Instructions for writing a paper Content Organize .docxnormanibarber20063
Instructions for writing a paper
Content
Organize your paper into sections with headings. For a term paper the sections might be:
Topic
Introduction
Main point #1
Main point #2
Main point #3
Summary
References
(Figures – if not embedded in text)
· Length (7-8 pages).
· Make sure that when you turn in your paper, you have read through it in its final form. This may prove difficult to do after the many editing sessions that you have already enjoyed with it. It is often very helpful to have a friend read it through as well as this lends a fresh perspective.
Format
· Please double-space all your text. That way it is much easier for the instructor to annotate your work.
· Use 1” margins all round. Use 12 pt font. (or 14 font with 1.5 space).Number your pages.
· The final copy should be clean and neat.
Style
· Try to write in the third person whenever possible. For the most part you will be presenting facts. Although, for debate papers you will be arguing a certain point of view and it may therefore be appropriate to use “I” now and then, avoid repeated use of the first person.
· Avoid clichés. (“the bottom line”, “at the end of the day”, “all in all” etc.)
· Avoid slang and informal terms of expression. (“Well, …”, “It was like, we went…”)
· Avoid rhetoric. (“How should I interpret these results?”, “I asked myself - What do people think about global warming?”)
· When you use equations in your paper, make sure that every symbol in the equation is explained. Number equations sequentially for easy referencing.
Grammar and spelling
· Don’t rely on the spelling checker to find all your spelling errors. You must also read through you document to check that “their”, “there” and “they’re”, for example, are correctly used.
· Read and re-read your manuscript. Edit it more than once or twice. Avoid the repetitious use of the same word in a sentence or a paragraph. Edit away all redundancies. I do not want to read the same information over and over again, simply expressed in a slightly different way each time. Remove unnecessary words. Be clear and succinct.
References
· Cite articles by author(s) and year within your text. If there is a single author, the last name and year will suffice – e.g. (Hutchinson, 1995). If there are two authors, include both names and the year of the publication – e.g. (Hutchinson and Osborne, 1978). For more than two authors, use the first author with et al. – e.g. (Hutchinson et al., 1984).
· Include the list of references at the end of your paper. Do not include references you have read but not cited. List the references alphabetically by the first author’s last name.
Apply Semiotics (class terms):
The Saussurean model
- Signifier
- Signified concept
- The relational system
The Peircean model
- symbolic mode
- iconic mode
- indexical .
I have term paper the descreption is down. the bulding I choose H.docxtroutmanboris
I have term paper the descreption is down. the bulding I choose :
Houses of Parliament, London
PAPER ASSIGNMENT
Format
The term paper for this class will be a thesis-guided argumentative academic paper that is to be at least 2000 words long. It must contain a thesis statement that states your paper’s main scholarly idea. This thesis should be explained and supported by sufficient analysis and interpretation. The paper should adhere to college level grammar and syntax. Be aware that every architectural part has its proper name or term. Using the right terminology makes the reader more confident about your knowledge of the subject you are writing about. There should be at least one illustration as well as correctly formatted foot- or endnotes.
Most of the formulations and statements in your paper will be arguments. These are usually presented in individual paragraphs, which should be organized in an easily recognizable narrative sequence that presents and argues your topic in the most convincing manner. In general, use language that connects you to the reader of your paper. Inform the reader of your position towards the paper topic and the thesis you are making. Use a formal academic tone and complex sentence structure for the arguments you make, but also introduce a rhythm with more personal comments about the information you provide.
Close your paper with a conclusion, in which you tie your solution back to the initial question and thesis of the paper. Since your reader knows now more than before reading your paper, it might be interesting for him/her to learn the larger context of your topic. Through this, your reader may remember your paper more vividly.
Revise your paper until you have reached a simple and direct way to present your thesis and arguments.
Topic
The paper topic is described earlier in this syllabus. The paper should present “productive” knowledge. This type of knowledge is different from “acquisitive” one that you simply copy from existing publications. The paper must answer questions of “why,” not just of “what.” It should contain propositional thoughts about architecture, e.g., how it fits into the everyday life of a place and its people, or how it evolved over time, or how the problems it faces today have developed through its history. To accomplish this task, you should formulate a speculative idea, which you then explain with, and analyze against, the existing body of knowledge about architecture. Beginning the paper with a question about this idea will be the best approach to finishing this assignment.
