The document presents a dissertation on rural development programs in India, highlighting the significance of rural development in enhancing the quality of life for the rural poor, who constitute a significant portion of the population. It discusses various aspects including the scope, importance, strategies, problems, and specific programs aimed at rural development, along with an acknowledgment of contributors to the research. The document emphasizes the necessity of addressing socio-economic disparities and improving infrastructure to achieve sustainable rural development.

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that in miss R.K.SWATI has carried out the research embodied in
the present dissertation entitled “RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN
INDIA:-AN OVERVIEW”.Under my supervision as a part of 8th paper of 6th sem
B.A(Hons.) part Third Arts in mahila mahavidhayalay, BHU.This dissertation is an
independent work and not constitute part of any material submitted for any
research degree or diploma here or elsewhere.

2. Supervisior
Professor Inu
Mehta
B.H.U.

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my dissertation supervisor
, Prof (mrs.) Inu Mehta, for her able guidance and encouragement .Without her it
would not have been possible to bring out this work.
I have no words to express my heartful gratitudes to my father
Mr. Kamendra kumar roy, mother Mrs. Ragini roy, brother (priyanshu) and sister
(R.K.tripti), whose const ant love, affection and support have always been a source
of inspiration for me.
I
Must thank my friends’ moral support during period of my dissertation work.
April,2013
NAME: R.K.SWATI
ROLL NO:10131MM236

4. CONTENT
S. NO’S. TOPICS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
4. PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
5. RURAL DEVELOPMENT-STRATEGIES & CAPACITIES
6. NAME OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: PRE &
POST INDEPENDENCE
7. COOPERATIVES FOR PEOPLE-CENTRED RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
8. RURAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK
9. SOME IMPORTANT AGENCIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
10. CONCLUSION

5. Rural Development Programmes In ndia:-An Overview
INTRODUCTION
There are no universally accepted approaches to rural development. It is a choice
Influenced by time, space and culture. The term rural development connotes overall
development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. In this sense,
it is a comprehensive and multidimensional concept, and encompasses the
development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries and
crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above
all, human resources in rural areas. As a phenomenon, rural development is the end-
result of interactions between various physical, technological, economic, social,
cultural and institutional factors. As a strategy, it is designed to improve the
economic and social well-being of a specific group of people – the rural poor. As a
discipline, it is multi-disciplinary in nature, representing an intersection of
agriculture, social, behavioural, engineering and management sciences. (Katar Singh
1999). In the Indian context rural development assumes greater significance as 72.22
per cent (according to the 2001 census) of its population still live in rural areas. Most
of the people living in rural areas draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied
sectors (60.41 % of total work force), and poverty mostly persists here (27.1 % in
1999-2000). At the time of independence around 83 per cent of the Indian population
were living in rural areas. Accordingly, from the very beginning, our planned strategy
emphasized rural development and will continue to do so in future. Strategically, the
focus of our planning was to improve the economic and social conditions of the
underprivileged sections of rural society. Thus, economic growth with social justice
became the proclaimed objective of the planning process under rural development. It
began with an emphasis on agricultural production and consequently expanded to
promote productive employment opportunities for rural masses, especially the poor,
by integrating production, infrastructure, human resource and institutional
development measures. During the plan periods, there have been shifting strategies

6. for rural development. The First Plan (1951-56) was a period when community
development was taken as a method and national extension services as the agency for
rural development. Co-operative farming with local participation was the focus of the
Second Plan (1956-61) strategy. The Third Plan (1961-66) was the period of re-
strengthening the Panchayati Raj System through a democratic decentralized
mechanism. Special Area Programmes were started for the development of backward
areas in the Fourth Plan (1969-74). In the Fifth Plan (1974-79), the concept of
minimum needs programme was introduced to eradicate poverty in rural areas. There
was a paradigm shift in the strategy for rural development in the Sixth Plan (1980-
85). The emphasis was on strengthening the socio-economic infrastructure in rural
areas, and initiatives were taken to alleviate disparities through the Integrated Rural
Development Programme (IRDP). During the Seventh Plan (1985-90), a new strategy
was chalked out to create skill-based employment opportunities under different
schemes. Special programmes for income generation through creation of assets,
endowments and land reforms were formulated for participation by the people at
the grassroots level.

7. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.ROLE OF WOMEN IN PROMOTING RURAL SANITATION:STUDY BASED
OBSERVATION FROM WEST BENGAL:-
1)Women plays the decisive role in promption and prper management of household-
level sanitation in a family….
2.Interestingly it was found that women from 65% of selected household,happily
invested their money earned from self help group(SHG)activies while installation of
their house-hold.
3.Children from female-headed families werw found much more conscious and
concern about personal hygiene norms than male-headed families.
2.THESIS ON COPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY
KATAT SINGH AND R S PUNDIR

8. Institute of Rural Management, Anand—388 001, India
August 2000
List of Abbreviations
AMUL : Anand Milk Union Limited
CEO : Chief Executive Officer
CIP : Co-operative Initiative Panel
CPRs : Common Pool Resources
DCCB : District Central Co-operative BDDP : Dairy Development Programme
EEC : European Economic Community
FSS : Farmers‘ Service Society
GOI : Government of India
ICA : International Co-operative Alliance
IFFCO : Indian Farmers‘ Fertiliser Co-operative
IRMA : Institute of Rural Management Anand
KRIBHCO : Krishak Bharti Co-operative
LAMPS : Large - sized Adivasi Multipurpose Society
LT : Long Term
NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NDC : National Development Council
NDDB : National Dairy Development Board
NEP : New Economic Policy
NGO : Non Governmental Organisation
NRM : Natural Resource Management
OED : Operations Evaluation Department
OF : Operation Flood

