Rural development has shifted focus over the past 50 years from agricultural production to improving livelihoods and quality of life for rural populations. It now aims to enhance economic opportunities, infrastructure, education, health, gender equality and environmental sustainability. While agriculture remains important, rural development also focuses on non-farm activities given the growing diversification of rural economies. Global trends driving these changes include concerns around food security, poverty, inequality and climate change. Rural development faces ongoing challenges in achieving inclusive growth that benefits all rural communities.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
it discusses the nature of rural problems, the rural development programs, the rural areas as the root of poverty in a country and the rural development programs of the philippines
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
it discusses the nature of rural problems, the rural development programs, the rural areas as the root of poverty in a country and the rural development programs of the philippines
Conceptualization of rural development and planning and its reference to Bangladesh
The term rural development is the process of improving quality of life of the people living in rural areas who live often relatively isolated and sparsely populated area.
These slide share define and exlpain the rural area people and their life style and how rural area can be developed and what will be the output of developing rural area.
2019 GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
IFPRI
The 2019 Global Food Policy Report reviews major food policy developments and events from the past year. In this eighth annual report, leading researchers, policymakers, and practitioners explore the potential of rural revitalization to improve rural lives and meet the Sustainable Development Goals.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
Agricultural participation, farm typologies and sustainable rural livelihood ...ExternalEvents
Expert consultation on methodology for an information system on rural livelihoods and Sustainable Development Goals indicators on smallholder productivity and income
7 - 8 December, FAO headquarters
BARD is an institute which works for rural development in Bangladesh also internationally. They train for rural development. Here their concept of rural development is presented .
The Regional Development Updates (RDU) is the regular quarterly publication of RDC XII and NEDA XII containing development updates, news, reports and other relevant information on various activities of the Council, Local Government Units, Regional Line Agencies, State Universities and Colleges and Private Sector in the region.
Conceptualization of rural development and planning and its reference to Bangladesh
The term rural development is the process of improving quality of life of the people living in rural areas who live often relatively isolated and sparsely populated area.
These slide share define and exlpain the rural area people and their life style and how rural area can be developed and what will be the output of developing rural area.
2019 GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
IFPRI
The 2019 Global Food Policy Report reviews major food policy developments and events from the past year. In this eighth annual report, leading researchers, policymakers, and practitioners explore the potential of rural revitalization to improve rural lives and meet the Sustainable Development Goals.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
Agricultural participation, farm typologies and sustainable rural livelihood ...ExternalEvents
Expert consultation on methodology for an information system on rural livelihoods and Sustainable Development Goals indicators on smallholder productivity and income
7 - 8 December, FAO headquarters
BARD is an institute which works for rural development in Bangladesh also internationally. They train for rural development. Here their concept of rural development is presented .
The Regional Development Updates (RDU) is the regular quarterly publication of RDC XII and NEDA XII containing development updates, news, reports and other relevant information on various activities of the Council, Local Government Units, Regional Line Agencies, State Universities and Colleges and Private Sector in the region.
article on service learning activities based on young children's trade books. Ideas for students to read and consider the seven elements on how to create a service learning lesson in a classroom.
Travel Technology für Destinationen: Die Trends für Destinationen im Jahr 2017! Die Destination als Enabler, als Datenmanager und als grenzenloses Konstrukt.
