This document provides guidelines for citing references in the Vancouver style. It discusses citing books, journal articles, newspaper articles, conferences, legal materials, and other sources. Key points include:
- References are listed numerically in the order they appear in the text.
- Author names, publication dates, titles, publishers and page numbers are required details for citations.
- Journal article citations include the title, journal abbreviation, volume, issue, and page numbers.
- Book citations include author names, title, edition, place of publication, publisher and date.
- Examples are provided for different source types following the specified format.
The AMA style is used in many medical publications and requires all submissions to the Misericordia DPT program. It uses superscript Arabic numerals to cite works in order of appearance in the text. The reference list appears numerically and follows specific formatting rules for author names, titles, journal abbreviations, and other publication details. The AMA Stat manual and examples from journals provide guidance on citing different publication types like books, chapters, websites and more.
The document provides guidelines for citing references within the body of a paper using AMA format. Key points include:
- References should be cited consecutively in superscript Arabic numerals.
- Multiple citations should use hyphens between number ranges and commas to separate citations not in a range.
- Footnotes can be used for long citation strings to avoid holes in the text.
- Page numbers and different references from a single source should be clearly distinguished in citations.
Referencing others' work correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to trace your research. You must provide enough detail in references for readers to locate cited sources, whether books, articles, or webpages. References should be listed numerically at the end of your work in the order they appear, and citations in text should match reference list entries. Proper formatting of references is important.
The document provides guidelines for citing sources using the Vancouver citation style as required for assignments in the Dental Hygiene program. It outlines the necessary components of in-text citations and references for a variety of resource types, including books, journal articles from print or online sources, websites, and blogs. Additional resources are provided for finding citation formats and journal abbreviations. Emphasis is placed on including page numbers for direct quotes, and URLs or database links for online sources.
Alphabetize references by the last name of the first author of each work. If no author is listed, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial articles (A, An, The).
Arrange multiple works by the same author(s) by year of publication, with the earliest first.
Use lowercase letters (a, b, c) with the year to order entries if more than one work appeared in a given year.
Arrange works by one author followed by works with coauthors alphabetically by the second author's last name, or by the first coauthor if the author and coauthor are listed in that order.
Arrange works by the same author and same year alphabetically by title,
The document provides an overview of the Vancouver referencing style in 3 parts. It discusses that Vancouver style uses consecutive numbers for in-text citations and a numbered reference list. The reference list includes bibliographic details of sources cited arranged in numerical order. Examples are provided for formatting references to journal articles, books, newspaper articles, electronic sources, and more according to Vancouver style guidelines.
This document provides information on referencing and citation styles. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to identify sources. Different citation styles are covered, including Vancouver, Harvard and APA systems. Guidance is given on citing various sources like journal articles, books, book chapters, websites and more. Standard formats are outlined for structuring citations for each source type.
This document provides an overview of the key areas and major changes covered in the American Psychological Association's (APA) 6th edition style manual. It notes that this tutorial only briefly summarizes APA style and recommends purchasing the actual manual for comprehensive guidelines. The tutorial covers topics such as what constitutes plagiarism and self-plagiarism, how to distinguish between direct quotations and paraphrasing, how to recognize empirical research, and the basic formatting requirements for papers, headings, lists, citations, and references in APA style.
The AMA style is used in many medical publications and requires all submissions to the Misericordia DPT program. It uses superscript Arabic numerals to cite works in order of appearance in the text. The reference list appears numerically and follows specific formatting rules for author names, titles, journal abbreviations, and other publication details. The AMA Stat manual and examples from journals provide guidance on citing different publication types like books, chapters, websites and more.
The document provides guidelines for citing references within the body of a paper using AMA format. Key points include:
- References should be cited consecutively in superscript Arabic numerals.
- Multiple citations should use hyphens between number ranges and commas to separate citations not in a range.
- Footnotes can be used for long citation strings to avoid holes in the text.
- Page numbers and different references from a single source should be clearly distinguished in citations.
Referencing others' work correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to trace your research. You must provide enough detail in references for readers to locate cited sources, whether books, articles, or webpages. References should be listed numerically at the end of your work in the order they appear, and citations in text should match reference list entries. Proper formatting of references is important.
The document provides guidelines for citing sources using the Vancouver citation style as required for assignments in the Dental Hygiene program. It outlines the necessary components of in-text citations and references for a variety of resource types, including books, journal articles from print or online sources, websites, and blogs. Additional resources are provided for finding citation formats and journal abbreviations. Emphasis is placed on including page numbers for direct quotes, and URLs or database links for online sources.
Alphabetize references by the last name of the first author of each work. If no author is listed, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial articles (A, An, The).
Arrange multiple works by the same author(s) by year of publication, with the earliest first.
Use lowercase letters (a, b, c) with the year to order entries if more than one work appeared in a given year.
Arrange works by one author followed by works with coauthors alphabetically by the second author's last name, or by the first coauthor if the author and coauthor are listed in that order.
Arrange works by the same author and same year alphabetically by title,
The document provides an overview of the Vancouver referencing style in 3 parts. It discusses that Vancouver style uses consecutive numbers for in-text citations and a numbered reference list. The reference list includes bibliographic details of sources cited arranged in numerical order. Examples are provided for formatting references to journal articles, books, newspaper articles, electronic sources, and more according to Vancouver style guidelines.
This document provides information on referencing and citation styles. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to identify sources. Different citation styles are covered, including Vancouver, Harvard and APA systems. Guidance is given on citing various sources like journal articles, books, book chapters, websites and more. Standard formats are outlined for structuring citations for each source type.
This document provides an overview of the key areas and major changes covered in the American Psychological Association's (APA) 6th edition style manual. It notes that this tutorial only briefly summarizes APA style and recommends purchasing the actual manual for comprehensive guidelines. The tutorial covers topics such as what constitutes plagiarism and self-plagiarism, how to distinguish between direct quotations and paraphrasing, how to recognize empirical research, and the basic formatting requirements for papers, headings, lists, citations, and references in APA style.
APA style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences. It regulates stylistics such as formatting, in-text citations, and references. APA style dictates that language be clear, concise, and plain in papers. There are two main types of APA papers: literature reviews and experimental reports. Papers should follow a general format that includes sections for title page, abstract, main body, and references. The Publication Manual of the APA and online resources provide guidance for any questions about APA style.