9. PACS : Primary Agricultural Credit Society
PCARDB : Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank
SCARDB : State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank
SCB : State Co-operative Bank
ST : Short Term
WDC : Women‘s Dairy Co-operative Society
WTO : World Trade Organisation

10. WHY DO WE NEED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rural development has always been an important issue in all discussions pertaining
to economic development, especially of developing countries, throughout the world.
In the developing countries and some formerly communist societies, rural mass
comprise a substantial majority of the population. Over 3.5 billion people live in the
Asia and Pacific region and some 63% of them in rural areas. Although millions of
rural people have escaped poverty as a result of rural development in many Asian
countries, a large majority of rural people continue to suffer from persistent poverty.
The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas are widening and
creating tremendous pressure on the social and economic fabric of many developing
Asian economies. These factors, among many others, tend to highlight the
importance of rural development. The policy makers in most of the developing
economies recognize this importance and have been implementing a host of programs
and measures to achieve rural development objectives. While some of these countries
have achieved impressive results, others have failed to make a significant dent in the
problem of persistent rural underdevelopment Rural - Is an area, where the people
are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things directly for the
first time in cooperation with nature as stated by Srivastava (1961). Rural areas are
sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. Such areas
are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas, and also from
unsettled lands such as outback or wilderness. People live in village, on farms and in
other isolated houses. Rural areas can have an agricultural character, though many
rural areas are characterized by an economy based on logging, mining, oil and gas
exploration, or tourism. Lifestyles in rural areas are different than those in urban
areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law
enforcement, schools, fire departments, and libraries may be distant, limited in scope,
or unavailable. Utilities like water, sewer, street lighting, and garbage collection may
not be present. Public transport is sometimes absent or very limited; people use their

11. own vehicles, walk or ride an animal. A society or community can be classified as
rural based on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation, less
social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc. Agriculture would be the
major occupation of rural area. Development: It refers to growth, evolution, stage of
inducement or progress. This progress or growth is gradual and had sequential
phases. Always there is increasing differentiation. It also refers to the over all
movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations.

12. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural
areas. These include agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social
infrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village
planning, public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc. Rural
development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because
of the following reasons.
1. About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas, thus rural development
is needed to develop nation as whole.
2. Nearly half of the country's national income is derived from agriculture, which is
major occupation of rural India.
3. Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through
agriculture.
4. Bulks of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural sector.
5. Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural population‟s
motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods.
6. Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political
instability.
Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India
because of the following reasons.
1. To develop rural area as whole in terms of culture, society, economy, technology
and health.
2. To develop living slandered of rural mass.
3. To develop rural youths, children and women.

13. 4. To develop and empower human resource of rural area in terms of their
psychology, skill, knowledge, attitude and other abilities.
5. To develop infrastructure facility of rural area.
6. To provide minimum facility to rural mass in terms of drinking water, education,
transport, electricity and communication.
7. To develop rural institutions like panchayat, cooperatives, post, banking and credit.
8. To provide financial assist to develop the artisans in the rural areas, farmers and
agrarian unskilled labor, small and big rural entrepreneurs to improve their economy.
9. To develop rural industries through the development of handicrafts, small scaled
industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage industries and other related
economic operations in the rural sector.
10. To develop agriculture, animal husbandry and other agricultural related areas.
11. To restore uncultivated land, provide irrigation facilities and motivate farmers to
adopt improved seed, fertilizers, package of practices of crop cultivation and soil
conservation methods.
12. To develop entertainment and recreational facility for rural mass.
13. To develop leadership quality of rural area.
14. To improve rural marketing faciliy
15. To minimise gap between the urban and rural in terms of facilities availed.
16. To improve rural people‟s participation in the development of state and nation as
whole.
17. To improve scopes of employment for rural mass.
18. For the sustainable development of rural area.
19. To eliminate rural poverty.
20. To solve the problems faced by the rural mass for their development.

14. PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
1. People related:
1. Traditional way of thinking.
2. Poor understanding.
3. Low level of education to understand developmental efforts and new technology.
4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation.
5. Lack of confidence.
6. Poor awareness.
7. Low level of education.
8. Existence of unfelt needs.
9. Personal ego.
2. Agricultural related problems:
1. Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude.
2. Unavailability of inputs.
3. Poor marketing facility.
4. Insufficient extension staff and services.
5. Multidimensional tasks to extension personnel.
6. Small size of land holding.
7. Division of land.
8. Unwillingness to work and stay in rural areas.

15. 3. Infrastructure related problems:
1. Poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, transport, educational
institutions, communication, health, storage facility etc.
4. Economic problems:
1. Unfavourable economic condition to adopt high cost technology.
2. High cost of inputs.
3. Underprivileged rural industries
5. Social and Cultural problems:
1. Cultural norms and traditions
2. Conflict within and between groups, castes, religions, regions, languages.
6. Leadership related problems:
1. Leadership among the hands of inactive and incompetent people.
2. Malafied interest of leaders.
3. Biased political will.
7. Administrative problems:
1. Earlier, majority of the programmes were planning based on top to bottom
approach and were target oriented.
2. Political interference.
3. Lack of motivation and interest.
4. Unwillingness to work in rural area.
5. Improper utilization of budget.