To a large part, analyzing means collecting (believable and convincing) evidence that support your paper’s topic. For this paper, most evidence will come from established and accepted research texts on the topic you have chosen. You must explain objectively how the evidence you picked supports your thesis. It is this connection that is most important to the reader of your paper. To complete this successfully, you mus.
the bulding I choose Houses of Parliament, LondonPAPER .docxhe45mcurnow
the bulding I choose :
Houses of Parliament, London
PAPER ASSIGNMENT
Format
The term paper for this class will be a thesis-guided argumentative academic paper that is to be at least 2000 words long. It must contain a thesis statement that states your paper’s main scholarly idea. This thesis should be explained and supported by sufficient analysis and interpretation. The paper should adhere to college level grammar and syntax. Be aware that every architectural part has its proper name or term. Using the right terminology makes the reader more confident about your knowledge of the subject you are writing about. There should be at least one illustration as well as correctly formatted foot- or endnotes.
Most of the formulations and statements in your paper will be arguments. These are usually presented in individual paragraphs, which should be organized in an easily recognizable narrative sequence that presents and argues your topic in the most convincing manner. In general, use language that connects you to the reader of your paper. Inform the reader of your position towards the paper topic and the thesis you are making. Use a formal academic tone and complex sentence structure for the arguments you make, but also introduce a rhythm with more personal comments about the information you provide.
Close your paper with a conclusion, in which you tie your solution back to the initial question and thesis of the paper. Since your reader knows now more than before reading your paper, it might be interesting for him/her to learn the larger context of your topic. Through this, your reader may remember your paper more vividly.
Revise your paper until you have reached a simple and direct way to present your thesis and arguments.
Topic
The paper topic is described earlier in this syllabus. The paper should present “productive” knowledge. This type of knowledge is different from “acquisitive” one that you simply copy from existing publications. The paper must answer questions of “why,” not just of “what.” It should contain propositional thoughts about architecture, e.g., how it fits into the everyday life of a place and its people, or how it evolved over time, or how the problems it faces today have developed through its history. To accomplish this task, you should formulate a speculative idea, which you then explain with, and analyze against, the existing body of knowledge about architecture. Beginning the paper with a question about this idea will be the best approach to finishing this assignment.
To a large part, analyzing means collecting (believable and convincing) evidence that support your paper’s topic. For this paper, most evidence will come from established and accepted research texts on the topic you have chosen. You must explain objectively how the evidence you picked supports your thesis. It is this connection that is most important to the reader of your paper. To complete this successfully, you must take good notes from your research.
Instructions for writing a paper Content Organize .docxnormanibarber20063
Instructions for writing a paper
Content
Organize your paper into sections with headings. For a term paper the sections might be:
Topic
Introduction
Main point #1
Main point #2
Main point #3
Summary
References
(Figures – if not embedded in text)
· Length (7-8 pages).
· Make sure that when you turn in your paper, you have read through it in its final form. This may prove difficult to do after the many editing sessions that you have already enjoyed with it. It is often very helpful to have a friend read it through as well as this lends a fresh perspective.
Format
· Please double-space all your text. That way it is much easier for the instructor to annotate your work.
· Use 1” margins all round. Use 12 pt font. (or 14 font with 1.5 space).Number your pages.
· The final copy should be clean and neat.
Style
· Try to write in the third person whenever possible. For the most part you will be presenting facts. Although, for debate papers you will be arguing a certain point of view and it may therefore be appropriate to use “I” now and then, avoid repeated use of the first person.
· Avoid clichés. (“the bottom line”, “at the end of the day”, “all in all” etc.)
· Avoid slang and informal terms of expression. (“Well, …”, “It was like, we went…”)
· Avoid rhetoric. (“How should I interpret these results?”, “I asked myself - What do people think about global warming?”)
· When you use equations in your paper, make sure that every symbol in the equation is explained. Number equations sequentially for easy referencing.
Grammar and spelling
· Don’t rely on the spelling checker to find all your spelling errors. You must also read through you document to check that “their”, “there” and “they’re”, for example, are correctly used.
· Read and re-read your manuscript. Edit it more than once or twice. Avoid the repetitious use of the same word in a sentence or a paragraph. Edit away all redundancies. I do not want to read the same information over and over again, simply expressed in a slightly different way each time. Remove unnecessary words. Be clear and succinct.
References
· Cite articles by author(s) and year within your text. If there is a single author, the last name and year will suffice – e.g. (Hutchinson, 1995). If there are two authors, include both names and the year of the publication – e.g. (Hutchinson and Osborne, 1978). For more than two authors, use the first author with et al. – e.g. (Hutchinson et al., 1984).
· Include the list of references at the end of your paper. Do not include references you have read but not cited. List the references alphabetically by the first author’s last name.
Apply Semiotics (class terms):
The Saussurean model
- Signifier
- Signified concept
- The relational system
The Peircean model
- symbolic mode
- iconic mode
- indexical .
