Route of administration refers to how a drug enters the body. There are four main routes: enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical. The enteral route involves ingestion through the mouth or rectum. The parenteral route bypasses the digestive system through injection into muscles, veins, or under the skin. Inhalation allows direct delivery to the lungs. Topical application places the drug on body surfaces like the skin. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to speed of onset, bypassing metabolism, and patient acceptability.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
Dosage forms and routes of drug administrationFatenAlsadek
this presentation give an over review about Routes of drug administrations and dosage forms
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
www.linkedin.com/in/dr-aboobecker-siddique-p-a-200783a0
\
Routes of drug administration:
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.[1] Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but delivered by routes other than the GI tract)
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
Dosage forms and routes of drug administrationFatenAlsadek
this presentation give an over review about Routes of drug administrations and dosage forms
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
www.linkedin.com/in/dr-aboobecker-siddique-p-a-200783a0
\
Routes of drug administration:
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.[1] Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but delivered by routes other than the GI tract)
To understand the essential drug absorption mechanisms
To describe the factors influencing drug absorption
To explain the barriers in drug absorption
To describe the routes of administration with advantages and disadvantages
Routes of drug administration - I for mbbsmani goel
No single method of drug administration is ideal for all drugs in all circumstances .A knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of different routes of administration is essential.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. • The path taken by the drug to get into the
body is known as the route of drug
administration.
• A drug may be in ionized or unionized
form.
1.Enteral Route
2.Parenteral Route
3.Inhalation
4.Topical Route
3. 1. Enteral Route:
Enteral route is through the alimentary
canal. It might be:
• Oral
• Sublingual
• Per rectum
4. a. Oral Route:
• Oral route is the most common route of drug
administration.
• It is mostly used for the neutral drugs.
• It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup,
emulsions or powders.
Advantages:
• It is convenient
• It is the cheapest available route
• It is easy to use
• It is safe and acceptable.
5. Disadvantages:
• Less amount of drug reaches the target tissue.
• Some of the drug is destroyed by gastric juices e.g.
adrenaline, insulin, oxytocin
• Absorption has to take place which is slow, so is not
preferred during emergency.
• It might cause gastric irritation
• It might be objectionable in taste.
• It might cause discoloration of teeth e.g. iron causes
staining, tetracyclines below 14 cause brown discoloration
so are not advisable during pregnancy.
First Pass Effect:
• First pass effect is the term used for hepatic metabolism
of drug when absorbed and delivered through portal
blood.
• Greater the first pass effect, less amounts of the drug
reach the systemic circulation.
6. b. Sublingual Route:
• Sublingual route involves tablets placed under the tongue or
between cheeks or Gingiva. The drug should be lipid soluble
and small.
• Advantages:
• Rapid absorption takes place.
• Drug is dissolved easily
• Drug enters the blood directly
• Less first pass effect.
• Spitting out of the drug removes its effect
• Disadvantages:
• This method is inconvenient.
• Irritation of the mucous membrane might occur
• Person may swallow the drug
• Might be unpleasant in taste.
Examples of drugs given by this route include
nitroglycerin, isoprenaline and oxytocin. Nifedipine used
for the treatment of hypertension in emergency is given by
sublingual route.
7. c. Rectal Route:
• Drugs in solid forms such as suppositories or in liquid forms
such as enema are given by this route. This route is mostly
used in old patients. Drugs may have local or systemic actions
after absorption.
Advantages:
• This route is preferred in unconscious or uncooperative
patients.
• This route avoids nausea or vomiting
• Drug cannot be destroyed by enzymes.
• This route is preferred if drug is irritant.
Disadvantages:
• This route is generally not acceptable by the patients.
Locally acting drugs include glycerin and Bisacodyl
suppository
Systemic acting drugs include Indomethacin (anti
inflammatory)and aminophyllin (bronchodilator)
Retention enema is diagnostic and is used for finding the
pathology of lower intestines.
Drugs given by rectal route have 50% first pass metabolism.
8. 2. Parenteral Route:
Parenteral route includes: ( based on Site of release)
• Intra muscular
• Intra venous
• Intra-arterial
• Intra-cardiac
• Intra-thecal
• Intraosseous- into bone marrow
• Intrapleural
• Intraperitoneal
• Intra-articular
• Intradermal (Intracutaneous)
• Subcutaneous route (Hypodermic)
9. Advantages:
• Parenteral route is rapid.
• It is useful for uncooperative patients
• It is useful for unconscious patients
• Inactivation by GIT enzymes is avoided
• First pass effect is avoided
• Bioavailability is 100%
Disadvantages:
• Skill is required
• It is painful
• This method is expensive
• It is less safe.
10. a. Subcutaneous:
• Subcutaneous route might be used for the arm, forearm,
thigh and subscapular space.
• The volume used is 2 ml.
• Insoluble suspensions like insulin and solids might be
applied by this route.