16. Rural Development – strategies and capacities
Rural India finds mention in every document on poverty, inequality, malnutrition, un-
and
disguised employment, agriculture and artisanal livelihoods, and gender
relationships.
Almost all these refer to the limited capacities for economic growth and
development.
Thereby, technologies and investments in people and infrastructure for these
technologies
have become the bedrock of rural development efforts in the country. This theme
presents
an overview of S&T strategies for rural development in India. The focus is on
understanding the S&T capacities that exist, and how the knowledge and
technologies are
accessed and used for rural development.
India is Rural (2000-01 to 2004-05)
 Rural Population of 830 Million – in 1100 Million
 Cultivators + Main and Marginal workers – 430 Million
 Urban Literacy Rate (81%); Rural (61%)
 Female Literacy 45% in Rural Areas (70% in Urban Areas)
 Malnourished – 49% of Children and 39% of Women in Rural India (36% and
20% in Urban Areas)
 Rural Infant Mortality Rate- 61 (37 in Urban Areas) in 1000
Source: NSSO (various rounds); NCEUS, 2007.
Overall rural development efforts in India focus on:
• Provision of basic infrastructure facilities in the rural areas e.g. schools, health
facilities, roads, drinking water, electrification etc.

17. NAME OF RURAL DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMES:-PRE AND AFTER
INDEPENDENCE
RURAL
DEVELOPME
NT
PROGRAMM
ES Sr. No.
Name of the
Programme
Started by Year
Pre independence
1 Sriniketan
Project
Shri Rabindra
Nath Tagore
1914
2 Marthandam
Project
Dr.Spencer
Hatch
1921
3 Gurgaon
Experiment
F.L.Brayne 1928
4 Sarvoday
Programme
Shri Vinoba
Bhave
1948-49
Post early independence(1947-53)
1 Firka
Development
Madras
Government
1948
2 Etawah Pilot
Project
Albert Mayor 1948
3 Nilokheri
Experiment
S.K.Dey 1948
4 Community
Development
Programme
(CDP)
Government of
India
1952

18. 5 National
Extension
Service (NES)
Government of
India
1953
RURAL
DEVELOPMEN
T EFFORTS /
PROGRAMMES
AFTER
INDEPENDENC
E No
Year Name of the
Programme after
independence
1 1948 GMFC Grow More
Food
Campaign
2 1950 JMPC Japanese
Method of
Paddy
Cultivation
3 1952 CDP Community
Development
Programme
4 1953 NES National
Extension
Service
5 1961 IADP Intensive
Agriculture
District

19. Programme
6 1963 ANP Applied
Nutrition
Programme
7 1964-65 IAAP Integrated
Agricultural
Area
Programme
8 1964 ICDP Integrated
Cattle
Development
Programme
9 1965 NDP National
Demonstratio
n Project
10 1966 ODP Oilseed
Development
Programme
11 1966-67 HYVP High
Yielding
Varieties
Programme
12 1966 FTEP Farmers
Training and
Education
Programme
13 1966 FTC Farmers

20. Training
Centre
14 1966 MCP Multiple
Crop
Programme
15 1970 DPAP Draught
Prone Area
Programme
16 1970 DFAP Dry Farming
Area
Programme
17 1971 ICDP Integrated
Cotton
Development
Programme
18 1971 WVDP Whole
Village
Development
Programme
19 1971 SFDA Small
Farmers
Development
Agency
20 1971 MFAL Marginal
Farmers and
Agricultural
Labour

21. Agency
21 1971-72 TADP Tribal Area
Development
Programme
22 1973 HADP Hill Area
Development
Programme
23 1974 T&V Training and
Visit System
24 1974 KVK Krushi
Vigyan
Kendra
25 1974 TDB Tribal
Development
Block
26 1975 CADP Command
Area
Development
Programme
27 1976 IRDP Intergraded
Rural
Development
Programme
28 1976 ORP Operational
Research
Project
29 1976 SF Social

22. Forestry
30 1977 DDP Desert
Development
Programme
31 1978 LLP Lab-to-Land
Programme
32 1978 NARP National
Agricultural
Research
Project
33 1979 TRYSEM Training of
Rural Youth
for Self
Employment
34 1980 NREP National
Rural
Employment
Programme
35 1980 DRDA District Rural
Development
Agency
36 1980-81 TUP Tribal
Upliftment
Project
37 1981 RLEGP Rural
Landless
Employment

23. Guarantee
Programme
38 1982 DWCRA Development
of Women
and Children
in Rural
Areas
39 1984-85 NAEP National
Agricultural
Extension
Project
40 1986-87 NWDP National
Watershed
Development
Project
41 1989 JRY Jawahar
Rojgar
Yojana
42 1990-91 NWDPRA National
Water
Development
Project for
Rain fed
Areas
43 1998 NATP National
Agricultural
Technology

24. Project
44 1998 ATMA Agricultural
Technology
Management
Agency
45 2005 NAIP National
Agricultural
Innovation
Project

25. Cooperatives for People-Centred Rural Development
Cooperatives play a major self-help role in rural areas, particularly where private
businesses hesitate to go and public authorities do not provide basic services. They
are instrumental in providing opportunities for productive employment, as well as
offering health care, education, potable water, improved sanitation, roads, and market
access, while giving a stronger “voice” to rural groups.
Why action is needed
Cooperatives…
 Create opportunity for employment, income generation, and increase the
availability of goods and services, all of which also contribute to economic
growth.
 members are also the
beneficiaries
 Are strongly rooted in their community, and are thus more likely to positively
influence it.
 Are guided by a set of underlying values and ethics and are schools of social
dialogue and democracy.
 Are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality,
equity and solidarity; as well as ethical values of honesty, openness, social
responsibility, and caring for others.