I have term paper the descreption is down. the bulding I choose H.docxtroutmanboris
I have term paper the descreption is down. the bulding I choose :
Houses of Parliament, London
PAPER ASSIGNMENT
Format
The term paper for this class will be a thesis-guided argumentative academic paper that is to be at least 2000 words long. It must contain a thesis statement that states your paper’s main scholarly idea. This thesis should be explained and supported by sufficient analysis and interpretation. The paper should adhere to college level grammar and syntax. Be aware that every architectural part has its proper name or term. Using the right terminology makes the reader more confident about your knowledge of the subject you are writing about. There should be at least one illustration as well as correctly formatted foot- or endnotes.
Most of the formulations and statements in your paper will be arguments. These are usually presented in individual paragraphs, which should be organized in an easily recognizable narrative sequence that presents and argues your topic in the most convincing manner. In general, use language that connects you to the reader of your paper. Inform the reader of your position towards the paper topic and the thesis you are making. Use a formal academic tone and complex sentence structure for the arguments you make, but also introduce a rhythm with more personal comments about the information you provide.
Close your paper with a conclusion, in which you tie your solution back to the initial question and thesis of the paper. Since your reader knows now more than before reading your paper, it might be interesting for him/her to learn the larger context of your topic. Through this, your reader may remember your paper more vividly.
Revise your paper until you have reached a simple and direct way to present your thesis and arguments.
Topic
The paper topic is described earlier in this syllabus. The paper should present “productive” knowledge. This type of knowledge is different from “acquisitive” one that you simply copy from existing publications. The paper must answer questions of “why,” not just of “what.” It should contain propositional thoughts about architecture, e.g., how it fits into the everyday life of a place and its people, or how it evolved over time, or how the problems it faces today have developed through its history. To accomplish this task, you should formulate a speculative idea, which you then explain with, and analyze against, the existing body of knowledge about architecture. Beginning the paper with a question about this idea will be the best approach to finishing this assignment.
To a large part, analyzing means collecting (believable and convincing) evidence that support your paper’s topic. For this paper, most evidence will come from established and accepted research texts on the topic you have chosen. You must explain objectively how the evidence you picked supports your thesis. It is this connection that is most important to the reader of your paper. To complete this successfully, you mus.
the bulding I choose Houses of Parliament, LondonPAPER .docxhe45mcurnow
the bulding I choose :
Houses of Parliament, London
PAPER ASSIGNMENT
Format
The term paper for this class will be a thesis-guided argumentative academic paper that is to be at least 2000 words long. It must contain a thesis statement that states your paper’s main scholarly idea. This thesis should be explained and supported by sufficient analysis and interpretation. The paper should adhere to college level grammar and syntax. Be aware that every architectural part has its proper name or term. Using the right terminology makes the reader more confident about your knowledge of the subject you are writing about. There should be at least one illustration as well as correctly formatted foot- or endnotes.
Most of the formulations and statements in your paper will be arguments. These are usually presented in individual paragraphs, which should be organized in an easily recognizable narrative sequence that presents and argues your topic in the most convincing manner. In general, use language that connects you to the reader of your paper. Inform the reader of your position towards the paper topic and the thesis you are making. Use a formal academic tone and complex sentence structure for the arguments you make, but also introduce a rhythm with more personal comments about the information you provide.
Close your paper with a conclusion, in which you tie your solution back to the initial question and thesis of the paper. Since your reader knows now more than before reading your paper, it might be interesting for him/her to learn the larger context of your topic. Through this, your reader may remember your paper more vividly.
Revise your paper until you have reached a simple and direct way to present your thesis and arguments.
Topic
The paper topic is described earlier in this syllabus. The paper should present “productive” knowledge. This type of knowledge is different from “acquisitive” one that you simply copy from existing publications. The paper must answer questions of “why,” not just of “what.” It should contain propositional thoughts about architecture, e.g., how it fits into the everyday life of a place and its people, or how it evolved over time, or how the problems it faces today have developed through its history. To accomplish this task, you should formulate a speculative idea, which you then explain with, and analyze against, the existing body of knowledge about architecture. Beginning the paper with a question about this idea will be the best approach to finishing this assignment.
To a large part, analyzing means collecting (believable and convincing) evidence that support your paper’s topic. For this paper, most evidence will come from established and accepted research texts on the topic you have chosen. You must explain objectively how the evidence you picked supports your thesis. It is this connection that is most important to the reader of your paper. To complete this successfully, you must take good notes from your research.
Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docxhopeaustin33688
Online Library Training Module
1
Library Services for Online Students
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography
Important Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing pages will be useful for most
students, Law students should note they are specifically required to use the OSCOLA
referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), please see our
OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf
Also see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing format
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola
Also see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for managing your references
and developing your Bibliography.