Pagination Format - APA Style - 7th EditionThiyagu K
For manuscripts being submitted for publication, publishers will use our word-processing file to produce the typeset version of our article, so it is important that we properly format our article. As an educational researcher, we are following the APA style of 7th Edition for our citation and reference purpose. APA style gives the input related to pagination format, heading format and so on. This presentation explains the pagination format such as page size, font, margin, line space etc.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the general structure of APA papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references. It also outlines rules for in-text citations, references list entries, tables, figures, and headings. Key aspects covered include using active voice, clear language, in-text citations for quotations and paraphrases, and ordering references alphabetically by author's last name.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
This document provides an overview of the basic formatting guidelines for papers written in APA 6th edition style. It lists the requirements for page size, margins, line spacing, font type and size, alignment, paragraph indentation, page headers, headings, spacing after punctuation, abstract formatting, optimal paper length, writing style, and use of third-person active voice. The document serves as a quick reference for the core structural and stylistic elements for papers following APA publication manual guidelines.
This document provides an introduction to referencing using APA style. It defines referencing and plagiarism, and explains why referencing is important. It outlines the key components of in-text citations and reference lists in APA style. Examples are provided for different types of citations, including journal articles, books, quotations, and paraphrasing. Guidelines are given for constructing a reference list alphabetically by author. An exercise provides practice writing full references according to APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) What APA style regulates such as in-text citations, references list, and stylistics regarding point of view, language, and formatting.
2) The two most common types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports - and the sections they include.
3) General formatting guidelines for APA papers such as font, margins, page headers, title page, abstract, references list, and in-text citations.
APA (American Psychological Association) Citation and ReferencingBakht Munir
The document provides information about APA (American Psychological Association) style for citations and references in academic writing. It discusses the general format for APA papers including font, line spacing, margins, and page numbering. It also covers the title page format including required elements. The main sections of a research thesis are outlined. Guidelines are provided for in-text citations, reference list format for different source types like books, articles, websites. Plagiarism and referencing styles are also discussed.
The document provides guidance on using the Harvard referencing system. It explains that the Harvard system has two main components: 1) in-text citations that provide the author's last name and year of publication, and 2) a reference list that includes full bibliographic details of all cited sources in alphabetical order. Examples are given for how to reference a variety of sources like books, journal articles, websites, and more in both the in-text citations and reference list using the Harvard style.
The document provides an overview of key elements of APA style papers including sections, reference lists, internal documentation, and formatting guidelines. It discusses topics such as outlining papers, selecting verb tense, pronoun usage, and punctuation conventions. Guidelines are provided for reference list entries for different publication types as well as constructing in-text citations and handling personal communications.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style for formatting papers and citing sources. It covers the basics of APA formatting including paper layout, headings, lists, citations, and references in a list of key points. Examples are provided to illustrate direct quotes, paraphrasing, citing multiple authors, and reference list entries for different source types such as books, articles, and websites.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) APA regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and references and is commonly used in the social sciences.
2) APA guidelines cover stylistic elements like writing in third person, using active voice, and being clear, concise, and plain in language.
3) APA papers include title pages, abstracts, references, and follow specific formatting guidelines for citations, headings, tables, figures, and more.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and references. It discusses that APA style is mostly used in social sciences papers and regulates stylistics, citations, and references. It outlines the general paper format of APA papers including title page, abstract, body, and references sections. It also describes guidelines for in-text citations including quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources as well as reference list formatting.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers and citations. It discusses guidelines for formatting elements like paper layout, headings, numbers, tables, figures, in-text citations, and reference lists. The document uses examples to demonstrate how to format various citation elements, like quotations, references with multiple authors, and references from different source types.
The document provides information on the Harvard referencing system, including what a reference is, what the Harvard system is, why one should reference their work, when to reference, and how to reference both within the text and at the end of the document. It describes referencing various sources such as books, journal articles, web pages, images, and personal communications. It also discusses plagiarism and how to avoid it by properly citing sources.
This document provides guidelines for correctly formatting references in a thesis according to prescribed standards. It discusses the two main methods of citing references - superscript and bracket formats - and provides examples. Guidelines are provided for citing different publication types such as books, book chapters, journal articles, websites, and more. Reference list formatting is also covered, including ordering and structure of entries.
St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is one of the holiest sites in Christianity. It is the largest church ever built and the central focus is the shrine of St. Peter. Construction began in the 4th century under Emperor Constantine but the current building was started in 1506 under Pope Julius II and completed in 1615. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini. The dome, one of the largest in the world, was designed by Michelangelo. The basilica has several important features like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's baldachin over the papal altar.
St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is one of the holiest sites in Christianity. It is the largest church ever built and the central focus is the shrine of St. Peter. Construction began in the 4th century under Emperor Constantine but the current building was started in 1506 under Pope Julius II and completed in 1615. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini. The massive dome was designed by Michelangelo and built between 1585-1590. The square outside was designed by Bernini in the 17th century. Inside are many artistic masterpieces and tombs of popes located in chapels, transepts, and ais
APA style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences. It regulates stylistics such as formatting, in-text citations, and references. APA style dictates that language be clear, concise, and plain in papers. There are two main types of APA papers: literature reviews and experimental reports. Papers should follow a general format that includes sections for title page, abstract, main body, and references. The Publication Manual of the APA and online resources provide guidance for any questions about APA style.
Pagination Format - APA Style - 7th EditionThiyagu K
For manuscripts being submitted for publication, publishers will use our word-processing file to produce the typeset version of our article, so it is important that we properly format our article. As an educational researcher, we are following the APA style of 7th Edition for our citation and reference purpose. APA style gives the input related to pagination format, heading format and so on. This presentation explains the pagination format such as page size, font, margin, line space etc.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the general structure of APA papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references. It also outlines rules for in-text citations, references list entries, tables, figures, and headings. Key aspects covered include using active voice, clear language, in-text citations for quotations and paraphrases, and ordering references alphabetically by author's last name.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
This document provides an overview of the basic formatting guidelines for papers written in APA 6th edition style. It lists the requirements for page size, margins, line spacing, font type and size, alignment, paragraph indentation, page headers, headings, spacing after punctuation, abstract formatting, optimal paper length, writing style, and use of third-person active voice. The document serves as a quick reference for the core structural and stylistic elements for papers following APA publication manual guidelines.
This document provides an introduction to referencing using APA style. It defines referencing and plagiarism, and explains why referencing is important. It outlines the key components of in-text citations and reference lists in APA style. Examples are provided for different types of citations, including journal articles, books, quotations, and paraphrasing. Guidelines are given for constructing a reference list alphabetically by author. An exercise provides practice writing full references according to APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) What APA style regulates such as in-text citations, references list, and stylistics regarding point of view, language, and formatting.