26.  -type activities into legally protected and productive
work.
 Mobilize self-help and motivate people to make better use of their self-help
potential.
 economic and social
development needs of their members and the larger community, because
members are both producers and beneficiaries.
 Are often the only provider of services in rural communities, given that other
types of enterprises often find it too costly to invest in these areas or anticipate
low levels of economic return. This is the case for electricity, water resources,
financial services, and consumer supplies. In India, for instance, the consumer
needs of 67 percent of rural households are covered by cooperatives.
 community
identity and strengthen the social fabric, particularly important in post-crisis
contexts.
 Offer an economic future for youth in rural areas, and thus prevent rural
depopulation.
Themes Rural Policy Briefs Facts and figures
 cooperatives. In Uganda, for
instance, they increased from 554 in 1995 to 7,500 in 2009.1
 Roughly one billion people are members of cooperatives, and over 100 million
work in them.

27.  in rural areas.
 Sustainable energy cooperatives are experiencing rapid expansion, with wind
power cooperatives in Canada, Denmark, India and the United Kingdom and
photovoltaic cooperatives in Brazil and Mexico.
 for USD 1 trillion in
turnover.
 Cooperatives are resilient to crises. During the ongoing financial and economic
crisis, savings and credit cooperatives, and cooperative banks have
experienced an increase in almost every facet of their business, including:
increases in assets and deposits, in volume of lending, members, and better
interest rates.
 their often
limited resources, mobility and “voice.” This also applies for disadvantaged
groups such as indigenous populations and disabled persons.
 Withstand crises better than their capital-centered counterparts.
 of their member-
driven nature, a key approach for rural areas whose populations depend on the
resilience of natural resources such as land, water, and soil quality.
 Encourage modernization by facilitating the dissemination of new technologies
and processes.

28. Agriculture
 to farmers,
through sharing and pooling of resources, improved access to markets, higher
returns for their products, and strengthened bargaining position.
 Cooperatives are a means to facilitate engaging in food processing, thereby
allowing their members to access and benefit from higher value-added
markets.
 Farmer cooperatives improve member livelihoods and local re-investments,
support rural development and the viability of rural communities.
 Cooperatives also address the social protection needs of their members,
thereby reducing farmers’ vulnerability, particularly in times of crisis, and
prevent them from falling into poverty.
 cooperatives are involved
in agriculture. In Ethiopia, for instance, 900,000 people in agriculture are
estimated to generate part of their income through cooperatives.
Health
 with medical
services otherwise not available through public or private health programmes,
including
 home-based care (e.g. for individuals with HIV/AIDS).
 services, member-
owned, not-for-profit health cooperatives such as in Brazil, Colombia and
Japan, may constitute an alternative to private insurers. In Benin, the savings
and credit cooperative federation, FECECAM, is providing financial services

29. including affordable micro-health and life insurance to over 500,000 individual
members, 90 percent of whom live in rural areas.
Housing, Infrastructure and Utilities
 Housing and building cooperatives directly create employment through the
construction and maintenance of housing facilities, while providing housing at
considerably low costs. For example, housing cooperatives for seniors in rural
areas are popular in the USA.
 Cooperatives develop infrastructure (roads, water, schools and playgrounds),
which generates employment, while helping provide an enabling environment
for other enterprises, as well as an attractive setting for workers and their
families.
 ives are pivotal in the overall electricity supply of rural areas.
Currently, 85 percent of people without electricity live in rural areas of
developing countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In 2005,
58 percent of rural electricity in Argentina was provided by cooperatives,
without which advancements in agriculture would have been compromised and
jobs in rural communities lost.
Tourism
 increasing worldwide.
 Through tourism cooperatives, rural populations can generate important and
complementary income. For example, agri-tourism cooperatives in Italy
emphasize
 home-made and locally produced foods for tourists that seek a specifically
rural or farm experience.

30.  Through tourism cooperatives, members may also increase their say in the
overall nature, extent, speed and other modalities of tourism development in
their area.
Defining a Cooperative
 than other corporate
forms. It is, “an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet
 their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a
jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.”
 Rural contexts can host a variety of cooperatives, in agriculture (production,
processing, marketing, purchasing and sales), but also financial services
 (banking, credit and loan, insurance), in health, electricity,
telecommunications, water, consumer goods and services, housing, tourism,
and
 handicrafts.
 Source: ILO: The Promotion of Cooperatives
 Recommendation, 2002 (No.193)
Savings and credit and other financial organizations
 to banking is
scarce, the large majority of adults store money at home, with friends or
through other means.Cooperative financial institutions represent 30 to 50 cent
of cooperatives in any given country.
 Access to finance creates opportunity for producers to purchase goods and
services that increase their productivity. For instance, agriculture producers

31. require access to finance to cover costs between harvesting periods, help them
manage seasonal liquidity shortages and cover unforeseen expenses.
Policy options
Strengthen the cooperative business model using ILO's Promotion of
Cooperatives Recommendation,
2002 (No. 193)
 practices (e.g.
registration procedures, taxation policies, accounting standards, capital
standards for financial
 institutions as well as ability to access funding) that support the establishment
and growth of cooperatives, in consultation with cooperative organizations.
 Develop and implement an adequate regulatory framework for cooperatives,
including for instance, labour law, taxation law, accounting standards and
competition law.
 Establish equal treatment between cooperatives and other enterprises, taking
into consideration the distinctive structure of cooperatives and their member-
regulation needs to focus, first of all, on the self-control mechanisms of
cooperatives.
 Provide special support for cooperatives that address specific social and public
policy needs and activities benefiting disadvantaged groups or regions.
 Provide for an efficient and effective implementation of the regulatory
framework, such as provisions on registration of cooperatives and auditing.

