whether read silently or
aloud.

3. PUNCTUATION
•Every sentence should include at least
a capital letter at the start, and a full
stop, exclamation mark or question
mark at the end. This basic system
indicates that the sentence is
complete.

4. What are the 15 commonly used
punctuation marks in English
grammar?
Q U E S T I
O N

5. • Period/full stop (.)
•Comma (,)
•Question Mark (?)
•Exclamation Point (!)
•Semicolon (;)
•Colon (:)
•Dash (-)
•Hyphen (-)
•Parentheses ( )
•Brackets [ ]
•Braces { }
•Quotation Marks (“ ”)
•Apostrophe (‘)
•Ellipsis (…)

6. SENTENCE ENDINGS
•Three (3) of the 15 punctuation marks
are appropriate for use as sentence
endings. They are the period, question
mark, and exclamation point.

7. PERIOD (.)
•This is the most popular punctuation
mark because you simply cannot write
even a sentence without using it. So,
there are two most common uses of a
full stop: to indicate the end of a
sentence, or to follow an abbreviation.

8. PERIOD ( . )
As a sentence ender:
•The students of PCLU are very participative .
•The teachers are currently having their meeting .
•Online learning is very difficult for both teachers
and students .

9. PERIOD (.)
After an abbreviation:
•The students of PCLU asked Dr. Regacho.
•His son, Mr. Abad Jr., was born on Sept. 6, 2020.

10. QUESTION MARK ( ? )
•A question mark, as its name
suggests, needs to go at the end of
every interrogative sentence instead
of a full stop.
•It indicates a direct question when
placed at the end of a sentence.

11. QUESTION MARK ( ? )
EXAMPLE:
•Why are you crying ?
•What makes you happy ?
•Who is the apple of your eye ?
•When didJames leave for the market ?

12. EXCLAMATION POINT ( ! )
•An exclamation mark added at the
end of the sentence shows emphasis.
Depending on the meaning of the
sentence, it can indicate an anger,
happiness, excitement, or any other
strong emotion.

13. EXCLAMATION POINT ( ! )
EXAMPLE:
•My mother’s rants makes me furious!
•Why don’t you listen to my words!
•How beautiful the city is!
•Hey, no smoking in here!

14. COMMA, SEMICOLON, COLON
•The comma, semicolon, and colon are
often misused because they all can
indicate a pause in a series or
sentence.

15. COMMA ( , )
•A comma is often used to separate
different ideas or elements in a
sentence. It is also used in numbers,
dates, and letter writing after the
salutation and closing.

16. COMMA ( , )
Direct address:
•Thank you very much, John.
•Thanks for all you help, friend.

17. COMMA ( , )
Separation of two complete sentences:
•We went to the movie house, and then we went
out to lunch.
•There are always ways, but some ways are not
effective.

18. COMMA ( , )
Separating lists of elements within
sentences:
•My mother really loves black, peach, and white
dresses.
•My classmate used to play basketball,
badminton, and tennis during summer.

19. SEMICOLON ( ; )
•A semicolon is a punctuation mark
that creates a longer pause than a
comma but a shorter pause than a full
stop. So, it can be used to create a
pause between two independent
clauses that are closely related to each
other.

20. SEMICOLON ( ; )
EXAMPLE:
•After a long day, I will take a bubble bath ;
bubble baths are great way to relax.
•I love cats ; they are good companions.
•Reading books is my favorite ; it improve my
grammar

21. COLON ( : )
•A colon is a punctuation mark you will
come across very often in different
circumstances. It can introduce an
example, a list, an explanation, or a
quotation.

22. COLON ( : )
EXAMPLE:
•He was planning to study four subjects : politics,
philosophy, sociology, and economics.
•John said : “I wish you a merry Christmas. All
affection and best wishes to you and your family.”
•He is going to buy three things : chairs, tables,
and utensils.

23. DASH ( -/— )
•There are two different dashes, the en
dash and the em dash, the first being
slightly shorter than the second one.
•En dash: twice as long as a hyphen, the en dash
is a symbol (-) that is used in writing or printing to
indicate a range, connections or differentiations
such as 1880-1945, January-March

24. DASH ( -/— )
•There are two different dashes, the en
dash and the em dash, the first being
slightly shorter than the second one.
•Em dash: longer than an en dash, the em dash
can be used in place of a comma, parenthesis.
Example: She give him her answer — No!
•She is afraid of two things — spiders and dolls.

25. HYPHEN ( - )
•Even though it looks very similar to a
dash, a hyphen has very different uses.
It is most commonly use to create
compound words.

26. HYPHEN ( - )
EXAMPLES:
High-tech
Life-size
Close-up
Ex-convict
High-speed
Mind-blowing
Mother-in-law
In-depth

27. BRACKETS, BRACES, and PARENTHESES
•Brackets, braces, and parenthesis are
symbols used to contain words that are
a further explanation or considered a
group.