What is referencing?
It is very important that whenever you find a reference you immediately make a note of all
the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be very difficult to retrace the
details later and you will need the information to cite the references at the end of your
assignment or dissertation.
When you write your assignment or dissertation you are required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it -
both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing) and in a list at the end of your
assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of acknowledging authors is known as
'referencing'.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else's opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, web
sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic sources. A reference is required if
you:
• paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)
• quote (use someone else's exact words)
• copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola�
Online Library Training Module
2
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data
Always remember to use referencing because if you use someone else's work and don't
reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious offence of academic misconduct.
Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid it.
Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)
The Board of Stud.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A TECHNICAL ESSAY .docxdirkrplav
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A
TECHNICAL ESSAY
INTRODUCTION
The technical essay is a review paper that synthesizes and interprets work
on a particular subject area. Therefore, the format is not as standardized as that
of a research paper. By bringing together the most pertinent findings of
numerous papers from diverse journals, a review paper serves as a valuable
summary of research. In writing your essay, interpret the primary journal article
in a series of paragraphs that build on your discussion, giving particular attention
to the problem or topic posed in your introduction. In addition, relate your
findings to previous observations or experiments from the supplemental
references that you have chosen. Discuss briefly any logical implications of the
journal articles for practical application or future studies. A good review paper
not only synthesizes information; it also provides a critical overview of an
important scientific problem.
After you have finished your first draft of your essay, review the structure
of your manuscript. Are the sections arranged in logical sequence? After you
are satisfied with the structure of your essay manuscript, attend to the details:
the paragraphs, the sentences, and the words. Expect to do several drafts of
your paper before you are satisfied with the final product. Good writing is
generally the product of careful rewriting or revising in which you evaluate your
attempts at organizing and expressing your ideas. In the process you end up
scrutinizing the ideas themselves, as well as your own mastery of the subject.
CITING REFERENCE MATERIALS
The text of a biological paper usually contains numerous literature
citations, or references, to the published studies of other authors. This is
because scientists rarely work in a vacuum; hypotheses are developed, tested,
and evaluated in the context of what other scientists have written and discovered.
Thus, careful documentation, or acknowledgment of the work of others, is
essential to good scientific writing. Biologists also need to provide literature
citations because, like other writers, they have an ethical and legal obligation to
give credit to others for material that is not their own. Such material includes not
only direct quotations, but also findings or ideas that stem from the work of
someone else.
Unlike writers in the humanities and social sciences, biologists rarely use
footnotes or endnotes to acknowledge sources. Instead, they insert literature
citations directly in the text, either by giving the last name of the author(s) and the
year of publication (name-and-year method), or by referring to each source by a
number method. Such rules, even if they seem arbitrary, make the reporting of
2
references an orderly activity, minimizing confusion for writers, readers, editors,
and publishers.
In this course, the name-and-year method, also known as the Harvard
method,.
Review Instructions for Essay 4--The Research Paper The ins.docxmichael591
Review Instructions for Essay 4--The Research Paper
The instructions and guides for the research paper are linked below.
In this class you have a rare opportunity to develop, revise/edit, and resubmit your work. Your revised exploratory paper (Essay 2) will become the introduction to your research paper. The revised position paper (Essay 3) will become the body. In addition, you will create a conclusion or "solutions" section for the final project. Note, however, that significant revisions are expected, so you should carefully review the edited draft and rubric evaluations for both essays 2/3 before you begin your final essay.
The final research papers must meet ALL of the minimum criteria for the assignment (in terms of structure, development, documentation style, quality and number of research sources, and writing skills) to be eligible for a score. In other words, you must receive a mark of "competent" in all of these areas to receive a grade for this assignment.
English 103: Essay 4—Research Paper
In the Research Paper, you will further develop, revise, and build upon the single perspective argument you have been developing all semester. Your final assignment should demonstrate your ability to apply the principles of argument discussed in the class throughout the semester and it should demonstrate your ability to use critical thinking when discussing a controversial issue.
Directions:
Prepare an 8-10 page research essay that builds upon the single perspective argument paper. The purpose of this assignment is to build upon what you have already created in the course. Therefore, the introduction of your research paper should be drawn from your Exploratory Paper, laying the foundation for the reader by presenting all sides of the issue, the exigence, etc. The body should be drawn from the Position Paper, which incorporates research to support your claim and sub-claims. Obviously, you cannot include the entire portion of each of the previous papers, and your final research paper should show that you’ve developed areas requiring development and made significant revisions to those sections of your papers requiring revision. The idea is to pull sections and points from previous essays. Use comments from me to revise those papers as you incorporate portions of them into this final project.