Advantages:
• Absorption is slow and constant
• It is hygienic
Disadvantages:
• It might lead to abscess formation
• Absorption is limited by blood flow
Examples of drugs given by subcutaneous route
include insulin, adrenaline
11. b. Intramuscular route:
• Intramuscular route might be applied to the buttock, thigh
and deltoid.
• The volume used is 3 ml.
Advantages:
• Absorption is rapid than subcutaneous route.
• Oily preparations can be used.
• Irritative substances might be given
• Slow releasing drugs can be given by this route.
Disadvantages:
• Using this route might cause nerve or vein damage.
12. c. Intravenous injections:
• Intravenous injections might be applied to the cubital,
basilic and cephalic veins.
Advantages:
• Immediate action takes place
• This route is preferred in emergency situations
• This route is preferred for unconscious patients.
• Titration of dose is possible.
• Large volume of fluids might be injected by this route
• Diluted irritant might be injected
• Absorption is not required
• No first pass effect takes place.
• Blood plasma or fluids might be injected.
13. Disadvantages:
• There is no retreat
• This method is more risky
• Sepsis-Infection might occur
• Phlebitis(Inflammation of the blood vessel) might
occur
• Infiltration of surrounding tissues might result.
• This method is not suitable for oily preparations
• This method is not suitable for insoluble
preparations
14. d. Intradermal route:
• This route is mostly used for diagnostic
purposes and is involved in:
1.Schick test for Diphtheria
2.Dick test for Scarlet fever
3.Vaccines include DBT, BCG and polio
4.Sensitivity is to penicillin
15.
16. e. Intraarterial route:
• This method is used for chemotherapy in cases
of malignant tumors and in angiography.
f. Intracardiac route:
• Injection can be applied to the left ventricle in
case of cardiac arrest.
g. Intrathecal route:
• Intrathecal route involves the subarachnoid
space. Injection may be applied for the lumbar
puncture, for spinal anesthesia and for
diagnostic purposes. This technique requires
special precautions.
17. h. Intra-articular route:
• Intra-articular route involves injection into the joint cavity.
Corticosteroids may be injected by this route in acute
arthritis.
i. Intraperitoneal route:
• Intraperitoneal route may be used for peritoneal dialysis.
j. Intrapleural route:
• Penicillin may be injected in cases of lung empyma by
intrapleural route.
k. Injection into bone marrow
• This route may be used for diagnostic or therapeutic
purposes.
18.
19. Hypospray/Jet Injection:
• This method is needleless and is subcutaneous
done by applying pressure over the skin.
• The drug solution is retained under pressure in a
container called ‘gun’.
• It is held with nozzle against the skin.
• Pressure on the nozzle allows a fine jet of
solution to emerge with great force.
• The solution can penetrate the skin and
subcutaneous tissue to a variable depth as
determined by the pressure.
• Mass inoculation is possible but the method is
expensive, definite skills are required and cuts
might result.
20.
21. 3. Inhalation:
• Inhalation may be the route of choice to avoid the
systemic effects. In this way drugs can pass directly to
the lungs.
• Drugs used involve volatile drugs and gases.
• Examples include aerosols like salbutamol; steam
inhalations include tincture and Benzoin
Advantages:
• Rapid absorption
• Rapid onset of action
• This route has minimum side effects.
• No first pass effect
• This method is easy.
• Fewer doses is required.
Disadvantages:
• Special apparatus is required.
• Irritation of the respiratory tract may take place.
• Cooperation of the patient is required.
22. 4. Topical route:
• Drugs may be applied to the external surfaces, the skin
and the mucous membranes. Topical route includes:
a. Enepidermic route
• When the drug is applied to the outer skin, it is called
enepidermic route of drug administration. Examples
include poultices, plasters, creams and ointments.
b. Epidermic route (Innunition):
• When the drug is rubbed into the skin, it is known as
epidermic route. Examples include different oils.
c. Insufflations:
• When drug in finely powdered form is blown into the
body cavities or spaces with special nebulizer, the
method is known as insufflations.
23. d. Instillation
• Liquids may be poured into the body by a dropper into
the conjunctival sac, ear, nose and wounds. Solids may
also be administered.
e. Irrigation or Douching
• This method is used for washing a cavity e.g. urinary
bladder, uterus, vagina and urethra. It is also used for
application of antiseptic drugs.
f. Painting/Swabbing
• Drugs are simply applied in the form of lotion on
cutaneous or mucosal surfaces of buccal, nasal cavity
and other internal organs.
24. Time of Action using Different Routes of
Administration
Route of Drug Administration Delay time for Action
Intravenous route 30-60 seconds
Intraosseous route 30-60 seconds
Endotracheal inhalation 2-3 minutes
Sublingual route 3-5 minutes
Intramuscular route 10-20 minutes
Rectal route 5-30 minutes
Ingestion 30-90 minutes