The paper arises many questions related to issues covered under the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development mainly focuses on quality of life which is highly dependent upon use of natural resources and thus these resources must be sustained. The present concept of sustainable global enterprise will help to achieve three basic goals known as corporate responsibility, environmental protection and social responsiveness. The concept of sustainable development also focuses on issues related to women as they play a significant role in policy of sustainable development. Women issues are basically linked with population and fertility. The development process worldwide has contributed to increase in economic and social inequalities, environment degradation and has also led to growth in poverty.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Rural Development
Rural Development Case Study
The Development Of Rural Development
Role Of Infrastructure And Rural Development
Infrastructure and Rural Development in Malaysia
Rural Development in India
RI Rural Development Loan
Rural Tourism in India
Essay about Rural Education
Infrastructure and Rural
Disadvantages Of Rural Development
The Development Of Rural Development
Rural Development Case Study
Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban India's Sustainable...inventionjournals
"Many cities are caught in a 'perfect storm' of population growth , escalating adaptation needs and substantial development deficits created by a shortage of human and financial resources , increasing levels of informality, poor governance, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, poverty and growing inequality." - IPCC, 2014The lines quoted above sufficiently emphasize both the requirement and the importance of sustainability in urban development. This article seeks to provide a scholarly insight into sustainable urbandevelopment and discusses the challenges facing India in achieving sustainable urban growth. Finally the article makes a few pertinent suggestions to improve urban development policies of India along the lines of sustainability
Similar to Rural development in transition: Global trends (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. Rural development in transition: Global trends
Udin N 046
2006). Apart from the changing context of rural
development, increasing incidence of poverty/extreme
poverty and recognition of its non income derivative have
contributed significantly to the evolution of new narratives
of rural development. A major non-income need of rural
people, the dearth of which contributes to their
backwardness is political participation - which was used
to define what is known as inclusive rural development -
when combined with the pursuance of their economic and
social needs. Another concept is that of integrated rural
development, which favours the amalgamation of
development activities in various economic sectors
(agriculture, commerce, industry, etc) in the rural
development process. It also includes the integration of
the traditionally disadvantaged groups (such as children,
the youth, women, the elderly, minorities, etc) into the
rural development process.
Today‘s concept of rural development is fundamentally
different from that used about 3 or 4 decades ago. The
concept now encompasses ―concerns that go well
beyond improvements in growth, income, and output. The
concerns include an assessment of changes in the
quality of life, broadly defined to include improvement in
health and nutrition, education, environmentally safe
living conditions, and reduction in gender and income
inequalities. Today there seems to be universal
consensus that the ultimate objective of rural
development is to improve the quality of life of rural
people. Despite the above changing contexts, the
necessity for greater and deliberate efforts targeting
development of rural areas and their inhabitants has
continued growing, especially in Africa and other
developing countries
Rural development would continue to be a frontline issue
in global development agenda, for both traditional, well
known reasons and the emerging ones. Whatever view is
held on the future of rural development, it is still difficult to
deny the immortal contribution of the rural environment
and its people to global agriculture, food security and the
perpetuation of the human race. In most developing
countries, rural communities are home to majority of the
citizens and still produce the bulk of the food and fiber.
Rural development is a crucial tool for combating global
poverty, disease, human slavery and inequality. It not
only creates a new level of self-sufficiency and
satisfaction for members of a society who may have
never experienced such development, but as a
consequence of globalization and the new associated
challenges in the developing world, rural development is
more necessary and pressing than ever before (GAPS,
2007). Rural development is also important in arresting
rural-urban migration that has become the bane of many
developing countries. It would ensure optimum utilization
of human and natural resources in rural communities and
reduce pressure on already overloaded utilities in the
urban centers. It should go without saying that rural
development is the essence of national development in
developing countries. The kind of pleasant arguments
earlier mentioned that is taking place in the West may
never be witnessed this century in Africa and other poor
regions of the world, going by predictions in available
statistics. The pace and level of rural development in
Third World countries would continue to define their
overall socioeconomic development as sovereign states.
Western countries got to where they are today as a result
of implementation of deliberate rural development
planning and programmes, among other factors. Virile
rural development processes would give rise to
development at national and regional levels and
contribute to global progress.
In the Changing global scenario, understanding of the
concept of ‗development‘ itself in relation to sustainability
gave rise to the concept of sustainable development.
FAO (1988) defined sustainable Development as: "the
management and conservation of the natural resources
base and the orientation of technological and institutional
change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment
and continued satisfaction of human needs for present
and future generations.
Such sustainable development in the agriculture, forestry
and fisheries sectors conserves land, water, plant and
animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-
degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable
and socially acceptable." According Marcelino Avila and
Lavinia Gasperini (2005), sustainable rural development
is understood as a process of constant change and
transformation of the rural areas, encompassing a wide
scope of processes and
programmes such as:
- Enhancement of governance at the local, district
and provincial levels, including
- Linkages with the private sector, civil society and
government line agencies.