In addition to revising/developing the exploratory and position papers to serve as the introduction and body of the research paper, you will write an extended conclusion in which you focus on a viable solution and/or conclusion to the issue. For the conclusion, provide a means of solving the problem indicated by your topic. Consider the audience, establish common ground, and provide details for how to implement the solution. For example, if the position paper argued that bilingual education is necessary in California schools, the solution would discuss how to implement bilingual education programs in our California schools. You.
1
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
APA
GUIDE TO WRITING RESEARCH
PAPERS
How to Write a Research Paper
MONROE COLLEGE LIBRARY
Revised Sixth Edition
2
Glossary
Citation is the proper format of your sources information that belong on your Reference
page.
et al: In Latin means “and others” it’s used especially in referring to academic books or
articles that have more than one author.
Hanging Indent: All lines after the first line of each citation on your reference page should
be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
An in-text citation provides the information (quote/paraphrase) from a source in the body
of your paper.
Paraphrase: Where you rewrite part or all of someone else’s idea/information in your own
words.
Quote: If you copy word for word (verbatim) information from a source you must put the
information in “ ” (quotation marks).
A Reference(s) page is the last page of your paper where all the sources you have cited in
your paper are listed.
A source is the book/article/etc. you have used to help create your paper.
URL: Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator is the address of the web page.
A Webpage is a single page that contains information on a topic.
A Website has a number of webpages that are connected by links.
A research paper requires time spent investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer
interpretations of the texts and a unique perspective on the topic at hand. It is the final product of the
following:
Research
Source evaluation
Critical thinking
Organization
Composition
Avoiding plagiarism
RESEARCH
Primary Sources are:
Diaries and autobiographies
Letters, historical documents, speeches and oral histories
Eye-witness accounts from newspapers
Raw data from questionnaires or interviews
Observations or experiments
Secondary Sources are:
Criticism
Biographies
Historical Analysis
Articles and case studies
3
SOURCE EVALUATION
Is the source useful?
Is it current?
Is it from a well-respected source?
Is the research up to date?
Take notes:
Summarize briefly restate in your own words the main ideas of the passage or article.
Paraphrase restate in your own word, in detail, the key ideas of the source.
Quoting use the source’s unique words surrounded by quote marks, “ ”, and record the source
and page.
Note down the information you will need for the MLA/APA citation.
Assemble a working bibliography: start a list of your sources that includes the title, author,
publication information and date for each source.
CRITICAL THINKING
Evaluate and interpret the ideas explored in sources and convey ideas of your own.
Synthesize sources: make sense of your sources by integrating information from two or more
sources to show how the ideas are similar or different.
Fine-tune your thesis or topic.
ORGANIZATIO.
Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docxhopeaustin33688
Online Library Training Module
1
Library Services for Online Students
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography
Important Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing pages will be useful for most
students, Law students should note they are specifically required to use the OSCOLA
referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), please see our
OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf
Also see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing format
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola
Also see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for managing your references
and developing your Bibliography.
What is referencing?
It is very important that whenever you find a reference you immediately make a note of all
the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be very difficult to retrace the
details later and you will need the information to cite the references at the end of your
assignment or dissertation.
When you write your assignment or dissertation you are required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it -
both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing) and in a list at the end of your
assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of acknowledging authors is known as
'referencing'.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else's opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, web
sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic sources. A reference is required if
you:
• paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)
• quote (use someone else's exact words)
• copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola�
Online Library Training Module
2
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data
Always remember to use referencing because if you use someone else's work and don't
reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious offence of academic misconduct.
Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid it.
Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)
The Board of Stud.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A TECHNICAL ESSAY .docxdirkrplav
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A
TECHNICAL ESSAY
INTRODUCTION
The technical essay is a review paper that synthesizes and interprets work
on a particular subject area. Therefore, the format is not as standardized as that
of a research paper. By bringing together the most pertinent findings of
numerous papers from diverse journals, a review paper serves as a valuable
summary of research. In writing your essay, interpret the primary journal article
in a series of paragraphs that build on your discussion, giving particular attention
to the problem or topic posed in your introduction. In addition, relate your
findings to previous observations or experiments from the supplemental
references that you have chosen. Discuss briefly any logical implications of the
journal articles for practical application or future studies. A good review paper
not only synthesizes information; it also provides a critical overview of an
important scientific problem.
After you have finished your first draft of your essay, review the structure
of your manuscript. Are the sections arranged in logical sequence? After you
are satisfied with the structure of your essay manuscript, attend to the details:
the paragraphs, the sentences, and the words. Expect to do several drafts of
your paper before you are satisfied with the final product. Good writing is
generally the product of careful rewriting or revising in which you evaluate your
attempts at organizing and expressing your ideas. In the process you end up
scrutinizing the ideas themselves, as well as your own mastery of the subject.