2) The two most common types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports - and the sections they include.
3) General formatting guidelines for APA papers such as font, margins, page headers, title page, abstract, references list, and in-text citations.
APA (American Psychological Association) Citation and ReferencingBakht Munir
The document provides information about APA (American Psychological Association) style for citations and references in academic writing. It discusses the general format for APA papers including font, line spacing, margins, and page numbering. It also covers the title page format including required elements. The main sections of a research thesis are outlined. Guidelines are provided for in-text citations, reference list format for different source types like books, articles, websites. Plagiarism and referencing styles are also discussed.
The document provides guidance on using the Harvard referencing system. It explains that the Harvard system has two main components: 1) in-text citations that provide the author's last name and year of publication, and 2) a reference list that includes full bibliographic details of all cited sources in alphabetical order. Examples are given for how to reference a variety of sources like books, journal articles, websites, and more in both the in-text citations and reference list using the Harvard style.
The document provides an overview of key elements of APA style papers including sections, reference lists, internal documentation, and formatting guidelines. It discusses topics such as outlining papers, selecting verb tense, pronoun usage, and punctuation conventions. Guidelines are provided for reference list entries for different publication types as well as constructing in-text citations and handling personal communications.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style for formatting papers and citing sources. It covers the basics of APA formatting including paper layout, headings, lists, citations, and references in a list of key points. Examples are provided to illustrate direct quotes, paraphrasing, citing multiple authors, and reference list entries for different source types such as books, articles, and websites.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) APA regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and references and is commonly used in the social sciences.
2) APA guidelines cover stylistic elements like writing in third person, using active voice, and being clear, concise, and plain in language.
3) APA papers include title pages, abstracts, references, and follow specific formatting guidelines for citations, headings, tables, figures, and more.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and references. It discusses that APA style is mostly used in social sciences papers and regulates stylistics, citations, and references. It outlines the general paper format of APA papers including title page, abstract, body, and references sections. It also describes guidelines for in-text citations including quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources as well as reference list formatting.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers and citations. It discusses guidelines for formatting elements like paper layout, headings, numbers, tables, figures, in-text citations, and reference lists. The document uses examples to demonstrate how to format various citation elements, like quotations, references with multiple authors, and references from different source types.
The document provides information on the Harvard referencing system, including what a reference is, what the Harvard system is, why one should reference their work, when to reference, and how to reference both within the text and at the end of the document. It describes referencing various sources such as books, journal articles, web pages, images, and personal communications. It also discusses plagiarism and how to avoid it by properly citing sources.
This document provides guidelines for correctly formatting references in a thesis according to prescribed standards. It discusses the two main methods of citing references - superscript and bracket formats - and provides examples. Guidelines are provided for citing different publication types such as books, book chapters, journal articles, websites, and more. Reference list formatting is also covered, including ordering and structure of entries.
St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is one of the holiest sites in Christianity. It is the largest church ever built and the central focus is the shrine of St. Peter. Construction began in the 4th century under Emperor Constantine but the current building was started in 1506 under Pope Julius II and completed in 1615. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini. The dome, one of the largest in the world, was designed by Michelangelo. The basilica has several important features like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's baldachin over the papal altar.
St. Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City and is one of the holiest sites in Christianity. It is the largest church ever built and the central focus is the shrine of St. Peter. Construction began in the 4th century under Emperor Constantine but the current building was started in 1506 under Pope Julius II and completed in 1615. It was designed by architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini. The massive dome was designed by Michelangelo and built between 1585-1590. The square outside was designed by Bernini in the 17th century. Inside are many artistic masterpieces and tombs of popes located in chapels, transepts, and ais
The document reports on Indonesia's progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, noting that while significant progress has been made in some areas like poverty reduction, education, and health, challenges remain in fully achieving other goals like improving maternal and child health, combating diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability by their 2015 targets. It outlines Indonesia's national policies supporting the MDGs and provides an analysis of the current status and recommendations for improving implementation going forward through better data, coordination, and targeting of programs.
Dasar-Dasar Asuransi Kesehatan Bagian B (Pamjaki)Anggit T A W
Buku ini membahas berbagai cara untuk mengelola biaya pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia, termasuk upaya mengendalikan biaya melalui rancangan produk asuransi kesehatan, telaah utilisasi, manajemen kasus, dan manajemen perawatan terkelola. Biaya pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia masih relatif rendah dibanding negara tetangga, namun cenderung meningkat setiap tahunnya. Pemerintah berupaya mengendalikan biaya melalui berbagai mekanisme
Buku Pedoman P4K (Perencanaan Persalinan dan Pencegahan Komplikasi) 2008Anggit T A W
Dokumen ini memberikan pedoman program perencanaan dan pencegahan komplikasi dengan menggunakan stiker untuk memudahkan identifikasi pasien rawat inap yang berisiko tinggi mengalami komplikasi. Pedoman ini membahas tahapan identifikasi pasien, penggunaan stiker, dan evaluasi program untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi selama perawatan di rumah sakit.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, and conference presentations. The key points covered are:
- References should be listed numerically and in the same order they appear in the text.
- In-text citations use numbers in round brackets to correlate with the reference list.
- The reference list must include sufficient detail for readers to locate each reference.
- Examples are provided of how to format references for different source types, including required elements like author, title, publisher, date.
- Consistency is important when applying the Vancouver style within and across documents.
The document discusses proper citation and referencing of sources. It states that referencing the work of others prevents plagiarism and allows readers to trace lines of research. References must include sufficient detail for readers to locate the cited work, whether it is a book, article, or webpage. The document then provides examples and guidelines for formatting references according to the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidance on referencing in academic writing. It begins by explaining why referencing is important, such as to avoid plagiarism and validate arguments. The key differences between references and bibliographies are defined. Various referencing styles - Harvard and Vancouver - are introduced. Detailed instructions are given on how to cite different publication types like books, book chapters, journal articles, and webpages according to these styles. The Vancouver style and its numbering system for in-text citations are explained in depth. The goal of students is to properly attribute all sources used in their academic work.
This document provides guidance on referencing styles and citing sources in academic work. It discusses the importance of referencing to avoid plagiarism and add credibility. It also differentiates between references cited in text and additional sources in a bibliography. The document outlines the Vancouver and Harvard styles for citing sources like books, book chapters, journal articles and webpages in references. It provides examples of how to format citations in these styles.
1) The document discusses various aspects of citing and referencing academic sources, including why we need to reference, the difference between references and bibliography, and how to reference using the Harvard and Vancouver styles.