32.  Promote the establishment of secondary and tertiary cooperative structures
(that is, associations of cooperatives) as well as horizontal linkages between
primary cooperatives, so that the value-added in the processing and
commercialization of products remains with cooperative members.
 Raise awareness among policymakers, for instance, to promote entrepreneurial
diversity in the banking industry, including cooperative banks.
 business model and its
advantages, at all appropriate levels of the national education and training
systems, and in the wider society.
“Materials and Techniques for Cooperative Management Training”
(MATCOM)
This is a high quality, standardized and comprehensive training package. The
MATCOM project (1978-1993) developed cooperative management training
materials, which were put at the disposal of national cooperative movements and
development partners, who could then prepare local versions. MATCOM consists of
40 trainers’ manuals and 60 learning elements covering different types of
cooperatives in various economic sectors, different target groups and different levels
of cooperative management. Many of the manuals have been translated into French,
Spanish, Portuguese, as well as 40 other local languages. The package is currently
undergoing updates and revisions.
COOPREFORM
This programme (1993-2002) was part of the ILO-DANIDA initiative on cooperative
development in rural areas to promote genuine cooperatives in the context of
democratization, decentralization and structural adjustment. At least 61 countries
benefited from COOPREFORM assistance directly or indirectly, and some 29
countries either promulgated a new cooperative law or embraced a new cooperatives
policy (or both). This prepared the ground for ILO’s ongoing substantial work to

33. support constituents and cooperative organizations to strengthen their policies and
legal frameworks in line with R. 193.
SYNDICOOP
This joint initiative (2004-2006) among the International Cooperative Alliance
(ICA), the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the ILO helped
strengthen organization among informal economy workers, and improve employment
opportunities, income and working conditions through cooperatives in Kenya,
Rwanda, the United Republic of Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda. Lessons
learned from SYNDICOOP have guided programmes such as COOPAFRICA (2007-
2010), which updated and replicated certain aspects in nine African countries
(Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Rwanda Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and
Zanzibar). COOPAFRICA aimed at mobilizing the cooperative self-help mechanism
to tackle development constraints, such as unemployment, lack of social protection,
lack of empowerment and poverty.
 Strengthen the productivity of existing cooperatives and their competitiveness,
among others by providing for training and other forms of assistance to
members,

34.  office-bearers and staff of cooperatives in order to develop technical,
entrepreneurial and managerial skills.
 workers’
organizations, and cooperatives.
 Encourage employers’ organizations to extend membership to cooperatives
wishing to join them.
 cooperative members
to join them, and to assist their own members to establish cooperatives.
ILO's role
nternational governmental legal
instrument to promote cooperatives, namely R. 193.
the last 15 years alone it
has assisted over 65 countries in their cooperative policy and law reform. Most
recently, it has contributed to the design of the Ley Marco para las cooperatives de
America Latina; the Uniform Cooperative Act for OHADA (Organisation pour l'
Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires); and the implementation assessment
of the 2003 European Union Regulation on cooperatives in the 27 EU member
countries and 3 European Economic Area countries.
cooperative organizations in
developing cooperatives of all types and sizes, focusing on four closely interrelated
areas:
political importance of
cooperatives
-specific research, education and training
Co-operative Alliance (ICA),
comprised of 240 cooperative member organizations in 90 countries; and is a

35. member of the Committee for the Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives
(COPAC), composed of ICA, ILO, FAO and UN.
1 ILO: Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis (Geneva:
2009)
2 ICA: Statistical Information on the Co-Operative Movement (2011) Available at:
http://www.ica.coop/coop/statistics.html#economic
3 Statistical Information on the Co-Operative Movement, op. cit.
4 ICA: Global 300. Available at: <http://www.global300.coop>
5 ILO: Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis (Geneva:
2009)
6Information from the National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI) Available at:
<http://www.ncui.net/Coop-connect.html>
7 Chambo, Suleman Adam: Agricultural Co-operatives: Role in Food Security and
Rural Development (New York: 2009)
8 Pollet, Ignace: Cooperatives in Africa: The Age of Reconstruction – Synthesis of a
Survey in Nine African Countries, CoopAFRICA Working Paper No. 7 (ILO: Dar es
Salaam, 2009)
9 Lemma, Teigist: Growth Without Structures: The Cooperative Movement in
Ethiopia (ILO/World Bank Institute, Geneva: 2007)
10 ILO: Cooperatives and Rural Employment, Fact Sheet (Geneva: 2007) 11 ICA:
Housing Co-operatives in USA (August: 2007) Available at: <http://www.ica.coop/al
housing/attachments/Housing%20Cooperatives%20in%20USA% 0-%20FINAL.pdf>
12 Nietz, Alexandra: Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in
Emerging Economies. Keys to Successful Policies (International Energy Agency:
Paris, 2010) Available at: <http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/rural_elect.pdf>
13 Federación Argentina de Cooperativas de Electricidad y Otros Servicios Públicos
Limitada (2011) Available at: <http://www.face.coop/es/servicios/el-cooperativismo-
en-cifras/>