CITING REFERENCE MATERIALS
The text of a biological paper usually contains numerous literature
citations, or references, to the published studies of other authors. This is
because scientists rarely work in a vacuum; hypotheses are developed, tested,
and evaluated in the context of what other scientists have written and discovered.
Thus, careful documentation, or acknowledgment of the work of others, is
essential to good scientific writing. Biologists also need to provide literature
citations because, like other writers, they have an ethical and legal obligation to
give credit to others for material that is not their own. Such material includes not
only direct quotations, but also findings or ideas that stem from the work of
someone else.
Unlike writers in the humanities and social sciences, biologists rarely use
footnotes or endnotes to acknowledge sources. Instead, they insert literature
citations directly in the text, either by giving the last name of the author(s) and the
year of publication (name-and-year method), or by referring to each source by a
number method. Such rules, even if they seem arbitrary, make the reporting of
2
references an orderly activity, minimizing confusion for writers, readers, editors,
and publishers.
In this course, the name-and-year method, also known as the Harvard
method,.
Review Instructions for Essay 4--The Research Paper The ins.docxmichael591
Review Instructions for Essay 4--The Research Paper
The instructions and guides for the research paper are linked below.
In this class you have a rare opportunity to develop, revise/edit, and resubmit your work. Your revised exploratory paper (Essay 2) will become the introduction to your research paper. The revised position paper (Essay 3) will become the body. In addition, you will create a conclusion or "solutions" section for the final project. Note, however, that significant revisions are expected, so you should carefully review the edited draft and rubric evaluations for both essays 2/3 before you begin your final essay.
The final research papers must meet ALL of the minimum criteria for the assignment (in terms of structure, development, documentation style, quality and number of research sources, and writing skills) to be eligible for a score. In other words, you must receive a mark of "competent" in all of these areas to receive a grade for this assignment.
English 103: Essay 4—Research Paper
In the Research Paper, you will further develop, revise, and build upon the single perspective argument you have been developing all semester. Your final assignment should demonstrate your ability to apply the principles of argument discussed in the class throughout the semester and it should demonstrate your ability to use critical thinking when discussing a controversial issue.
Directions:
Prepare an 8-10 page research essay that builds upon the single perspective argument paper. The purpose of this assignment is to build upon what you have already created in the course. Therefore, the introduction of your research paper should be drawn from your Exploratory Paper, laying the foundation for the reader by presenting all sides of the issue, the exigence, etc. The body should be drawn from the Position Paper, which incorporates research to support your claim and sub-claims. Obviously, you cannot include the entire portion of each of the previous papers, and your final research paper should show that you’ve developed areas requiring development and made significant revisions to those sections of your papers requiring revision. The idea is to pull sections and points from previous essays. Use comments from me to revise those papers as you incorporate portions of them into this final project.
In addition to revising/developing the exploratory and position papers to serve as the introduction and body of the research paper, you will write an extended conclusion in which you focus on a viable solution and/or conclusion to the issue. For the conclusion, provide a means of solving the problem indicated by your topic. Consider the audience, establish common ground, and provide details for how to implement the solution. For example, if the position paper argued that bilingual education is necessary in California schools, the solution would discuss how to implement bilingual education programs in our California schools. You.
1
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
APA
GUIDE TO WRITING RESEARCH
PAPERS
How to Write a Research Paper
MONROE COLLEGE LIBRARY
Revised Sixth Edition
2
Glossary
Citation is the proper format of your sources information that belong on your Reference
page.
et al: In Latin means “and others” it’s used especially in referring to academic books or
articles that have more than one author.
Hanging Indent: All lines after the first line of each citation on your reference page should
be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
An in-text citation provides the information (quote/paraphrase) from a source in the body
of your paper.
Paraphrase: Where you rewrite part or all of someone else’s idea/information in your own
words.
Quote: If you copy word for word (verbatim) information from a source you must put the
information in “ ” (quotation marks).
A Reference(s) page is the last page of your paper where all the sources you have cited in
your paper are listed.
A source is the book/article/etc. you have used to help create your paper.
URL: Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator is the address of the web page.
A Webpage is a single page that contains information on a topic.
A Website has a number of webpages that are connected by links.
A research paper requires time spent investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer
interpretations of the texts and a unique perspective on the topic at hand. It is the final product of the
following:
Research
Source evaluation
Critical thinking
Organization
Composition
Avoiding plagiarism
RESEARCH
Primary Sources are:
Diaries and autobiographies
Letters, historical documents, speeches and oral histories
Eye-witness accounts from newspapers
Raw data from questionnaires or interviews
Observations or experiments
Secondary Sources are:
Criticism
Biographies
Historical Analysis
Articles and case studies
3
SOURCE EVALUATION
Is the source useful?