2) It provides guidance on citing different types of sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, and webpages according to the Vancouver style.
3) Key requirements for references are listed, such as including author names, publication details, page numbers if applicable, and ordering references numerically in the list.
practicaciting lsession citation and referencing .pptxaidamohamed12
The document provides guidance on using Vancouver style for citing and referencing academic sources. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, tables, figures, and websites according to Vancouver style. Key points include listing all authors for references with six or fewer authors, and listing the first six authors followed by "et al." for references with seven or more authors. Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the style used in Medline. The document also notes that tables should be numbered consecutively and have brief titles, while figure captions should include legends, numbers, and labels. Plagiarism can be avoided by properly citing sources using quotes or paraphrasing and including references.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A TECHNICAL ESSAY .docxdirkrplav
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A
TECHNICAL ESSAY
INTRODUCTION
The technical essay is a review paper that synthesizes and interprets work
on a particular subject area. Therefore, the format is not as standardized as that
of a research paper. By bringing together the most pertinent findings of
numerous papers from diverse journals, a review paper serves as a valuable
summary of research. In writing your essay, interpret the primary journal article
in a series of paragraphs that build on your discussion, giving particular attention
to the problem or topic posed in your introduction. In addition, relate your
findings to previous observations or experiments from the supplemental
references that you have chosen. Discuss briefly any logical implications of the
journal articles for practical application or future studies. A good review paper
not only synthesizes information; it also provides a critical overview of an
important scientific problem.
After you have finished your first draft of your essay, review the structure
of your manuscript. Are the sections arranged in logical sequence? After you
are satisfied with the structure of your essay manuscript, attend to the details:
the paragraphs, the sentences, and the words. Expect to do several drafts of
your paper before you are satisfied with the final product. Good writing is
generally the product of careful rewriting or revising in which you evaluate your
attempts at organizing and expressing your ideas. In the process you end up
scrutinizing the ideas themselves, as well as your own mastery of the subject.
CITING REFERENCE MATERIALS
The text of a biological paper usually contains numerous literature
citations, or references, to the published studies of other authors. This is
because scientists rarely work in a vacuum; hypotheses are developed, tested,
and evaluated in the context of what other scientists have written and discovered.
Thus, careful documentation, or acknowledgment of the work of others, is
essential to good scientific writing. Biologists also need to provide literature
citations because, like other writers, they have an ethical and legal obligation to
give credit to others for material that is not their own. Such material includes not
only direct quotations, but also findings or ideas that stem from the work of
someone else.
Unlike writers in the humanities and social sciences, biologists rarely use
footnotes or endnotes to acknowledge sources. Instead, they insert literature
citations directly in the text, either by giving the last name of the author(s) and the
year of publication (name-and-year method), or by referring to each source by a
number method. Such rules, even if they seem arbitrary, make the reporting of
2
references an orderly activity, minimizing confusion for writers, readers, editors,
and publishers.
In this course, the name-and-year method, also known as the Harvard
method,.
This document provides a guide to referencing in APA (6th edition) style. It includes sections on how to reference different document types such as books, journal articles, government publications and web resources. Examples are provided for both in-text citations and reference list entries. Key aspects of APA style covered include using author-date citations, formatting quotes and reference lists. The guide assists users in properly attributing sources in research papers and assignments.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It discusses referencing sources in-text with citations, and creating a reference list at the end. Key points covered include formatting in-text citations for one, two, three or more authors, works by the same author in the same or different years, and how to reference different source types such as books, book chapters, journal articles, and websites. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how to reference various sources correctly according to APA style.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and including quotations when writing a paper in APA style. It discusses quoting and citing short and long quotations. It also reviews how to format a reference list, with examples of different types of references such as journal articles, books, and websites. Basic rules are provided for citing authors, dates, titles and publishers in various source types.
This document provides guidelines for formatting quotations, citations, and references when writing a paper in APA style. It discusses incorporating short and long quotations into the text and creating a references list with publication details for all cited sources. The basic rules and formatting for different types of sources like books, articles, websites, and emails are also outlined.
This document provides a brief introduction and guidelines for the Vancouver referencing style. It explains what referencing is, why it is important, and the basic steps to follow, including noting bibliographic details, inserting in-text citations, and compiling a reference list. Examples are given for a variety of common reference types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other media. The document stresses the importance of adhering to the specific punctuation and formatting required for the Vancouver style. It directs readers to more authoritative style guides for comprehensive referencing instructions.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
How do i reference this handout describes the name year (n-ymodi11
This document provides guidance on three citation styles - Name-Year (N-Y), Citation-Sequence (C-S), and Citation-Name (C-N) - that can be used in a CSE style paper. It explains that the N-Y style includes the author and year in parentheses in the text and lists references in alphabetical order. The C-S style uses superscript numbers in the text and lists references numerically. The C-N style lists references alphabetically and uses superscript numbers to cite them in the text. The document provides examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for various sources like books, articles, websites and unpublished materials for the N-Y system.
The document provides an overview of APA style and resources for learning and applying APA style. It discusses why APA style is commonly used, describes the key components of the APA Publication Manual, lists APA style books available in the library, and provides guidance on citing sources in-text and formatting the reference list according to APA style. Key resources mentioned include the APA Publication Manual, the APA style website, and library holdings of APA style guides and manuals.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
This document provides guidelines for writing a research proposal paper in APA style. It discusses including an abstract, title, introduction, literature review section, proposed method section, and references. The literature review section should summarize and relate prior research to the experimental hypotheses. The proposed method section should describe the participants, design, procedure, predicted results, discussion, and references. Formatting guidelines like double spacing, Times New Roman font size 12 are also provided.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1
Title of Paper (up to 12 words)
Your Name, Including Middle Initial
School
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 2
Abstract
A concise summary of each section of your paper, using up to 250 words. Note that you do not
indent the first line.
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 3
Title of Paper
Your first paragraph (or two) should be an introduction to the broad topic of your paper.
Many people write the introduction after writing the rest of the paper! Information in your
introduction should provide a foundation for the hypotheses of your experiment. In your
introduction, your goal is to convince readers that your research topic is (a) interesting and (b)
important. You may choose to begin your paper with a story, quotation, or relevant statistics
about your topic. You can think of your paper as a story about your dependent variable.
You generally will present broad background information about the topic in the first
paragraph of so. You will include at least two sections in the body of your paper. You will
summarize relevant information from prior research studies in the first section, which we refer to
as the “literature review” portion of a paper. You will present your detailed research proposal in
the second section (details are provided below). Some overall formatting rules to keep in mind
are: (a) use Times New Roman font, size 12; and (b) double-space the entire paper.