36. 14 Schneiderman, Ross M. and Doskow, Vivian: "Savings for the Poor," in
Newsweek (24 January 2011)
DIFFERENT PROGRAMMES AND AGENCIES FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
1.THE DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (DRDA) The District
Rural Development Agency (DRDA) has traditionally been the principal organ at the
District level to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes.
Since its inception, the administrative costs of the DRDAs were met by way of
setting apart a share of the allocations for each programme. However, of late, the
number of the programmes had increased and while some of the programmes
provided for administrative costs of the DRDAs, others did not. There was no
uniformity among the different programmes with reference to administrative costs.
Keeping in view the need for an effective agency at the district level to coordinate the
anti-poverty effort, a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme for strengthening the DRDAs
has been introduced with effect from 1st April, 1999. Accordingly, the administrative
costs are met by providing a separate budget provisions. This scheme which is
funded on a 75:25 basis between Centre and States, aims at strengthening and
professionalising the DRDAs.
Role and Functions of the DRDA
1 If effective programme design is critical to successful implementation of rural
development programmes, so is an effective delivery agency. None of the anti-

37. poverty programmes can have impact unless they are implemented with clarity of
purpose and a commitment to the task. It is here that the DRDAs play a critical role.
The DRDAs are not the implementation through overseeing the implementation of
different programmes and ensuring that necessary linkages are provided. To this
extent the DRDA is a supporting and facilitation organization and needs to play a
very effective role as a catalyst in development process.
2 The district Rural Development Agency is visualized as specialized and a
professional agency capable of managing the anti-poverty programmes of the
Ministry of Rural Development on the one hand and to effectively relate these to the
overall effort of poverty eradication in the District. In other words, while the DRDA
will continue to watch over and ensure effective utilization of the funds intended for
anti-poverty programmes, it will need to develop a far greater understanding of the
processes necessary for poverty alleviation/eradication. It will also need to develop
the capacity to build synergies among different agencies involved for the most
effective results. It will therefore need to develop distinctive capabilities rather than
perform tasks that are legitimately in the domain of the PRIs or the line departments.
The role of the DRDA will therefore be distinct from all the other agencies, including
the Zilla Parishad.
3 DRDAs must themselves be more professional and should be able to interact
effectively with various other agencies. They are expected to coordinate with the line
department, the Panchayati Raj Institutions, the banks and other financial institutions,
resources required for poverty reduction effort in the district. It shall be their
endeavor and objective to secure inter-sectoral and inter-departmental coordination
and cooperation for reducing poverty in the district. It is their ability to coordinate
and bring about a convergence of approach among different agencies for poverty
alleviation and would set them apart.

38. 4 The DRDAs are expected to coordinate effectively with the Panchayati Raj
Instructions. Under no circumstances will they perform functions of PRIs.
5 The DRDAs will maintain their separate identity but will function under the
chairmanship of the Chairman of Zilla Parishad. They are expected to be a
facilitating and supporting organization to Zilla Parishad, providing necessary
executive and technical support in respect of poverty reduction efforts. Wherever the
Zilla Parishads are not in existence of are not functional, the DRDAs would function
under the Collector/District Magistrate/Deputy Commissioner, as the case may be.
6 The DRDAs are expected to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty
programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development in the district. This is not be
confused with actual implementation, which will be by the Panchayati Raj and other
Institutions. The DRDAs will monitor closely the implementation through obtaining
of periodic reports as well as frequent field visits. The purpose of the visit should be
to facilitate the implementing agencies in improving implementation process, besides
ensuring that the quality of implementation of programmes is high. This would
include overseeing whether the intended beneficiaries are receiving the benefits
under the different programmes.
7 The DRDAs shall keep the Zilla Parishad, the State and Central Government duly
informed of the progress of the implementation of the programmes through periodic
reports in the prescribed formats. Special report, as and when called for, shall be
provided.

39. 8 It shall be the duty of the DRDAs to oversee and ensure that the benefits
specifically earmarked for certain target groups (SC/ST, women and disabled) reach
them. They shall all necessary steps to achieve the prescribed norms.
9 The DRDAs shall take necessary step to improve the awareness regarding rural
development and poverty alleviation particularly among the rural poor. This would
involve issues of poverty, the opportunities available to the rural poor and generally
infusing a sense of confidence in their ability to overcome poverty. It would also
involve sensitizing the different functionaries in the district to the different aspects of
poverty and poverty alleviation programmes.
10 The DRDAs will strive to promote transparency in the implementation of different
anti-poverty programmes. Towards this end, they shall publish periodically, the
details of the different programmes and their implementation.
11 Keeping in view, the substantial investment that are being made in poverty
alleviation programmes, the DRDAs shall ensure financial discipline in respect of the
funds received by them, whether from Central of State Governments. They shall also
ensure that the accounts are properly maintained including in respect of the funds
allocated to banks or implementing agencies in accordance with the guidelines of
different programmes.
12 Thus the role of the DRDA is in terms of planning for effective implementation of
anti-poverty programmes; coordinating with other agencies-Governmental, non-
Governmental, technical and financial for successful programme implementation;
enabling the community and the rural poor to participate in the decision marking
process, overseeing the implementation to ensure