Is it current?
Is it from a well-respected source?
Is the research up to date?
Take notes:
Summarize briefly restate in your own words the main ideas of the passage or article.
Paraphrase restate in your own word, in detail, the key ideas of the source.
Quoting use the source’s unique words surrounded by quote marks, “ ”, and record the source
and page.
Note down the information you will need for the MLA/APA citation.
Assemble a working bibliography: start a list of your sources that includes the title, author,
publication information and date for each source.
CRITICAL THINKING
Evaluate and interpret the ideas explored in sources and convey ideas of your own.
Synthesize sources: make sense of your sources by integrating information from two or more
sources to show how the ideas are similar or different.
Fine-tune your thesis or topic.
ORGANIZATIO.
Similar to referencingcitation-160205143705.pptx (20)
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
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2. What is
referencing?
Referencing is a standardized way of
acknowledging the sources of information and
ideas that you have used in your assignments and
which allows the sources to be identified.
3. What is
referencing?
It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers
that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search, and carried out
appropriate reading.
With all referencing styles, there are two parts to
referencing: citing, and the reference list.
4. Why
reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to
verify quotations and to enable readers to follow
up what you have written and more fully
understand the cited author’s work.
If you do not acknowledge another writer's work or
ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism.
5. Why
reference?
Accurate referencing is commensurate with good
academic practice and enhances the presentation of
your work: it shows that your writing is based on
knowledge and informed by appropriate academic
reading.
You will ensure that anyone reading your work can
trace the sources you have used in the development of
your work, and give you credit for your research efforts
and quality.
6. Steps in
referencing
Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page
numbers of the source from which information is
taken.
Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and
citations are very important. Follow the punctuation
and spacing exactly.
Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text
of your document.
Include a reference list that includes all in-text
citations at the end of your document.
7. Reference list and
bibliography
Areference list contains details only of those works
cited in the text of the document. (e.g.. book,
journal article, pamphlet, internet site, cassette
tape or film).
Abibliography lists sources not cited in the text
but which are relevant to the subject and consulted
during preparation ofreport.
8. Reference list and
bibliography
Areference list should appear at the end of your
report with the entries listed numerically and in
the same order that they have been cited in the
text.
Abibliography is a separate list from the reference
list and should be arranged alphabetically by
author in the Vancouver style.
9. What should we
reference?
Print and electronic books;
Print and electronic journal articles;
WebPages;
Emails;
DVDs, videos, films, CD-ROMs &audio tape recordings;
Newspapers;
Conference papers;
Papers or data published in a repository;
Pamphlets;
10. What should we
reference?
Government reports/White papers
Radio/TV/internet broadcasts
Personal communication;
Interviews (if this is a personal interview, you must
always ask permission of the interviewee before using
such material); and,
Theses and other unpublished work.
12. What is
plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the intentional use of someone else’s
ideas, words or concepts in your assignment work/
thesis/dissertation report.
The best way to avoid being accused of plagiarism
is to acknowledge the resources upon which you
have based yourideas.
13. What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism most commonly exists in four ways.
The first is when the work submitted or presented
was done by someone other than the one
submitting the work.
Secondly, if the whole work, such as an essay, is
copied from some other source.
14. What is plagiarism?
A third type of plagiarism is when parts of the
work are taken from another source and no
reference is made to the original author.
Finally, if a student submits or presents work in
one course which has also been submitted in
another course and has not sought approval from
the course coordinator to do so, this is also
plagiarism.
15. What is
citing?
When, in your work, you have used an idea from a
book, journal article, etc. you must acknowledge
this in your text. This is referred to as 'citing'.
16. How to cite: citing
references in the body of
your text
Each piece of work which is cited in your text
should have a unique number, assigned in the
order of citation.
If, in your text, you cite a piece of work more than
once, the same citation number should be used.
Write the number as superscript.
17. Citing one piece of
work
Recent research1 indicates that the number of
duplicate papers being published is increasing.
18. Citing more than one
piece of work at the
same time
If you want to cite several pieces of work in the
same sentence, you will need to include the
citation number for each piece of work.
A hyphen should be used to link numbers which
are inclusive, and a comma used where numbers
are not consecutive.
Several studies 6-9,13,15 have examined the effect of
congestion charging in urban areas.
19. Citing a direct
quotation
If a direct quote from a book, article etc., is used you must:
Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually
used for quoting direct speech); and,
State the page number.