Information about the Literature-review Section
Content. In the first section of your paper, you should provide a literature review of prior
research and theory that relates to your experiment. The information you present should be from
diverse sources (e.g., journal articles, book chapters, web sites). Make sure it is clear to the
reader how information is related to your experimental hypotheses or procedure. So, if you are
using their method, then talk about their method; if they found similar results, talk about their
results; if they operationally defined their DV like you want to, then talk about that, etc. To make
this section of your paper effective, you should explicitly relate information from various sources
to each other and to your proposed research. After you discuss past research, you should make it
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 4
clear how your study is the next logical one, that your study improves upon past studies, that
your study fills obvious holes left by the others.
Citation of sources. You should cite references throughout the body of your paper.
There are two ways to cite a source. The authors can be listed in the sentence, with the year in
parentheses: “The Davis (2001) web site presents information about American Psychological
Association (APA) style rules.” Alternatively, the citation can be entirely in parentheses: “The
web site presents information about American Psychological Association (A.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxSUBHI7
Running head: 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1
Title of Paper (up to 12 words)
Your Name, Including Middle Initial
School
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 2
Abstract
A concise summary of each section of your paper, using up to 250 words. Note that you do not
indent the first line.
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 3
Title of Paper
Your first paragraph (or two) should be an introduction to the broad topic of your paper.
Many people write the introduction after writing the rest of the paper! Information in your
introduction should provide a foundation for the hypotheses of your experiment. In your
introduction, your goal is to convince readers that your research topic is (a) interesting and (b)
important. You may choose to begin your paper with a story, quotation, or relevant statistics
about your topic. You can think of your paper as a story about your dependent variable.
You generally will present broad background information about the topic in the first
paragraph of so. You will include at least two sections in the body of your paper. You will
summarize relevant information from prior research studies in the first section, which we refer to
as the “literature review” portion of a paper. You will present your detailed research proposal in
the second section (details are provided below). Some overall formatting rules to keep in mind
are: (a) use Times New Roman font, size 12; and (b) double-space the entire paper.
Information about the Literature-review Section
Content. In the first section of your paper, you should provide a literature review of prior
research and theory that relates to your experiment. The information you present should be from
diverse sources (e.g., journal articles, book chapters, web sites). Make sure it is clear to the
reader how information is related to your experimental hypotheses or procedure. So, if you are
using their method, then talk about their method; if they found similar results, talk about their
results; if they operationally defined their DV like you want to, then talk about that, etc. To make
this section of your paper effective, you should explicitly relate information from various sources
to each other and to your proposed research. After you discuss past research, you should make it
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 4
clear how your study is the next logical one, that your study improves upon past studies, that
your study fills obvious holes left by the others.
Citation of sources. You should cite references throughout the body of your paper.
There are two ways to cite a source. The authors can be listed in the sentence, with the year in
parentheses: “The Davis (2001) web site presents information about American Psychological
Association (APA) style rules.” Alternatively, the citation can be entirely in parentheses: “The
web site presents information about American Psychological Association (A ...
Dokumen tersebut merangkum ringkasan kitab hadist Shahih Imam Bukhari, yang terdiri dari 33 bab, mulai dari permulaan turunnya wahyu hingga i'tikaf. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan pengertian hadist, ilmu hadits, sejarah singkat Imam Bukhari, dan beberapa istilah terkait hadist.
The annual report summarizes UNDP's work in Indonesia in 2011/2012. It highlights achievements across UNDP's four program areas: poverty reduction, crisis prevention and recovery, democratic governance, and environment and energy. UNDP implements activities aligned with Indonesia's national development plan and the UN Partnership Framework. The report outlines progress made in supporting Indonesia's development goals through national partnerships and capacity development.
Buku Data Penduduk Sasaran Program Pembangunan Kesehatan 2011-2014Anggit T A W
Dokumen ini berisi estimasi jumlah penduduk sasaran program kesehatan di Indonesia untuk tahun 2011 hingga 2014. Data penduduk sasaran diperlukan untuk perencanaan program kesehatan dan evaluasi pencapaian target. Dokumen ini memberikan definisi penduduk sasaran, dan menjelaskan perhitungan estimasi jumlah penduduk sasaran berdasarkan kelompok umur, jenis kelamin, dan provinsi.
Laporan ini membahas pencapaian tujuan pembangunan milenium (millenium development goals/MDGs) di Indonesia hingga tahun 2010. Laporan ini meninjau delapan tujuan MDGs dan masing-masing targetnya, serta menyoroti capaian dan tantangan dalam mencapai target-target tersebut. Hasilnya, Indonesia telah mencapai beberapa target awal namun masih perlu upaya lebih lanjut untuk memenuhi seluruh target MDGs pada tahun 2015.
Sirah nabawiyah muhammad said ramadhan al buttiAnggit T A W
Teks tersebut membahas pentingnya mempelajari Sirah Nabi untuk memahami Islam secara utuh. Ia juga menjelaskan sumber-sumber Sirah Nabi seperti Al-Quran, hadis shahih, dan kitab-kitab sejarah. Selanjutnya teks tersebut membahas mengapa Arabia dipilih sebagai tempat kelahiran Islam dengan menggambarkan kondisi peradaban di berbagai belahan dunia pada saat itu.
A giant Pack of Lies (Membongkar Raksasa Kebohongan Industri Rokok)Anggit T A W
Prolog ini menguraikan secara singkat perjalanan gerakan pengendalian tembakau di dunia, dimulai dari penolakan awal terhadap rokok pada abad ke-19 di Amerika Serikat hingga industri rokok mulai melakukan berbagai upaya untuk membantah bukti-bukti ilmiah tentang bahaya rokok bagi kesehatan, termasuk membentuk lembaga riset sendiri dan mempengaruhi liputan media.
implementasi kebijakan program penanggulangan kebijakanAnggit T A W
1) Studi ini menganalisis implementasi kebijakan Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan di Kota Gorontalo dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif.
2) Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan tersebut telah sesuai dengan tahapannya, responsivitas pemerintah tinggi, dan masyarakat mendukung program tersebut.