- Development of productive sectors: agriculture,
non-agricultural industry, mining,
- Tourism, natural resources, environmental
management, etc.
- Development of institutions and their capacities in
key areas, i.e. education and
- Training, health, research and extension,
marketing, savings and credit, environment,
transportation, etc.
- Development of rural infrastructure for roads,
electricity, telecommunications, housing,
- Water, sanitation, etc.
- Contemporary ‗narratives‘, ‗definitions‘ or
‗prescriptions‘ concerning rural development.
3. Rural development in transition: Global trends
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 047
- Characteristically tend to address everything that
affects rural people and the quality of their life as entities
and as integral members of the larger society and,
indeed, the world.
Recent connotation of rural development aimed at
establishment of the Millennium Development Goals has
significantly reinforced the concerns about non income
poverty. With the paradigm shifts in economic
development from growth to broadly defined
―development,‖ the concept of rural development has
begun to be used in a broader sense.
Theoretical Foundations of Rural Development
Research indicates that there is a constant shift of
development paradigms, which also affect the
methodologies for rural development. These paradigms
often only get to gain momentum 10 years after they
have emerged (Ellis andBiggs, 2001).Rural development
is all encompassing and it highlights the improvement of
economic and social infrastructure. This can be combined
with an agrarian transformation which helps in increasing
production, improve the sustainable use of natural
resources, establishing and strengthening rural livelihood
and food security.
Rural development objectives can only be achieved if
there is an improved land reform programmes which deal
with issues around land redistribution, land tenure reform
and land redistribution, claims.
Although rural development has been a priority area for
external donors its importance has increased in the
second half of the last 50 years as concerns about food
security, the population explosion, environment and
climatic changes, as well as poverty, equality and social
justice have come to be increasingly perceived as being
in the purview of global, rather than national policy
agendas. Rural development stood at the cross-cutting
path of these concerns. However, the multiplicity of the
objectives which rural development was expected to
achieve often deprived it of a central focus and often
contributed to its failure.
The seriousness of the rural underdevelopment problem
further increases when other dimensions of development
are taken into account.
For example, evidence indicates growing disparities
between urban and rural areas confront serious
environmental problems, increasing the vulnerability of
the poor in particular. The current status of the rural
economy and the overall quality of life of majority of the
rural population suggest that neither the overall economic
growth and development nor the growth and
development in the rural economy have been inclusive.
Increasing recognition of this situation has begun to
generate a great deal of attention to inclusive growth in
general and inclusive rural development in particular.
METHODOLOGY
The analysis is based mainly on secondary data and
draws substantially on earlier studies Carried out by the
Institutions and individuals and existing literature with a
specific focus on emerging perspectives of rural
development.
Basis of study
The study is based on the practical experience of rural
development experiments derived from Published and
grey materials
The review was prepared over through insights analyzed
from the descriptive statically data
The following steps are adopted:
• Collection of documents and resource materials
• summarize the lessons learned
Trends in Rural Development
It is well experimented through various strategic
interventions by both developed and developing countries
and highlights the various paradigm shifts in the rural
development concepts. Rural development generally
denotes economic development and community
development actions and initiatives taken to improve the
standard of living in non-urban neighborhood, remote
villages and the countryside typically relate to the primary
sector production and processing of food stuffs and raw
materials. The new policy for rural development seeks to
find a rationale and sustainable framework for the future
of rural areas. It will complement the reforms introduced
into the market sectors by promoting a competitive, multi-
functional agricultural sector in the context of a
comprehensive, integrated strategy for rural development
(EC, 2010). In spite of rapid urbanization in most parts of
the world over the past two decades, rural development
remains a major challenge for developing countries in
Africa, Asia and Latin America (Soo-young, 2008).
According to a recent World Bank report, ―75 percent of
the world‘s poor live in rural areas and most are involved
in farming‖ (World Bank, 2009).