It has been emphasised2 (p 1) that carers of diabetes sufferers
'require perseverance and an understanding of humanity'.
Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc., should be
treated as direct quotes and cited as described above.
20. Citing the author's name
You can use the author's name in your text, but
you must insert the citation number as well.
As emphasized by Watkins2(p1) carers ofdiabetes
sufferers 'require perseverance and an
understanding of humanity'
21. Citing more than one author's
name in your text
If there is more than one author use 'et al' after the
first author.
Simons et al3 (p4) state that the principle of effective
stress is 'imperfectly known and understood by many
practicing engineers'.
22. Citing from works with no
obvious author
If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have
an obvious author, you should use what is called a
'corporate' author.
The Department of Health5 recently estimated the
number of dementia sufferers in the UK at 570000.
or
The number of dementia sufferers in the UK has been
recently estimated at 5700005.
23. Tips on good quotation
practice
Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as
a separate, indented paragraph.
Smith4 (p11) summarizes the importance of mathematics
to society and the knowledge economy, stating that:
'Mathematics provides a powerful universal language
and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization
and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe
and to develop new technologies that have helped us
control and master our environment, and change
societal expectations and standards of living.'
24. Tips on good quotation
practice
you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines)
but do not to want include all of the text, you can
remove the unnecessary text and replace with ' . . . ' .
As summarized by Smith4 (p 11):'Mathematicsprovides
a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis . . . It
enables us to probe the natural universe and to
develop new technologies that have helped us control
and master our environment, and change societal
expectations and standards of living.'
25. Howto write a reference
list?
The list should be in numerical order with each
number matching and referring to the one in the text;
The list should be at the end of your work; and,
Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are
written in a particular format that must be followed
26. Books:
print
Author(s) – Family name and initials, Multiple authors
separated by a comma. Title of book. Edition of book
if later than 1st ed. Place of Publication: Publisher
Name; Year of Publication.
Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. AShortCourse
in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing; 2001.
27. Books:
electronic
Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in
Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing; 2001[cited 2008 Jun 18]. Available
from: bwww.myilibrary.com?ID=93941
28. Journal
Articles
Author(s) – Family name and initials. Title of article.
Title of journal – abbreviated Publication year, month,
day (month &day only if available);
volume(issue):pages.
Skalsky K, Yahav D, Bishara J, Pitlik S, Leibovici L, Paul
M. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review
and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):701-4.
29. Electronic
article
Lemanek K.Adherence issues in the medical
management of asthma. JPediatr Psychol [Internet].
1990; 15(4):437-58[cited 2010Apr 22]. Available from:
http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/437
30. Conference
papers
Author(s) of paper – Family name and initials. Title of
paper. In: Editor(s) Family name and initials, editor(s).
Title of conference; Date of conference; Place of
conference. Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Year of
publication. p. Page numbers.
Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection,
privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Lun KC.
Degoulet P. Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO92.
Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical
Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva, Switzerland.
Amsterdam: North Holland; 1992. P.1561-5
31. Reports and other
Government publications
Author(s). Title of report. Place of publication:
Publisher; Date of publication –year month if
applicable. Total number of pages if applicable
e.g.. 24 p. Report No.: (if applicable).
Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report.
Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. 24 p. Report
No.:HETA2000-0139-2824
32. Thes
is
Printed Thesis: Author. Thesis title [type of
thesis]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.
Kay JG. Intracellular cytokine trafficking and
phagocytosis in macrophages [PhD thesis]. St Lucia,
Qld: University of Queensland; 2007.
33. Online
Thesis
Pahl KM. Preventing anxiety and promoting social and
emotional strength in early childhood: an
investigation of aetiological risk factors [PhD thesis].
St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland; 2009 [cited
2010 Mar 24]. Available from: University of
Queensland Library E-Reserve
34. Tables, Figures, Images,
Appendices
Journal example: Enter your normal journal
reference followed by: space Table/Figure/Appendix
Number of table/figure/appendix from original source,
Title of table/figure/image/appendix from original
source; p. Page number of table/figure/appendix from
original source.
Smith J, Lipsitch M, Almond JW. Vaccine production,
distribution, access, and uptake. Lancet
2011;378(9789):428-438. Table 1,Examples of vaccine
classes and associated industrial challenges; p. 429.
35. Tables, Figures, Images,
Appendices
Book example: Enter your normal book reference
followed by: space Table/Figure/Appendix Number of
table/figure/appendix from original source, Title of
table/figure/image/appendix from original source; p.
Page number of table/figure/appendix from original
source.
Hong S. Wireless: From Marconi’s black-box to the
Audion. London, England. MIT Press; 2001. Figure1.5,
Marconi’s grounded antenna;p. 21.