3) Faktor komunikasi, sumber daya, sikap pelaksana, dan struktur birokras
This document outlines the salary scales for civil servants in Indonesia based on their job classification and level. It provides the monthly base salary ranges for positions in Golongan I through IV, with increases indicated for each additional level within each classification. The highest salaries are for positions in Golongan IV, ranging from Rp2,064,100 to Rp4,603,700 per month depending on the level. The document is signed by the President of Indonesia to approve the changes to the civil servant pay regulation.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Petunjuk Daftar Pustaka Vancouver (en)
1. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 1
References/Bibliography
Vancouver Style
Quick guide - How to USE IT
NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.
• A bibliography lists sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to
the subject and were used for background reading.
• Before you compile your bibliography/reference list check with your
lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic
Department.
• A citation is an acknowledgement in your text of references that support your
work. It is in the form of a number that correlates with a source in your
reference list.
• There are many ways of setting out bibliographies and reference lists. The following are
examples of one style – the Vancouver System. It is commonly used in medical and
scientific journals.
• Your reference list should identify references cited (eg. book, journal article, pamphlet,
internet site, cassette tape or film) in sufficient detail so that others may locate and consult your
references.
• Your reference list should appear at the end of your essay/report with the entries listed
numerically and in the same order that they have been cited in the text.
• If you have cited sources from the Internet, these should be in your reference list.
• The bibliography is a separate list from the reference list and should be arranged
alphabetically by author or title (where no author is given) in the Vancouver Style.
• Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and citations are very important. Follow
the punctuation and spacing exactly in the examples given.
INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
** It is important to BE CONSISTENT when you are referencing. **
• In the Vancouver Style, citations within the text of your essay/paper are identified by
Arabic numbers in round brackets. This applies to references in text, tables and
figures. e.g. (2) – this is the style used by the referencing software Endnote.
• The identification of references within the text of your essay/paper may vary according to
the preferred style of the journal or the preferred style of the department or lecturer. For
example superscript may be preferred when referencing.
• The Vancouver System assigns a number to each reference as it is cited. A number must
be used even if the author(s) is named in the sentence/text.
Example: Smith (10) has argued that….
• The original number assigned to the reference is reused each time the reference is cited
in the text, regardless of its previous position in the text.
2. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 2
• When multiple references are cited at a given place in the text, use a hyphen to join the
first and last numbers that are inclusive. Use commas (without spaces) to separate non-
inclusive numbers in a multiple citation eg. 2,3,4,5,7,10 is abbreviated to (2-5,7,10) Do not
use a hyphen if there are no citation numbers in between that support your statement eg. 1-
2.
• The placement of citation numbers within text should be carefully considered, for example a
particular reference may be relevant to only part of a sentence. As a general rule,
reference numbers should be placed outside full stops and commas, inside colons and
semicolons; however, this may vary according to the requirements of a particular journal.
Examples:
There have been efforts to replace mouse inoculation testing with invitro tests, such
as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (57,60) or polymerase chain reaction, (20-
22) but these remain experimental.
Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable”. (1)
CITING A BOOK
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible.
• Where there are 6 or less authors you must list all authors.
• Where there are 7 or more authors, only the first 6 are listed and add “et
al” (et al means “and others”).
• Put a comma and 1 space between each name. The last author must
have a full-stop after their initial(s).
Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or punctuation between initials)
(full-stop OR if further names comma, 1 space)
Example 1.1: Smith AK, Jones BC, editors.
Example 1.2: Smith AK, Jones BC, Bloggs TC, Ashe PT, Fauci AS, Wilson JD et al.
Example 1.3: The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.
Example 1.4: When no author is given “Anonymous” or “Anon” is unnecessary. Us the
title of the article or book.
2. Title of publication and subtitle if any
• Do not use italics or underlining.
• Only the first word of journal articles or book titles (and words that
normally begin with a capital letter) are capitalised.
Format: 1: title (full-stop, 1 space)
Example 2.1: Harrison's principles of internal medicine.
Example 2.2: Physical pharmacy: physical chemical principles in the pharmaceutical
sciences.
Example 2.3: Pharmacy in Australia: the national experience
3. Edition, if other than first edition.
• Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do not confuse with editor.)
Format: edition statement (fullstop, 1 space)
Example 3.1: 3rd ed.
3. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 3
4. Place of publication
• If the publishers are located in more than one city, cite the name of the
city that is printed first.
• Write the place name in full.
• If the place name is not well known, add a comma, 1 space and the state
or the country for clarification. For places in the USA, add after the place
name the 2 letter postal code for the state. This must be in upper case
eg. Hartford (CN): (where CN=Connecticut). For more information see:
<http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.htm>.
Format: place of publication (colon, 1 space)
Example 4.1: Hartford (CN):
Example 4.2: Texas (NSW):
Example 4.3: Kyoto (Japan):
5. Publisher
• The publisher’s name should be spelt out in full.
Format: publisher (semi-colon, 1 space)
Example 5.1: Australian Government Publishing Service;
Example 5.2: Raven Press;
Example 5.3: Williams & Wilkins;
6. Year of publication.
Format: year (full-stop, add 1 space if page numbers follow)
Example 6.1: 1999.
Example 6.2: 2000. p. 12-5.
7. Page numbers (if applicable).
• Abbreviate the word page to “p.”.
• NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily – abbreviate.
Format: p (full-stop, 1 space) page numbers (full-stop).
Example 7.1: p. 122-9.
Example 7.2: p. 1129-57.
Example 7.3: p. 333,338,340-5. (when article not on continuous pages)
8. Series title and individual volume (if any).
• Put in brackets.
• Abbreviate the word volume to “vol”.
Format: (Series title (semi-colon, 1 space) vol (1 space) volume number) full-
stop outside brackets
Example 8.1: (Annals of the New York academy of sciences; vol 288).
Examples of Citing Books:
• One to six authors
Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals of funds. New York: John Wiley & Sons;
1997.
Explanation of above citation:
AUTHOR TITLE
Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals and flow of funds.
New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
PLACE OF PUBLICATION PUBLISHER YEAR OF PUBLICATION
Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology.
3rd ed. New York: Scientific American; 1995.
4. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 4
• More than six authors
Give the first six names in full and add “et al”. The authors are listed in the order in which
they appear on the title page.
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al, editors.
Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, Health
Professions Division; 1998.
• Editor/s
Follow the same methods used with authors but use the word “editor” or “editors” in full after
the name/s. The word editor or editors must be in lower case. (Do NOT confuse with “ed.”
used for edition.)
Millares M, editor. Applied drug information: strategies for information management.
Vancouver (WA): Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1998.
• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisation (including PAMPHLET)
Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated best practice model for medication
management in residential aged care facilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing
Service; 1997.