There is also renewed urgency for addressing rural
problems generated by population Pressure on land,
water and other resources, threats to the environment,
climate change, and widening income disparity between
rural and urban areas. National governments and
international development agencies are once again
placing increased emphasis on rural and agricultural
4. Rural development in transition: Global trends
Udin N 048
development as critical for reducing poverty and
achieving the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs).
These factors, among many others, tend to highlight the
importance of rural development. The policy makers in
most of the developing economies recognize this
importance and have been implementing a host of
programs and measures to achieve rural development
objectives. While some of these countries have achieved
impressive results, others have failed to make significant
dent in the problem of persistent rural underdevelopment.
Towards Global Exposure
Rural areas are highly heterogeneous, whether the scale
is agro ecological, set in terms of distance from cities, or
to do with the degree of agricultural ‗Modernization‘.
However, some broad-brush classifications are possible
and useful, particularly to distinguish peri-urban, middle
and remote areas.
All rural areas are rapidly changing, in size, structure and
capability of population, in the Pattern of economic
activity, and in the degree of integration with national and
International economies. Urban populations will soon be
larger than rural, most rural people will be functionally
landless, and, in most areas, agriculture will be a
relatively small productive sector, commercial in its
orientation and incorporated into national and
international commodity chains. Most rural households
will have a diverse and geographically dispersed portfolio
of income sources: they will pursue multi-location and
multi-occupational livelihood strategies.
The first of these is about whether agriculture can be the
engine of rural growth, especially in ‗early development‘.
There are many good reasons to believe it can, and the
empirical evidence is encouraging. However, natural
resources are pressured; and the long-term decline in
agricultural commodity prices weakens both the sector
and the case. Lower taxes and large-scale investment in
public goods (physical and institutional) will help, by
lowering transaction costs. Some also argue that
developing country agriculture should be protected, for
example by a ‗food security box‘ in the WTO.
The case for agriculture-led poverty reduction rests
heavily on the productive efficiency of small farms and on
their contribution to local economies, especially by virtue
of demand for services (including construction). However,
the future viability of small farms, and of the small-farm
model, is increasingly in question: technological
complexity, greater connectedness to markets, and the
globalization of commodity chains are all to blame. Public
goods, again, will help lower transaction costs; and social
welfare transfers can be re-designed to boost production
(for example, fertilizersubsidies rather than food aid).
If agriculture is faltering, the non-farm rural economy may
take up the slack, though much is agriculture-dependent.
The RNFE is indeed growing fast. It takes different forms,
according to the degree of connectedness to the urban
economy: early stage on-farm enterprises benefiting from
the natural protection of poor roads may disappear as
infrastructure improves; but new enterprises will grow as
businesses try to escape congested cities. Investment in
the RNFE is important; particularly to reduce entry
barriers to the poor, but must be driven by local
comparative advantage.
There is more to rural development than production, on
or off the farm. New thinking on poverty links back to
earlier thinking on integrated rural development, and
Caroline Ashley and Simon Maxwell also points the way
forward, with a new emphasis on the risks of
liberalization, on the importance of income distribution, on
human capital, and on risk, vulnerability and social
protection. The poverty agenda dominates in international
development: rural development planners need to work
with it, not against it.
The state is seen to have an important role in both
poverty reduction and rural development, informed by the
view that liberalization and structural adjustment moved
too quickly, with insufficient attention to the need for
strong and prior institutional Under-pinning of markets. In
particular, the state needs to ensure that the poor can
access reasonably performing and stable markets for
finance, inputs and agricultural outputs – in some cases
state-facilitated services will be needed to meet this
need.
Participation features prominently in poverty reduction
discourse, and also in rural development but the issue is
perhaps better understood as one of governance.
Democratic decentralization is the popular political
technology, not always yielding the immediate benefits
for rural poverty reduction that might be expected, but
amenable to improvement. New partnerships with civil
society are central.
CONCLUSION
Rural development policy has yet to catch up with these
changes. Multi-sectoral approaches are necessary, and
the state has much to do. However, past experience
reminds us that implementation constraints, whether
caused by low administrative capacity or bureaucratic
capture, are the enemy of good intentions. Plans need to
be ranked with capacity to deliver as a criterion.