40. 20 T5 ‐ 1

41. adherence to guidelines, quality, equity and efficiency; reporting to the prescribed
authorities on the implementation; and promoting transparency in decision making
and implementation.
13 In addition the DRDAs shall coordinate and oversee the conduct of the BPL
Census and such other surveys that are required from time to time.
14 The DRDAs shall also carry out / aid in carrying out action research/ or evaluation
studies that are initiated by the Central/State Governments.
15 The DRDAs should deal only with the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of
Rural Development. If DRDAs are to be entrusted with programmes of other
ministries or those of the State Governments, it should be ensured that these have a
definite antipoverty focus. Entrusting of any programme to the DRDAs, other than
anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry, be it of any other Ministry of Government
of India or the respective State Government will have to be done with the approval of
the Secretary, Rural Development of the respective State (s), who should examine
such request in consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of
India. In such cases, it must be ensured that adequate provision is made for requisite
staffing needed for proper implementation of the programme.

42. Agriculture & Rural Development’ has been the key mantra for
a sustained and long-term economic growth in India. The same is in
the sharper focus today with the Government taking keen interest to
ensure a comprehensive and visible uplift of this sector through
effective implementation of various old and new schemes. The
Government runs its large-scale rural development schemes mainly
through the Ministry of Rural Devel- opment, National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural De- velopment (NABARD), and Khadi and
Village Industries Commission (KVIC). Be- sides, some
autonomous bod- ies like District Rural De- velopment Agency
(DRDA), National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Na-
tional Rural Roads Develop- ment Agency (NRRDA) and Council for
Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology
(CAPART) are also working in tandem with the Government for a
better Rural India’.
Given Below is an over- view of the various schemes of NABARD
and KVIC related to the rural development:

43. 1.NABARD
NABARD was set up with a mission to promote sustain- able
and equitable agriculture and rural development through
effective credit support, related services, institution building
and other innovative initia- tives. Primarily its objectives
are to (i) serve as an apex fi-
nancing agency; (ii) take mea- sures towards institution build- ing for
improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system,
including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes,
restructuring of credit institutions, training of person- nel, etc.; (iii)
co-ordinate the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in
devel- opmental work at the field level and liaise with Government of
India, state governments, Re- serve Bank of India (RBI) and other
national level institutions concerned with policy for- mulation;
and (iv) undertake monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced
by it.
Schemes Available
I. Investment Credit (Medium
And Long Term) Refinance: Special Focus: Refinance on
liberal terms for strengthening the rural credit delivery system for the
development of North- Eastern region; Guidelines of hi-tech and
export-oriented projects in farm and non-farm sectors and set-up
Agriculture Development Finance Com- panies in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka for financing hi-tech/com-
mercial ventures. Beneficiaries: State Co- operative Agriculture &

44. Rural Development Banks (SCARD- Bs), State Co-operative Banks
(SCBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Commercial Banks (CBs),
State Agricultural De- velopment Finance Companies (ADFCs) and
Primary Urban Co-operative Banks.
Period of Refinance: 15years

45. Quantum of Refinance:
In the range of 90 – 100 per cent of the project depending upon the
nature of Financial Institution involved, Region of Project (whether
North- eastern region or other re- gion) and category of Sector
involved.
Interest on Refinance:
6-6.75 per cent (based on the loan size and activity/region).
II. Production Credit NABARD provides short- term refinance for
various types of production/ market- ing/ procurement activities.
Different types of refinance available, term of refinance, eligible
Financial Institutions and rate of interests charge- able for that are
given in Table
1 on the next page:
III. Rural Infrastructure Devel- opment Fund (RIDF) Beneficiaries:
State Gov- ernments, Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs), Non-
Governmental Organisa- tions (NGOs) and Self-Help Groups
(SHGs).
Activities Covered: Primary Schools, Primary Health Cen- tres,
Village Haats, Joint For- est Management, Terminal and Rural
Market, Rain Water Harvesting, Fish Jetties, Mini Hydel and System
Improve- ment Projects in Power Sector, Rural Drinking Water Supply
Scheme, Citizen Information Centres, Anganwadi Centres and
Shishu Shiksha Kendras. Methodology: All new “project

46. concepts” received are placed before the Proj- ects Sanctioning
Committee (PSC) for approval before ac- cepting detailed projects.

47. Sl.no Available to
whom
Activity/Purpose
Short Term
Refinance
Rate of
Interest
%
1. SCBs on behalf
of all eligible
DCCDs in form
of consolidated
limits
Seasonal
Agricultural
Operation (SAO)
If level
of NPAs
is upto
20% den
5.25
otherwise
5.75
SCBs.
2. SCBs on behalf
of all eligible
DCCDs in form
of consolidated
limits
For financing
approved short
term
agricultural/allied
and marketing
activities
6.50
3. SCBs on behalf
of all eligible
DCCDs in form
of consolidated
limits
Marketing of
crops
6.00

48. 4. SCBs on behalf
of all eligible
DCCDs in form
of consolidated
limits
Primary Weavers
Cooperative
Societies
(PWCS) for
production and
marketing of
cloth
6.00
5. State
Cooperative
Banks
For Financing
Procurement and
Marketing of
Cloth and
Trading in Yarn
by
Apex/Regional
Weavers
Cooperative
Societies
6.25
6. Scheduled
Commercial
Banks
For Financing
Working Capital
Requirements of
Primary
Handloom
Weavers
Cooperative
Societies
6.25
7. State
Cooperative
For Financing
Working Capital
6.25