Example of pamphlet (if available include additional information eg place of
production, printer):
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. Medicines and driving [pamphlet]. Pharmaceutical
Society of Australia;1998. DR-7.
• Package insert (leaflet supplied with medicine):
Lamasil [package insert]. East Hanover (NJ): Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp; 1993.
• Edition (other than first)
Blenkinsopp A, Paxton P. Symptoms in the pharmacy: a guide to the management of
common illness. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998.
• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributed
Porter RJ, Meldrum BS. Antiepileptic drugs. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic and clinical
pharmacology. 6th ed. Norwalk (CN): Appleton and Lange; 1995. p. 361-80.
• Dictionary and similar references
Stedman's medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p. 119-
20.
Note: Include the Definition looked up - in this case "Apraxia"
• Book in a Series
Bennett GL, Horuk R. Iodination of chemokines for use in receptor binding analysis. In:
Horuk R, editor. Chemokine receptors. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1997. p. 134-48.
(Methods in enzymology; vol 288).
Chemokine receptors = name of the book
Methods in enzymology = title of the series
• Encyclopaedia
Hanrahan C. Valerian. In: Krapp K, Longe JL, editors. The Gale encyclopedia of alternative
medicine. Michigan: Gale Group; 2001. vol 4 p. 1768-70.
5. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 5
• Legal Material
Note: (s = section of act, r = regulation)
Pharmacy Act 1976 (Qld)
Airlines Equipment Amendment Act 1981 (Cwlth), s. 19(1)(a)(ii)
Public Service Regulations (Cwlth), r.83(2)(a)(ii)
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s of the article.
See step 1 of "Citing a book" for full details.
2. Title of article.
See step 2 of "Citing a book" for full details.
Example 2.1: Validation of an immunoassay for measurement of plasma total
homocysteine.
3. Title of journal (abbreviated).
• Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline. A list of
abbreviations can be found at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals
• Click on Lists of all Entrez journals
• Note: no punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated journal name –
just spaces.
Format: journal title abbreviation (1 space)
Example 3.1: Bol Soc Dent Guatem
Example 3.2: J Mol Biol
4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication.
• Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters.
Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semi-colon, no space) OR
year (semi-colon, no space)
Example 4.1: 1996 Jun 1;12(5):127-33.
5. Volume number (and issue/part -).
• *If the journal has continuous page numbering through volume’s issues,
the month/day and issue information may be omitted.
Format: volume number (no space) issue number in brackets (colon, no
space) OR volume number (colon, no space)
Example 5.1: 1996;12(5):127-33. or 1996;12:127-33
6. Page numbers
NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily
Format: page numbers (full-stop)
Example 6.1: 531-5
6. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 6
Examples of Citing Journals:
NOTE SOME JOURNALS MAY HAVE:
• A day, month and year
• A month and year
• A season and year eg. Autumn 2001
• Only a year
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.
Explanation of above citation:
AUTHORS TITLE OF ARTICLE
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
JOURNAL YR/MO/DAY.
VOLUME/ PAGE NO.S
ISSUE NO.
NOTE: - Choose an option and be consistent
Option 1: Month and day (if available) may be omitted only if continuous paging
through issues.
Option 2: Month/day (if available) and issue number (if available) are important if the
pages in the journal are non-continuous
Option 3: Continuous page numbers (most journals have this) – may omit month/day
and issue number. Example below.
Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in
human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:697-701.
No author given in article
Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas [editorial]. BMJ 1981;283:628.
Journals with parts and/or supplements
Examples:
Volume with supplement:
Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl 1:275-82.
Issue with supplement:
Semin Oncol 1996:23(1 Suppl 2):89-97.
Volume with part:
Ann Clin Biochem 1995;32(Pt 3):303-6.
Issue with part:
N Z Med J 1994;107(986 Pt 1):377-8.
Issue with no volume:
Clin Orthop 1995;(320):110-4.
No issue or volume:
Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993:325-33.
7. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 7
CITING CONFERENCES
Treat the proceedings of a conference like a book, adding pertinent information about the
conference and cite a presentation from the proceedings like a work in a collection of pieces by
different authors:
Conference Papers
Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical
informatics. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92.
Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva,
Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. p. 1561-5.
Conference Proceedings
Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the
10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto,
Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996.
CITING A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
The details may vary depending on the layout of the newspaper eg. section may not be relevant.
Format: Author if given (full-stop, 1 space) Title of article (full-stop, 1 space) Name of
newspaper (1 space) Date of edition (year Month Day) (semi-colon, no space) Section if
applicable (section abbreviated to Sect.) (colon, no space) Page/s (1 space) Column number in
round brackets (column abbreviated to col.) (full-stop)
Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates 50,000 admissions annually.
The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21;Sect. A:3 (col. 5).
CITING MULTIMEDIA MATERIAL
The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item indicated in brackets
after the title and edition statement.
Get the facts (and get them organised) [videocassette]. Williamstown (Vic): Appleseed
Productions; 1990.
CITING INTERNET and OTHER ELECTRONIC SOURCES
• This includes software and Internet sources such as web sites, electronic journals and
databases.
• These sources are proliferating and the guidelines for citation are developing and subject to
change.
• The following information is based on the recommendations of the National Library of Medicine.
• The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above).
In the case of sources that may be subject to alteration it is important to acknowledge the DATE
THE INFORMATION WAS CITED. This is particularly true for web sites that may disappear or
permit changes to be made and for CD-ROMS that are updated during the year.
Journal on the Internet
NOTE: Follow the same procedure for citing print journals as for electronic journals
regarding date, volume pages and journal title
Format: Author/s (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title of article (full-stop, 1 space)
Abbreviated title of electronic journal (1 space) [serial online] (1 space) Publication year (1
space) month(s) - if available (1 space) [cited year month (abbreviated) day] - in square
brackets (semi colon, 1 space) Volume number (no space) Issue number if applicable in round
brackets (colon) Page numbers or number of screens in square brackets (full-stop, 1 space)
Available from (colon, 1 space) URL:URL address underlined
8. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 8
Examples:
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]
1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1999 Dec 25]; 1(1):[24 screens]. Available from:URL:
http://www/cdc/gov/ncidoc/EID/eid.htm
Garfinkel PE, Lin E, Goering P. Should amenorrhoea be necessary for the diagnosis of
anorexia nervosa? Br J Psych [serial online] 1996 [cited 1999 Aug 17]; 168(4):500-6. Available
from: URL:http://biomed.niss.ac.uk
WWW site
(If the author is not documented, the title becomes the first element of the reference.)