28. BRACKETS ( [ ] )
•Are the squared off notations used for
technical explanations or to clarify
meaning.
EXAMPLE:
•She [Jane] wasn’t so sure about the plan.
•I lost my phone [11 pro max] yesterday during
basketball training.

29. PARENTHESES ( )
•Are curve notations used to contain
further thoughts or qualifying remarks
•In most cases, you will see additional
information in parenthesis. Usually, it
can be omitted without creating any
confusion to the reader.

30. PARENTHESES ( )
EXAMPLE:
•He seems to fighting some kind of bug (a fat one
with buggy red eyes)
•Mary told him she reviewed the lesson (liar).
•I went to the cinema to meet James (my eldest
brother)

31. APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )
•An apostrophe has two very important
uses. Firstly, it can be used in
contraction in place in omitted letters.
Secondly, it can show possession.

32. APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )
EXAMPLES OF CONTRACTION:
are not – aren’t you are – you’re
does not – doesn’t she is –she’s
it is – it’s there is – there’s
they have – they’ve is not – isn’t

33. APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )
Use in contraction:
•They aren’t coming now so let’s go home.
•They’ve finished eating and they’re full.
•Aren’t you coming with me today? It’ll be
so much fun.

34. APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )
For possession:
•The learner’s jerseys were brand new.
•The computer’s keyboard was missing.
•I went to Stephen’s home for dinner.
•My brother’s birthday is this week.

35. QUOTATION MARKS ( “ ” )
As their name suggests, quotation marks
indicate direct quotations. You can also
use them to show that a word or a
phrase is being used ironically or for
titles of articles, book chapters,
episodes, etc.

36. QUOTATION MARKS ( “ ” )
•It is a pair of punctuation mark used
primarily to mark the beginning and end
of a passage they are also used to
indicate a meanings and to indicate the
unusual word.

37. QUOTATION MARKS ( “ ” )
EXAMPLES:
•John said, “I really hate when it’s hot outside.”
•Literature came from the Latin word “litera”
which means “letters”.
•The essay “True Colors” is an interesting piece
of John Lang.

38. ELLIPSIS ( … )
•Is most commonly represented by three
periods (…) the ellipsis is used in writing
or printing to indicate an omission,
especially letters or words. Ellipses are
frequently used with quotations to jump
from one phrase to another, omitting
unnecessary words.

39. ELLIPSIS ( … )
EXAMPLE:
•What a beautiful garden it was with lots
of flowers, trees, bushes etc. such a
wonderful place.
•What a beautiful garden it was … such a
wonderful place.

40. ELLIPSIS ( … )
EXAMPLE:
•He carefully opened the container and
discovered … loads of coins!
•“Do you think you’re ready? I just don’t
know if I …”Tom said.

41. CAPITALIZATI
ON

42. CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZATION is writing a word with
its first letter as capital letter or upper
case.

43. RULE #1
Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Example:
•Grade 9 students are very participative.
•You should always exert efforts on your studies.
•Always love and obey your parents.

44. RULE #2
Capitalize the names of people.
Example: Mark, Justine, Mary, Sam
•Mark and Justine will go to the beach on summer
vacation.
•I will submit my assignment to teacher Mary.
•My cousin, Sam, will celebrate her birthday
tomorrow.

45. RULE #3
Capitalize proper nouns.
Proper noun names a specific person, place or
thing. Proper nouns always begin with capital
letters.
**Please do not be confused with common noun
and proper noun**

46. RULE #3
COMMON NOUN PROPER NOUN
novelist William Shakespeare, Robert Frost
continent Asia, North America, Africa, Antarctica
city San Fernando City, Quezon City, DagupanCity
planet Mercury,Venus, Earth , Mars
park Luneta Park, Burnham Park, Lion’s Park
president Rodrigo Duterte, Ferdinand Marcos
month January, February, March,April, May

47. RULE #4
Capitalize the first word of a quoted
sentence.
Example:
•My girlfriend said, “You betrayed mg trust!”
•Mr. President said, “This pandemic will end soon.”
•Our teacher said, “You must pass this subject!”

48. RULE #5
DON’T capitalize after a colon
Example:
•I have one true passion: reading books.
•He was planning to study four subjects: politics,
philosophy, sociology, and economics.

49. RULE #5
EXCEPTIONS!
When the word following the colon is a proper
noun.
EXAMPLE:
•There is only one place I want to visit: Australia.
•One of the subjects I love the most: Mathematics.

50. RULE #6
Capitalize days, months, and holidays, but
not season.
Example:
•I love Mondays!
•Jif’s birthday is in March.
•Oh no! I forgot aboutValentine’s Day.

51. RULE #6
Capitalize most words in Titles (books,
movies, and other works)
Example:
•Sense and Sensibility is better than Pride and
Prejudice
•The first movie of the series is Harry Potter and
the Sorcerer’s Stone.

52. END 
Thank you for listening!