49. Banks/Scheduled
Commercial
Banks
Requirements of
SHDCs and
SHnDCs
8. SCBs on behalf
of
DCCBs/DICBs
For Financing
Working Capital
Requirements of
Cottage,
Village,Small
scale, Primary
and Apex
Industrial
Cooperative
Societies
Apex
Societies
– 6.25
Primary
Societies
– 6.00
9. SCBs on behalf
of
DCCBs/DICBs
For Financing
Working Capital
Requirements of
Laboer Contract
and Forest
Labour
Cooperative
Societies
Apex
Societies
– 6.25
Primary
Societies
– 6.00
10. SCBs/DCCBs For Financing
Working Capital
Requirements of
Rural Artisans
for Production
6.00

50. IV. Research and Development
Fund
Objective: To acquire new insights into the problems of agricultural and
rural develop- ment through in-depth studiesand applied research and try- ing
out innovative approaches backed up by technical and economic studies.
Beneficiaries: Approved re- search institutions, organisa- tions and other
agencies,which are engaged in action-oriented applied research.
V. Other Schemes
Besides the above-men- tioned schemes NABARD is also running
‘Kisan Credit Card’ and ‘Micro Finance’ schemes. Both these schemes are
not discussed here as they have already been covered in detail in an article
published elsewhere in this journal.
and Marketing

51. 2.KVIC
Khadi and Village Indus- tries Commission is a statu- tory body established by an act
of Parliament in April 1957 for the development of Khadi and Village Industries in
India. Broad objectives for its estab- lishment are social objectives of providing
employment,eco- nomic objective of producing saleable articles and the wider objective of
creating self-reli- ance amongst the poor and building up of a strong rural community
spirit. The high- lights of the main schemes of KVIC are as follows:
Schemes Available
I.Rural Employment Generation
Programme (REGP)
KVIC launched Ru- ral Employment Genera- tion Programme (REGP) or
Gramodyog Rojgar Yojana for

52. one hand and to effectively relate these to the overall effort of poverty eradication in the
district.
3.NIRD
National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) facilitates rural development
through government and non-governmental initiatives. NIRD is the country’s apex
body for undertaking training, research, action and consultancy functions in the rural
development sector. It works as an autonomous organization sup- ported by the
Ministry of Rural Development, Gov- ernment of India.
4.NRRDA
Construction of rural roads brings multifaceted benefits to the hitherto deprived
rural areas and also an effective poverty reduction strategy. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY ) was taken up by the Government ofIndia with an objective to provide
con- nectivity to the unconnected Habitations in the rural areas. In 2002 the National
Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) was established to extend support to
PMGRY through advice on technical specifications,project appraisal and management of a
system of Na- tional Quality Monitors, Management of Monitoring Systems and
submission of Periodic Reports to the Ministry of Rural Development.
5.CAPART
Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) is
an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and is
functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development. CAPART is
involved in catalys- ing and co-coordinating the emerging partnership be- tween

53. Voluntary Organisations and the Government of India for sustainable development of
Rural Areas.
Other Schemes of Rural Development
Beside the above-mentioned schemes some more schemes of Government of India
like National Ru- ral Employment Guarantee Scheme, National Rural Health
Mission, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Wa- ter Mission, Rural Infrastructure, Rural
Electrification and Indira Awas Yojana are also available but as this compilation stresses
on NABARD and KVIC schemes these other schemes have not been discussed.
Relevant Websites:
NABARD:
www.nabard.org
KVIC:
www.kvic.org
DRDA: www.rural.nic.in/drda.htm
NIRD: www.nird.org.in
NRRDA: www.pmgsy.nic.in/nrrda.asp
CAPART: www.capart.nic.in
Ministry of Rural Development: www.rural.nic.in
Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries: www.ari.nic.in

54. Conclusion:-
The government’s policies and programs have laid emphasis on poverty elevation,
generation of employment and income opportunities & provision of infrastructure
and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor. For realizing these objectives, self
employment and wage employment programs continued to pervade in one form or
other institutions in terms of functions,power and finance. Grama Sabha, NGOs, Self
help groups and PRIs hav been accorded adequate role to make participatory
democracy meaningful and effective.
Rural Development : Review of Nineth Plan Performance
An outlay of Rs. 2000 crore was provided for rural development sector during Nineth
Plan period. The budgetary support and allocation from 1997-98 to 2001-02. For
various schemes Rs.2498 crores have been provided ]. The year wise outlay and
expenditures are indicated below. During the Nineth 5 Year Plan, under IRDP,
Income Generating Assets were provided 3235 lakh families through subsidy and
credit. During 1999-2000 the IRDP, TRYSEM,OWCRA were merged to form a new
self employment program called Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna
(SJGSY).
Thus, to sum up we can say that many Government Programs and Schemes have
failed in the recent years hence there is essential need of new, innovative and
effective programs for the development of rural areas.

55. BIBILOGRAPHY
1.Institutes of rural management,ANAND: 388 001,INDIA
Cooperatives & rural development in
india(abstract) by katar singh & R S Pundir
2.Rural development schemes: an overview
Datas and tables are from the chartered accountant
1199(February 2006)
3.sustainability of rural development project: india case study(IFAD)
4.A journal on rural development: role of women in promoting rual
sanitation
5.case study on rual development from different website:www.nabard.org and
www.rural.nic.in