Format: Author (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title (full-stop, 1 space) [Online] (full stop, 1
space) Publication Year (1 space) [cited year month (abbreviated) day] (semi colon) Number
of screens in square brackets or pages (full-stop, 1 space) Available from (colon, 1 space)
URL: (no space) URL address underlined
NOTE: • The number of screens is NOT necessary. Put a semi colon and 1 space after the
cited date if no pages or screen numbers are listed.
• When the date is approximated, indicate that by following the date with a question
mark and inserting the statement in square brackets. Eg. [2001?]
Examples:
National Organization for Rare Diseases [Online]. 1999 Aug 16 [cited 1999 Aug 21];
Available from: URL:http://www.rarediseases.org/
Royal College of General Practitioners. The primary health care team. [Online]. 1998 [cited
1999 Aug 22];[10 screens]. Available from:
URL:http://ww.rcgp.org.uk/informat/publicat/rcf0021.htm
Zand J. The natural pharmacy: herbal medicine for depression [Online]. [1999?] [cited 2001
Aug 23];[15 screens]. Available from:
URL:http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/Article.asp?PageType=Article&Id=920
WEB BASED/ONLINE DATABASES
Basic Format:
Author/editor. (full stop, 1 space) Title (full stop, 1 space) [type of medium = Online] (full
stop, 1 space) Publishing details if available. Available from: (1 space) Title and
publishing details of the database if available. [cited date] (full stop)
Kirkpatrick GL. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. In: Family Medicine. 5th ed. [Online].
1998. Available from: Stat!Ref. Jackson (WY): Teton Data Systems; 2001. [cited 2001 Aug
31].
This is a chapter within an online book. Publication comes out quarterly therefore needs a cited date.
CD-ROM
Basic Format: Follow Book format:
• add [type of medium] after the title (full stop, 1 space) - Note: [type of medium] can be:-
[CD ROM], [serial on CD-ROM] or [book on CD]
• add Version number (if available) after type of medium (full stop, 1 space)
Clinical pharmacology 2000 [CD-ROM]. Version 2.01. [cited 2001 Aug 7]; Gainsville (FL): Gold
Standard Multimedia; 2001.
Note: this publication comes out quarterly therefore it needs a cited date.
9. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 9
Books on CD-ROM
Examples:
The Oxford English dictionary [book on CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University
Press; 1992.
Paracetamol. Martindale’s: the extra pharmacopoeia. In: International Healthcare Series [CD
ROM]. [cited 1998 Sep 3]; Englewood (CO): Micromedex; 1998.
Journal on CD-ROM
Format: Author/s (full-stop, 1 space) Title of article (full-stop, 1 space) Abbreviated title of
journal (1 space) [serial on CD-ROM] Year (semi-colon, no space) Volume (colon, no space)
Pages (full-stop)
Example:
Gershon ES. Antisocial behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry [serial on CD-ROM]. 1995;52:900-901.
Other Software
Format: Title (1 space) medium in square brackets [eg. computer program, computer file]
(full-stop, 1 space) Version (full-stop, 1 space) Place of production (colon, 1 space)
Producer (semi-colon, 1 space) Year (full-stop)
Example:
Epi Info [computer program]. Version 6. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention; 1994.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE VANCOUVER STYLE:
TABLES
• Each table should be given a brief title.
• Number each table in the text in consecutive order.
• Explanatory matter is placed in footnotes, not in the heading.
ILLUSTRATIONS and FIGURES
• Number each figure in the text in consecutive order.
• The original source should be acknowledged.
• The legends should be labelled with numerals corresponding to the figures etc.
MEASUREMENT
• Length, height, weight and volume should be reported in metric units.
• Temperatures should be in degrees Celsius.
• Blood Pressure measured in mm of mercury.
• All haematological and biochemistry measurements stated in SI units.
10. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 10
ABBREVIATIONS and SYMBOLS
• Use only standard abbreviations. Consult the following for abbreviations:
Committee on Form and Style of the Council of Biology
Editors. CBE style manual. 3rd ed. Washington:
American Institute of Biological Sciences; 1972.
(5th
ed. Available at PAH)
Z250.6.B5C6 1972
SS&H
Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM,
Glitman P, Lantz JC, et al. American Medical
Association manual of style: a guide for authors and
editors. 9th
ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
Ref R119.A533 1998
Biol
O'Connor M, Woodford FP. Writing scientific papers in
English: an ELSE-Ciba Foundation guide for authors.
Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1975.
T11.O2 1975
Biol/PSE/SS&H/Gatton/HML/
PAH
A Sample REFERENCE LIST:
• The following are examples of entries in a bibliography or list of references.
• A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.
• The references are listed in the same numerical order as they appear in the body of the text
1. Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals and flow of funds. New York (NY): John
Wiley & Sons; 1997.
2. Millares M, editor. Applied drug information: strategies for information management.
Vancouver,WA: Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1998.
3. Australian Government Publishing Service. Style manual for authors, editors and printers.
5th ed. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1994.
4. Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated best practice model for medication
management in residential aged care facilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing
Service; 1997.
5. Bennett GL, Horuk R. Iodination of chemokines for use in receptor binding analysis. In:
Horuk R, editor. Chemokine receptors. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1997. p. 134-48.
(Methods in enzymology; vol 288).
6. Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas [editorial]. BMJ 1981;283:628.
7. Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]
1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1996 Jue 5]; 1(1):[24 screens]. Available from:
URL:http://www.cdc.gov/ncidoc/EID/eid.htm
8. Iyer V. Farquhar C. Jepson R. The effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills versus placebo
or any other medical treatment for menorrhagia. (Cochrane Review) In: The Cochrane
Library, Issue 4, Oxford: Update Software; 1998.
9. Standard 6: Preparation of cytoxic drug products. In: Australian pharmaceutical formulary
and handbook. 17th ed. Parkville ,Vic: Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. 2000. p. 101-8.
10. Ampicillin. In: Australian medicines handbook 2000. Adelaide (SA): Australian Medicines
Handbook. 2000. p. 5-35-6.0
11. h:datastaffinfoskil (dt)useitscitation stylesvancouvervancouver.doc 11
If you require further information, refer to
• Australian Government Publishing Service. Style manual for authors editors and printers. 5th
ed. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1994.
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts
submitted to biomedical journals. Med Educ 1999;33:66-78.
• Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Glitman P, Lantz JC, et al. American
Medical Association manual of style: a guide for authors and editors. 9th
ed. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
• Li X, Crane N. Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information. Medford (NJ):
Information Today; 1996.
Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check the
Library’s Web Page
http://www.library.uq.edu.au/useit/